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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upptäckt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upptäckt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Upptäckt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upptäckt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kartläggning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kartläggning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kartläggning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kartläggning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senare_aktivitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senare_aktivitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Senare aktivitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senare_aktivitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Geografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geografi_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografi_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huvudöar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huvudöar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Huvudöar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huvudöar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oktoberrevolutionens_ö" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oktoberrevolutionens_ö"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Oktoberrevolutionens ö</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oktoberrevolutionens_ö-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolsjevikön" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolsjevikön"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Bolsjevikön</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolsjevikön-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komsomoletsön" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komsomoletsön"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Komsomoletsön</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komsomoletsön-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pionjärön" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pionjärön"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Pionjärön</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pionjärön-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Klimat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Natur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Natur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Geologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engelska_originalcitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engelska_originalcitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Engelska originalcitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engelska_originalcitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Severnaja Zemlja</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 66 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewernaja_Zemlja" title="Sewernaja Zemlja – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sewernaja Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سيفيرينيا زيمليا – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيفيرينيا زيمليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Norte" title="Tierra del Norte – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tierra del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimal_Torpa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Şimal Torpağı – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimal Torpağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%95%D1%80" title="Төньяҡ Ер – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ Ер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Паўночная Зямля – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночная Зямля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Северна земя – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северна земя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_del_Nord" title="Terra del Nord – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_zem%C4%9B" title="Severní země – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní země" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaja_Zemlja" title="Severnaja Zemlja – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Severnaja Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewernaja_Semlja" title="Sewernaja Semlja – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sewernaja Semlja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaja_Zemlja" title="Severnaja Zemlja – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Severnaja Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%96%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Σέβερναγια Ζεμλιά – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σέβερναγια Ζεμλιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Norte" title="Tierra del Norte – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierra del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_Lando" title="Norda Lando – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norda Lando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparraldeko_Zembla" title="Iparraldeko Zembla – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iparraldeko Zembla" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سورنایا زملیا – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سورنایا زملیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_du_Nord" title="Terre du Nord – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noardl%C3%A2n_(arsjipel)" title="Noardlân (arsjipel) – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noardlân (arsjipel)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_do_Norte" title="Terra do Norte – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terra do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98%EC%95%BC%EC%A0%9C%EB%AF%88%EB%9E%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="세베르나야제믈랴 제도 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세베르나야제믈랴 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Հյուսիսային երկիր – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային երկիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सेवेर्नाया ज़ेमल्या – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेवेर्नाया ज़ेमल्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaja_zemlja" title="Severnaja zemlja – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Severnaja zemlja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%97%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%85" title="Цæгат Зæхх – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæгат Зæхх" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaja_Zemlja" title="Severnaja Zemlja – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Severnaja Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="סברנאיה זמליה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סברנאיה זמליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90" title="ჩრდილოეთის მიწა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთის მიწა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Солтүстік Жер – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік Жер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Түндүк жер аралдары – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түндүк жер аралдары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Borealis" title="Terra Borealis – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terra Borealis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaja_Zem%C4%BCa" title="Severnaja Zemļa – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Severnaja Zemļa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_%C5%BDem%C4%97" title="Šiaurės Žemė – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Žemė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szevernaja_Zemlja" title="Szevernaja Zemlja – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szevernaja Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="സെവർനയ സെംല്യ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെവർനയ സെംല്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хойд Газар – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хойд Газар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordland_(archipel)" title="Noordland (archipel) – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordland (archipel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="セヴェルナヤ・ゼムリャ諸島 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セヴェルナヤ・ゼムリャ諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewernaja_Semlja" title="Sewernaja Semlja – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sewernaja Semlja" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaja_Semlja_(%C3%B8ygruppe)" title="Severnaja Semlja (øygruppe) – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Severnaja Semlja (øygruppe)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaja_Zemlja" title="Severnaja Zemlja – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Severnaja Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemia_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Ziemia Północna – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziemia Północna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaia_Zemlia" title="Severnaia Zemlia – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Severnaia Zemlia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaia_Zemlea" title="Severnaia Zemlea – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Severnaia Zemlea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Северная Земля – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Земля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severna_de%C5%BEela" title="Severna dežela – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severna dežela" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Северна земља – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северна земља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severna_zemlja" title="Severna zemlja – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Severna zemlja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaja_Zemlja" title="Severnaja Zemlja – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Severnaja Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="செவர்னயா செம்ல்யா – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செவர்னயா செம்ல்யா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D2%96%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Төньяк Җир – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төньяк Җир" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="เซเวียร์นายาเซมเลีย – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซเวียร์นายาเซมเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Північна Земля – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна Земля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Severnaya Zemlya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="北地群岛 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北地群岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="北地群島 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北地群島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="北地群岛 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北地群岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192281#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Severnaja_Zemlja" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon 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class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=sv&pagename=Severnaja_Zemlja&params=79_30_0_N_97_15_0_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kartor, flygfoton och andra data för denna plats"><span class="latitude">79°30′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°15′0″Ö</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kartor, flygfoton och andra data för denna plats">79.50000°N 97.25000°Ö</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">79.50000; 97.25000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><div></div> <table class="infobox geography" style="width: 256px; padding: 0; font-size: 89%;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Objektets namn (lokalt namn)"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; background-color: #dacaa5;">Severnaja Zemlja <br /><small>(Северная Земля)</small> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow" title="Kategori"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #dacaa5;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96grupp" title="Ögrupp">Ögrupp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:SevernayaZemlya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellitbild över Severnaja Zemlja från 2001."><img alt="Satellitbild över Severnaja Zemlja från 2001." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SevernayaZemlya.jpg/250px-SevernayaZemlya.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SevernayaZemlya.jpg/375px-SevernayaZemlya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SevernayaZemlya.jpg/500px-SevernayaZemlya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="1736" /></a></span></div><div style="padding-top:0.4em">Satellitbild över Severnaja Zemlja från 2001.