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<li id="toc-Former_Mayors_of_Independence_Heights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_Mayors_of_Independence_Heights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Former Mayors of Independence Heights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_Mayors_of_Independence_Heights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Independence+Heights%2C+Houston%22">"Independence Heights, Houston"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Independence+Heights%2C+Houston%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Independence+Heights%2C+Houston%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Independence+Heights%2C+Houston%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Independence+Heights%2C+Houston%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Independence+Heights%2C+Houston%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Independence Heights</b> is a community in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>, bordered by 40th Street to the north, Yale Street to the west, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_610_(Texas)" title="Interstate 610 (Texas)">the 610 Loop</a> to the south, and Airline Drive to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Super Neighborhood boundary created by the City of Houston is bordered by Tidwell to the north, Shepherd Drive to the west, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_610_(Texas)" title="Interstate 610 (Texas)">the 610 Loop</a> to the south, and Interstate 45 to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Heights,_Houston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black families started to migrate to Northern Houston known as the Independence Heights around 1908. The area was developed by Wright Land Company, and consisted of small wood-frame houses, purchased by the residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the houses were built by black contractors who lived in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Rurban19_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rurban19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independence Heights became the first African American municipality in Texas when it was incorporated on January 25, 1915 with a population of nearly 600. Several of the residents worked in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, some of the residents worked in the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Heights" title="Houston Heights">Houston Heights</a>, and some residents worked in other areas. The city had 715 residents in 1920. George O. Burgess, a lawyer born in Milligan Texas in 1876, was elected its first mayor. Burgess Hall, located at 700 E. 34th Street, was the City Hall and Courthouse until 1919. City improvements over the next few years included the shell paving of streets, plank sidewalks, and the installation of a municipal water system.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O. L. Hubbard was the second Mayor of Independence Heights, serving from June 19, 1919, until 1925. Arthur L. McCullough became the third and final Mayor of Independence Heights. He served from 1925 to 1928. In November 1928, residents voted to dissolve the incorporation of Independence Heights so the community could become a part of Houston. Houston annexed the former city on December 26, 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The residents hoped to receive improved city services, streets, utilities from the annexation; this did not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Rurban19_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rurban19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1920s, the 40 black-owned businesses in Independence Heights included grocery stores, restaurants, a lumber company, a watch repair shop, ice cream parlors, a cleaning and pressing shop, a drug store, a black smith shop, law offices and an electrical shop. Other professionals employed there included: teachers, construction workers, longshoremen and rail road workers. </p><p>In 1989 a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission" title="Texas Historical Commission">Texas Historical Commission</a> marker was placed on the grounds of Greater New Hope Missionary Baptist Church to mark the city site as a Texas Historical Site. </p><p>In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> recognized the historic residential district and specific historic buildings within Independence Heights by listing them on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NRHP-listed places are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Park_(Houston,_Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Park (Houston, Texas)">Independence Park</a>, aka McCullough Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mackey_House_(Houston,_Texas)" title="William Mackey House (Houston, Texas)">William Mackey House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_C._and_Jenetter_Cyrus_House" title="Ben C. and Jenetter Cyrus House">Ben C. and Jenetter Cyrus House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnson_House" title="Charles Johnson House">Charles Johnson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Heights_Residential_Historic_District" title="Independence Heights Residential Historic District">Independence Heights Residential Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Lewis_Store_and_Rental_Houses" title="Ella Lewis Store and Rental Houses">Ella Lewis Store and Rental Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Lindsay_House" title="Oscar Lindsay House">Oscar Lindsay House</a></li></ul> <p>From 1990 to 2000, the black population of Independence Heights declined by 1,793 as majority African-American neighborhoods in Houston had declines in their black populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguezsomefear_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguezsomefear-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_Mayors_of_Independence_Heights">Former Mayors of Independence Heights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Heights,_Houston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Former Mayors of Independence Heights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>G. O. Burgess</li> <li>O. L. Hubbard</li> <li>Arthur L. McCullough</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_infrastructure">Government and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Heights,_Houston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independence Heights is in <a href="/wiki/Houston_City_Council" title="Houston City Council">Houston City Council</a> District H.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independence Heights is within the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Police_Department" title="Houston Police Department">Houston Police Department</a> (HPD) North Patrol Division.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harris_Health_System" title="Harris Health System">Harris Health System</a> (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated the Northwest Health Center for the ZIP code 77018 and the <a href="/wiki/Aldine,_Texas" title="Aldine, Texas">Aldine</a> Health Center for the ZIP code 77022. The designated public hospitals for the two ZIP codes were <a href="/wiki/Ben_Taub_General_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Taub General Hospital">Ben Taub General Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harris_Health_System" title="Harris Health System">Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital</a> in northeast Houston, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Heights,_Houston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BurrusElementaryHouston.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BurrusElementaryHouston.JPG/200px-BurrusElementaryHouston.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BurrusElementaryHouston.JPG/300px-BurrusElementaryHouston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BurrusElementaryHouston.JPG/400px-BurrusElementaryHouston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Burrus Elementary School</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Booker_T._Washington_HSEP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Booker_T._Washington_HSEP.jpg/200px-Booker_T._Washington_HSEP.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Booker_T._Washington_HSEP.jpg/300px-Booker_T._Washington_HSEP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Booker_T._Washington_HSEP.jpg/400px-Booker_T._Washington_HSEP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Booker T. Washington High School</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston Independent School District</a> serves Independence Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of Independence Heights is zoned to Burrus Elementary School in Independence Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern portion (north of East 36th Street) is zoned to Williams Middle School in <a href="/wiki/Acres_Homes" class="mw-redirect" title="Acres Homes">Acres Homes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the southern portion (south of East 36th Street) is zoned to Hamilton Middle School in the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Heights" title="Houston Heights">Houston Heights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of Independence Heights is zoned to <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_High_School_(Houston)" title="Booker T. Washington High School (Houston)">Booker T. Washington High School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within Independence Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-RadcliffeRevivalchron_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadcliffeRevivalchron-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 2009 a section of Independence Heights was zoned to Kennedy Elementary School;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2009 the portion was rezoned to Burrus Elementary School.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original campus of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Sudbury_School" title="Houston Sudbury School">Houston Sudbury School</a>, a private <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a>, was in Independence Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-Asgarian_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asgarian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independence Heights has no public library.<sup id="cite_ref-Poolclosed_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poolclosed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2009 several residents had requested a community center. During that year, Isa Dadoush, a general services manager of the City of Houston said that the city was investigating possibilities for a joint library and multiservice center. Dadoush said that the city considered a church for a site. In 2009 the city was considering the usage of a property at North Main and Whitman for a three purpose center which would be completed in 2010 and include community education, neighborhood recycling, and reusable materials.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks">Parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Heights,_Houston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndependenceHeightsParkCommunityCenter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/IndependenceHeightsParkCommunityCenter.JPG/220px-IndependenceHeightsParkCommunityCenter.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/IndependenceHeightsParkCommunityCenter.JPG/330px-IndependenceHeightsParkCommunityCenter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/IndependenceHeightsParkCommunityCenter.JPG/440px-IndependenceHeightsParkCommunityCenter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Independence Heights Park and Community Center</figcaption></figure> <p>The Independence Heights Park and Community Center is located in Independence Heights. The center has a playground and a lighted sports field. The park has an outdoor basketball pavilion, a swimming pool, and lighted tennis courts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community center and pool opened in 1970. In 2010 about 43 people per day visited the community center during the 50 weeks that it was open. 36 people per day used the pool during that year's summer season, which lasted 70 days, In May 2011 the city announced that it will close the community center and the swimming pool.<sup id="cite_ref-Poolclosed_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poolclosed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Heights,_Houston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> in 2020, a "Black Towns Matter" mural was established.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Heights,_Houston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">History of African Americans in Houston</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Heights,_Houston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hri07">Independence Heights</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a></i>. Retrieved on August 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstontx.gov/superneighborhoods/13.html">"Super Neighborhood 13 - Independence Heights"</a>. <i>www.houstontx.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.houstontx.gov&rft.atitle=Super+Neighborhood+13+-+Independence+Heights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstontx.gov%2Fsuperneighborhoods%2F13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+Heights%2C+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rurban19-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rurban19_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rurban19_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Longoria, Rafael and Susan Rogers. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://offcite.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Cite_73_Rurban_Horseshoe_LongoriaRogers.pdf">The Rurban Horseshoe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727141435/http://offcite.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Cite_73_Rurban_Horseshoe_LongoriaRogers.pdf">Archived</a> July 27, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Cite 73</i>. The Rice Design Alliance, (Northern Hemisphere) Winter 2008. Page 19. Retrieved on February 24, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hri07">"TSHA | Independence Heights, TX"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TSHA+%26%23124%3B+Independence+Heights%2C+TX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fhri07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+Heights%2C+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivian_Hubbard_SealsDwayne_Jones1997" class="citation web cs1">Vivian Hubbard Seals; Dwayne Jones (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/64500641.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation: Historic and Architectural Resources of Independence Heights, Houston, Texas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Multiple+Property+Documentation%3A+Historic+and+Architectural+Resources+of+Independence+Heights%2C+Houston%2C+Texas&rft.date=1997-04&rft.au=Vivian+Hubbard+Seals&rft.au=Dwayne+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2Fpdfhost%2Fdocs%2FNRHP%2FText%2F64500641.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+Heights%2C+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodriguezsomefear-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodriguezsomefear_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez,_Lori2001" class="citation news cs1">Rodriguez, Lori (July 15, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/news/article/Some-fear-historic-black-neighborhoods-are-losing-2014193.php">"Some fear historic black neighborhoods are losing identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Some+fear+historic+black+neighborhoods+are+losing+identity&rft.date=2001-07-15&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FSome-fear-historic-black-neighborhoods-are-losing-2014193.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+Heights%2C+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstontx.gov/council/maps2012/h.pdf">City of Houston, Council District Maps, District H</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626080819/http://www.houstontx.gov/council/maps2012/h.pdf">Archived</a> June 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." City of Houston. Retrieved on November 5, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstontx.gov/police/pdfs/hpd_beat_map.pdf">"hpd_beat_map.pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. City of Houston<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hpd_beat_map.pdf&rft.pub=City+of+Houston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstontx.gov%2Fpolice%2Fpdfs%2Fhpd_beat_map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+Heights%2C+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011119141023/http://www.tmc.edu/hchd/LOCATE.HTM">"Clinic/Emergency/Registration Center Directory By ZIP Code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harris_County_Hospital_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris County Hospital District">Harris County Hospital District</a>. November 19, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmc.edu/hchd/LOCATE.HTM">the original</a> on November 19, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clinic%2FEmergency%2FRegistration+Center+Directory+By+ZIP+Code&rft.pub=Harris+County+Hospital+District&rft.date=2001-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tmc.edu%2Fhchd%2FLOCATE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+Heights%2C+Houston" class="Z3988"></span> - See ZIP code 77018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harrishealth.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/community-assessment/pregnancy-birth-data/2012/infant-mortality-rate-2012.pdf">See this map for relevant ZIP code</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/BurrusES.pdf">Burrus Elementary Attendance Zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229093802/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/BurrusES.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-02-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston Independent School District</a>. Retrieved on August 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/WilliamsMS.pdf">Williams Middle Attendance Zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930212146/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/WilliamsMS.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston Independent School District</a>. Retrieved on August 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/HamiltonMS.pdf">Hamilton Middle Attendance Zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530024736/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/HamiltonMS.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-05-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston Independent School District</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/WashingtonHS.pdf">Washington High School Attendance Zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530024815/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/WashingtonHS.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-05-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston Independent School District</a>. Retrieved on August 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadcliffeRevivalchron-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RadcliffeRevivalchron_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radcliffe, Jennifer. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Restoring-glory-to-Booker-T-city-s-first-black-2929631.php">Effort to save historic Booker T. High gains steam</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Thursday February 2, 2012. Retrieved on February 2, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229093715/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/KennedyES.pdf">Kennedy Elementary Attendance Zone</a>." <a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston Independent School District</a>. February 29, 2008. Retrieved on August 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonisd.org/HISDConnectDS/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=193c4a97538ec110VgnVCM10000028147fa6RCRD&vgnextchannel=e1b9393d9b623110VgnVCM10000028147fa6RCRD&vgnextfmt=default">Board of Education Votes on School Consolidations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617205129/http://www.houstonisd.org/HISDConnectDS/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=193c4a97538ec110VgnVCM10000028147fa6RCRD&vgnextchannel=e1b9393d9b623110VgnVCM10000028147fa6RCRD&vgnextfmt=default">Archived</a> June 17, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston Independent School District</a></i>. October 9, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellon, Ericka. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.chron.com/schoolzone/2008/10/tears_and_fears_at_hisd_board.html">Tears and fears at HISD board meeting -- UPDATED</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519024321/http://blogs.chron.com/schoolzone/2008/10/tears_and_fears_at_hisd_board.html">Archived</a> 2009-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. October 9, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asgarian-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asgarian_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsgarian,_Roxana2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Asgarian, Roxana (October 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstoniamag.com/articles/2017/10/2/sudbury-school-houston">"At the Houston Sudbury School, the Kids Call the Shots—All of Them"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houstonia_(magazine)" title="Houstonia (magazine)">Houstonia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houstonia&rft.atitle=At+the+Houston+Sudbury+School%2C+the+Kids+Call+the+Shots%E2%80%94All+of+Them&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.au=Asgarian%2C+Roxana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstoniamag.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F10%2F2%2Fsudbury-school-houston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+Heights%2C+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poolclosed-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poolclosed_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poolclosed_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, Allan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7574466.html">Is it back to hoses and plastic pools?</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. May 21, 2011. Retrieved on May 2011, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Betty L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2009_4697602">NEARTOWN/HEIGHTS / Safe streets, community centers top concerns / Residents offer wish list for projects in District H areas</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Thursday February 5, 2009. ThisWeek Page 3. August 30, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstontx.gov/parks/cc-indyheights.html">Independence Heights Community Center</a>." City of Houston. Retrieved on August 17, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennes,_Rebecca2020" class="citation web cs1">Hennes, Rebecca (June 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/houston/article/Black-Towns-Matter-mural-painted-on-street-in-15351923.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Black Towns Matter' mural painted on street in Houston's Independence Heights"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=%27Black+Towns+Matter%27+mural+painted+on+street+in+Houston%27s+Independence+Heights&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.au=Hennes%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fhouston%2Farticle%2FBlack-Towns-Matter-mural-painted-on-street-in-15351923.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+Heights%2C+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_Heights,_Houston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indepheights.rice.edu/index.htm">Independence Heights: A Portrait of a Historic Neighborhood</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hri07">[1]</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a></i> Online article</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northside,_Houston300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northside,_Houston" title="Template:Northside, Houston"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northside,_Houston" title="Template talk:Northside, Houston"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northside,_Houston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northside, Houston"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northside,_Houston300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northside,_Houston" title="Northside, Houston">Northside, Houston</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div id="Geography22">Geography</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Independence Heights</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindale_Park,_Houston" title="Lindale Park, Houston">Lindale Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norhill,_Houston" title="Norhill, Houston">Norhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Northside,_Houston" title="Near Northside, Houston">Near Northside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Heights,_Houston" title="Woodland Heights, Houston">Woodland Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div id="Education53">Education</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary and secondary schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston ISD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Elementary_School_(Houston)" title="Travis Elementary School (Houston)">Travis ES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northside_High_School_(Houston)" title="Northside High School (Houston)">Northside HS (ex-Davis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Math,_Science,_and_Technology_Center" title="Sam Houston Math, Science, and Technology Center">Sam Houston HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Houston_Early_College_High_School" title="North Houston Early College High School">North Houston Early College HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldine_Independent_School_District" title="Aldine Independent School District">Aldine ISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Sanchez_Charter_Schools" title="George I. Sanchez Charter Schools">George I. Sanchez Charter School North</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Closed6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Benji%27s_Special_Educational_Academy" title="Benji's Special Educational Academy">Benji's Special Educational Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_B._Galaviz_Charter_School" title="Juan B. Galaviz Charter School">Juan B. Galaviz Charter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Preparatory_Academy" title="Victory Preparatory Academy">Victory Preparatory Academy North</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Downtown" title="University of Houston–Downtown">University of Houston–Downtown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Downtown" title="Template:University of Houston–Downtown">Template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Community_College" title="Houston Community College">Houston Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Public_Library" title="Houston Public Library">Houston Public Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div id="Other36">Other</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northline_Commons" title="Northline Commons">Northline Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/METRORail" title="METRORail">METRORail</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnett_Transit_Center" title="Burnett Transit Center">Burnett Transit Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_station" title="Cavalcade station">Cavalcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton/North_Central_station" title="Fulton/North Central station">Fulton/North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindale_Park_station" title="Lindale Park station">Lindale Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne/North_Lindale_station" title="Melbourne/North Lindale station">Melbourne/North Lindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Park_station" title="Moody Park station">Moody Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northline_Transit_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Northline Transit Center">Northline Transit Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitman/Near_Northside_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Quitman/Near Northside station">Quitman/Near Northside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.<br />A portion coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Ward,_Houston" title="Fifth Ward, Houston">Fifth Ward</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Fifth_Ward,_Houston" title="Template:Fifth Ward, Houston">template</a>). At one time <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Leland_College_Preparatory_Academy_for_Young_Men" title="Mickey Leland College Preparatory Academy for Young Men">Mickey Leland College Preparatory Academy for Young Men</a> resided on the grounds of Crawford Elementary School in that area.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Flag_of_Houston_City_of_Houston653" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Houston" title="Template:Houston"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Houston" title="Template talk:Houston"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Houston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Houston"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Flag_of_Houston_City_of_Houston653" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Houston,_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Houston"><img alt="Flag of Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/25px-Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/38px-Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/50px-Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span> City of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Houston" title="Nicknames of Houston">Nickname</a>: <i>Space City</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Houston" title="Architecture of Houston">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Houston" title="Climate of Houston">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Houston" title="Culture of Houston">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Houston" title="Demographics of Houston">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Houston" title="Economy of Houston">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Houston" title="Geography of Houston">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Houston" title="History of Houston">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Houston" title="Timeline of Houston">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston#Media" title="Houston">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Houston" title="List of newspapers in Houston">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Houston" title="Transportation in Houston">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_cities_of_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities of Houston">Sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Houston,_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Houston"><img alt="Seal of Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/80px-Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/120px-Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/160px-Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_Matsuri" title="Anime Matsuri">Anime Matsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Art_Car_Parade" title="Houston Art Car Parade">Art Car Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroworld_Festival" title="Astroworld Festival">Astroworld Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Place" title="Bayou Place">Bayou Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou_Park" title="Buffalo Bayou Park">Buffalo Bayou Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comicpalooza" title="Comicpalooza">Comicpalooza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Green" title="Discovery Green">Discovery Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Aquarium,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Aquarium, Houston">Downtown Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Galleria_(Houston)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Galleria (Houston)">The Galleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Park" title="Hermann Park">Hermann Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Livestock_Show_and_Rodeo" title="Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo">Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Zoo" title="Houston Zoo">Houston Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemah_Boardwalk" title="Kemah Boardwalk">Kemah Boardwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_and_Joe_Jamail_Skatepark" title="Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark">Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park,_Houston" title="Memorial Park, Houston">Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_District" title="Houston Museum District">Museum District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orange_Show" title="The Orange Show">The Orange Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Battleground_State_Historic_Site" title="San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site">San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Hurricane_Harbor_SplashTown" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Flags Hurricane Harbor SplashTown">Splashtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Theater_District" title="Houston Theater District">Theater District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_D._Hines_Waterwall_Park" title="Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park">Waterwall Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business<br />districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Houston" title="Uptown Houston">Uptown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenway_Plaza" title="Greenway Plaza">Greenway Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Energy_Corridor" title="Houston Energy Corridor">Energy Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchase,_Houston" title="Westchase, Houston">Westchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_City,_Houston" title="Memorial City, Houston">Memorial City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspoint,_Houston" title="Greenspoint, Houston">Greenspoint</a></li></ul> <p><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Houston" title="List of companies in Houston">List of companies in Houston</a></i> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acres_Homes,_Houston" title="Acres Homes, Houston">Acres Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addicks,_Houston" title="Addicks, Houston">Addicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alief,_Houston" title="Alief, Houston">Alief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeda,_Houston" title="Almeda, Houston">Almeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordersville,_Houston" title="Bordersville, Houston">Bordersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Oaks,_Houston" title="Boulevard Oaks, Houston">Boulevard Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn,_Houston" title="Braeburn, Houston">Braeburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeswood_Place,_Houston" title="Braeswood Place, Houston">Braeswood Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brays_Oaks,_Houston" title="Brays Oaks, Houston">Brays Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briargrove,_Houston" title="Briargrove, Houston">Briargrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Houston" title="Blue Ridge, Houston">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Houston" title="Chinatown, Houston">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_City_(Greater_Houston)" title="Clear Lake City (Greater Houston)">Clear Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_Harbor,_Houston" title="Denver Harbor, Houston">Denver Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Downtown_Houston" title="East Downtown Houston">East Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_End,_Houston" title="East End, Houston">East End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Houston,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="East Houston, Houston">East Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Houston" title="Fairbanks, Houston">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Corners_District" title="Five Corners District">Five Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Park,_Houston" title="Forum Park, Houston">Forum Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa,_Houston" title="Genoa, Houston">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenbrook_Valley,_Houston" title="Glenbrook Valley, Houston">Glenbrook Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfton,_Houston" title="Gulfton, Houston">Gulfton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Houston" title="Harrisburg, Houston">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Clarke,_Houston" title="Hiram Clarke, Houston">Hiram Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Heights" title="Houston Heights">Houston Heights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Independence Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwood_Forest,_Houston" title="Inwood Forest, Houston">Inwood Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingwood,_Houston" title="Kingwood, Houston">Kingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Valley,_Houston" title="Link Valley, Houston">Link Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Westheimer,_Houston" title="Lower Westheimer, Houston">Lower Westheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Park,_Houston" title="Magnolia Park, Houston">Magnolia Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_District,_Houston" title="Mahatma Gandhi District, Houston">Mahatma Gandhi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maplewood,_Houston" title="Maplewood, Houston">Maplewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial,_Houston" title="Memorial, Houston">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyerland,_Houston" title="Meyerland, Houston">Meyerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Houston" title="Midtown, Houston">Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose_District,_Houston" title="Montrose District, Houston">Montrose District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_District" title="Houston Museum District">Museum District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neartown_Houston" title="Neartown Houston">Neartown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Northwest,_Texas" title="Near Northwest, Texas">Near Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore,_Houston" title="North Shore, Houston">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northside,_Houston" title="Northside, Houston">Northside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Forest,_Houston" title="Oak Forest, Houston">Oak Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Oaks,_Houston" title="River Oaks, Houston">River Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Terrace,_Houston" title="Riverside Terrace, Houston">Riverside Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Management_District" title="Southwest Management District">Southwest Management District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Park,_Houston" title="South Park, Houston">South Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Branch,_Houston" title="Spring Branch, Houston">Spring Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyside,_Houston" title="Sunnyside, Houston">Sunnyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kirby" title="Upper Kirby">Upper Kirby</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Houston" title="Wards of Houston">Historic wards</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_Ward,_Houston" title="First Ward, Houston">First Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Ward,_Houston" title="Second Ward, Houston">Second Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Third_Ward,_Houston" title="Third Ward, Houston">Third Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ward,_Houston" title="Fourth Ward, Houston">Fourth Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Ward,_Houston" title="Fifth Ward, Houston">Fifth Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Ward,_Houston" title="Sixth Ward, Houston">Sixth Ward</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Houston" title="Education in Houston">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Health institutions</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine" title="Baylor College of Medicine">Baylor College of Medicine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston_College_of_Medicine" title="University of Houston College of Medicine">UH College of Medicine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_Houston" title="University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston">UTHealth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center" title="MD Anderson Cancer Center">MD Anderson Cancer Center</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Health_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas A&M Health Science Center">Texas A&M Health Science Center</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>State universities</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Clear_Lake" title="University of Houston–Clear Lake">University of Houston–Clear Lake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Downtown" title="University of Houston–Downtown">University of Houston–Downtown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_University" title="Texas Southern University">Texas Southern University</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Private universities</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_University" title="Houston Christian University">Houston Christian University</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Texas)" title="University of St. Thomas (Texas)">University of St. Thomas</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Community colleges</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houston_Community_College_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Community College System">Houston Community College</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_College_System" title="Lone Star College System">Lone Star College</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_College" title="San Jacinto College">San Jacinto College</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lee_College" title="Lee College">Lee College</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/K-12" class="mw-redirect" title="K-12">K-12</a> school districts</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aldine_Independent_School_District" title="Aldine Independent School District">Aldine ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alief_Independent_School_District" title="Alief Independent School District">Alief ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_Branch_Independent_School_District" title="Spring Branch Independent School District">Spring Branch ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clear_Creek_Independent_School_District" title="Clear Creek Independent School District">Clear Creek ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cypress-Fairbanks_Independent_School_District" title="Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District">Cy-Fair ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_Independent_School_District" title="Fort Bend Independent School District">Fort Bend ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena_Park_Independent_School_District" title="Galena Park Independent School District">Galena Park ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Humble_Independent_School_District" title="Humble Independent School District">Humble ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katy_Independent_School_District" title="Katy Independent School District">Katy ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pasadena_Independent_School_District" title="Pasadena Independent School District">Pasadena ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_Independent_School_District" title="Spring Independent School District">Spring ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huffman_Independent_School_District" title="Huffman Independent School District">Huffman ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Caney_Independent_School_District" title="New Caney Independent School District">New Caney ISD</a></dd></dl> <p><i>See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Houston" title="List of colleges and universities in Houston">List of colleges and universities in Houston</a></i> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston_City_Council" title="Houston City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Fire_Department" title="Houston Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Houston" title="List of mayors of Houston">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Police_Department" title="Houston Police Department">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Houston" title="Politics of Houston">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Houston_neighborhoods" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Houston neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afton_Oaks,_Houston" title="Afton Oaks, Houston">Afton Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Houston" title="Brentwood, Houston">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briargrove_Park,_Houston" title="Briargrove Park, Houston">Briargrove Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briarhills,_Houston" title="Briarhills, Houston">Briarhills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadacres,_Houston" title="Broadacres, Houston">Broadacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Park,_Houston" title="City Park, Houston">City Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Park,_Houston" title="Clinton Park, Houston">Clinton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverland,_Houston" title="Cloverland, Houston">Cloverland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_Pointe,_Houston" title="Corinthian Pointe, Houston">Corinthian Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_Grove,_Houston" title="Cottage Grove, Houston">Cottage Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestwood/Glen_Cove,_Houston" title="Crestwood/Glen Cove, Houston">Crestwood/Glen Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwood,_Houston" title="Eastwood, Houston">Eastwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Oaks,_Houston" title="Garden Oaks, Houston">Garden Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenshire,_Houston" title="Glenshire, Houston">Glenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Village,_Houston" title="Highland Village, Houston">Highland Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Gardens,_Houston" title="Houston Gardens, Houston">Houston Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idylwood,_Houston" title="Idylwood, Houston">Idylwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmere_Gardens,_Houston" title="Kashmere Gardens, Houston">Kashmere Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knollwood_Village,_Houston" title="Knollwood Village, Houston">Knollwood Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Parkway,_Houston" title="Lakes of Parkway, Houston">Lakes of Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larchmont,_Houston" title="Larchmont, Houston">Larchmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Grove,_Houston" title="Magnolia Grove, Houston">Magnolia Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Houston" title="Montrose, Houston">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside_Place,_Houston" title="Morningside Place, Houston">Morningside Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Northside,_Houston" title="Near Northside, Houston">Near North Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Forest,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Forest, Houston">Nottingham Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Braeswood,_Houston" title="Old Braeswood, Houston">Old Braeswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway_Villages,_Houston" title="Parkway Villages, Houston">Parkway Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_Park,_Houston" title="Pecan Park, Houston">Pecan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Houston" title="Port Houston">Port Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Military,_Houston" title="Rice Military, Houston">Rice Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Strip" title="Richmond Strip">Richmond Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robindell,_Houston" title="Robindell, Houston">Robindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Oaks_Country_Club" title="Royal Oaks Country Club">Royal Oaks Country Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagemont,_Houston" title="Sagemont, Houston">Sagemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Woods,_Houston" title="Scenic Woods, Houston">Scenic Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settegast,_Houston" title="Settegast, Houston">Settegast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadyside,_Houston" title="Shadyside, Houston">Shadyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpstown,_Houston" title="Sharpstown, Houston">Sharpstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah,_Houston" title="Shenandoah, Houston">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Green,_Houston" title="Somerset Green, Houston">Somerset Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton,_Houston" title="Southampton, Houston">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbelt/Ellington,_Houston" title="Southbelt/Ellington, Houston">Southbelt/Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southcrest,_Houston" title="Southcrest, Houston">Southcrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southgate,_Houston" title="Southgate, Houston">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stablewood,_Houston" title="Stablewood, Houston">Stablewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George_Place,_Houston" title="St. George Place, Houston">St. George Place</a> (Lamar Terrace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Heights,_Houston" title="Sunset Heights, Houston">Sunset Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Terrace/Montclair,_Houston" title="Sunset Terrace/Montclair, Houston">Sunset Terrace/Montclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglewood,_Houston" title="Tanglewood, Houston">Tanglewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Oaks,_Houston" title="University Oaks, Houston">University Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_at_Glen_Iris,_Houston" title="Village at Glen Iris, Houston">Village at Glen Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Bend,_Houston" title="Walnut Bend, Houston">Walnut Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbury,_Houston" title="Westbury, Houston">Westbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End_(Houston)" title="West End (Houston)">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oaks,_Houston" title="West Oaks, Houston">West Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_(subdivision),_Houston" title="Westwood (subdivision), Houston">Westwood</a> (subdivision)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland,_Houston" title="Westmoreland, Houston">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Meadows,_Houston" title="Willow Meadows, Houston">Willow Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowbend,_Houston" title="Willowbend, Houston">Willowbend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Village,_Houston" title="Windsor Village, Houston">Windsor Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Heights,_Houston" title="Woodland Heights, Houston">Woodland Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Cougars" title="Houston Cougars">Houston Cougars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Dash" title="Houston Dash">Houston Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Dynamo_FC" title="Houston Dynamo FC">Houston Dynamo FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Houston Rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Roughnecks_(2024)" title="Houston Roughnecks (2024)">Houston Roughnecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_SaberCats" title="Houston SaberCats">Houston SaberCats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_Huskies" title="Houston Christian Huskies">Houston Christian Huskies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOVB_Houston" title="LOVB Houston">LOVB Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Owls" title="Rice Owls">Rice Owls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_Tigers" title="Texas Southern Tigers">Texas Southern Tigers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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