</div> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Land/länder där objektet ligger"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a> </th> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland"><img alt="Ryssland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Delstat(er) där objektet ligger"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Rysslands_krajer" title="Rysslands krajer">Kraj</a> </th> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Krasnojarsk_kraj" title="Krasnojarsk kraj"><img alt="Krasnojarsk kraj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg/22px-Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg/33px-Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg/44px-Flag_of_Krasnoyarsk_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Krasnojarsk_kraj" title="Krasnojarsk kraj">Krasnojarsk kraj</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Indelning(ar) för objektet"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;">Huvudöar </th> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oktoberrevolutionens_%C3%B6" title="Oktoberrevolutionens ö">Oktoberrevolutionens ö</a>,</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bolsjevik%C3%B6n" title="Bolsjevikön">Bolsjevikön</a>,</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Komsomolets%C3%B6n" title="Komsomoletsön">Komsomoletsön</a>,</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pionj%C3%A4r%C3%B6n" title="Pionjärön">Pionjärön</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Den högsta punktens namn"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;">Högsta punkt </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Lokalisering för den högsta punkten"> <td style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"> - läge </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpinskijglaci%C3%A4ren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpinskijglaciären [inte skriven än]">Karpinskijglaciären</a></i> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Högsta punktens höjd över havet"> <td style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"> - höjdläge </td> <td>963 <a href="/wiki/Meter_%C3%B6ver_havet" title="Meter över havet">m ö.h.</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Area"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Area" title="Area">Area</a> </th> <td>36 712 <a href="/wiki/Kvadratkilometer" title="Kvadratkilometer">km²</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Total folkmängd (inom ortens gränser)"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Folkm%C3%A4ngd" title="Folkmängd">Folkmängd</a> </th> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow" title="Enkel tidszon"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Tidszon" title="Tidszon">Tidszon</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Krasnojarsktid" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnojarsktid">KRAT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B7" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+7">UTC+7</a>) </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" title="Geonames"> <th style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left;">Geonames </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sws.geonames.org/1492613">1492613</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow" style="height: 0.2em;"> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 256px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <div style="position: relative;"> <div style="position: relative;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kara_sea2SZ.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Severnaja Zemljas läge vid Tajmyrhalvön."><img alt="Severnaja Zemljas läge vid Tajmyrhalvön." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kara_sea2SZ.PNG/256px-Kara_sea2SZ.PNG" decoding="async" width="256" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kara_sea2SZ.PNG/384px-Kara_sea2SZ.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kara_sea2SZ.PNG/512px-Kara_sea2SZ.PNG 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption> Severnaja Zemljas läge vid <a href="/wiki/Tajmyrhalv%C3%B6n" title="Tajmyrhalvön">Tajmyrhalvön</a>. </figcaption></figure></div> </div> </div><div style="padding-top: 0.4em; text-align: center;"> Severnaja Zemljas läge vid <a href="/wiki/Tajmyrhalv%C3%B6n" title="Tajmyrhalvön">Tajmyrhalvön</a>. </div> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <div style="width: 256px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <div style="position: relative;"> <div style="position: relative;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Russia_2014_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Läge i Ryssland."><img alt="Läge i Ryssland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Russia_2014_edcp_location_map.svg/256px-Russia_2014_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Russia_2014_edcp_location_map.svg/384px-Russia_2014_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Russia_2014_edcp_location_map.svg/512px-Russia_2014_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption> Läge i <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a>. </figcaption></figure></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:50.3%; top:19.55px; line-height:0; padding:0;"><div style="position:relative;left:-4px;width:8px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div><div style="padding-top: 0.4em; text-align: center;"> Läge i <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a>. </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Severnaja Zemlja</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska">ryska</a>: <span lang="ru">Северная Земля</span>; <a href="/wiki/Svenska" title="Svenska">svenska</a>: <i>Nordlandet</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> är en ögrupp i <a href="/wiki/Norra_ishavet" title="Norra ishavet">Norra ishavet</a> tillhörande <a href="/wiki/Krasnojarsk_kraj" title="Krasnojarsk kraj">Krasnojarsk kraj</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Öarna skiljs från <a href="/wiki/Tajmyrhalv%C3%B6n" title="Tajmyrhalvön">Tajmyrhalvön</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sibirien" title="Sibirien">Sibirien</a> av det 60 km breda <a href="/wiki/Vilkitskijsundet" title="Vilkitskijsundet">Vilkitskijsundet</a>. Severnaja Zemlja består av de fyra huvudöarna <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrevolutionens_%C3%B6" title="Oktoberrevolutionens ö">Oktoberrevolutionens ö</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolsjevik%C3%B6n" title="Bolsjevikön">Bolsjevikön</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komsomolets%C3%B6n" title="Komsomoletsön">Komsomoletsön</a> och <a href="/wiki/Pionj%C3%A4r%C3%B6n" title="Pionjärön">Pionjärön</a> samt omkring 70 mindre öar som tillsammans har en yta på 36 700 km². Öarnas kustlinjer är steniga och branta med klippor som ibland kan nå höjder på 300 meter. Severnaja Zemljas högsta punkt på 963 meter över havet är <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpinskijglaci%C3%A4ren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpinskijglaciären [inte skriven än]">Karpinskijglaciären</a></i> på Oktoberrevolutionens ö. Tillsammans med övriga glaciärer täcker denna hälften av ögruppens yta. Förutom glaciärer kännetecknas landskapet av <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjordar</a> och djupa havsvikar. </p><p>Severnaja Zemlja var den sista ögruppen av ansenlig storlek att upptäckas; den påträffades först år 1913 av <a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitskij" title="Boris Vilkitskij">Boris Vilkitskij</a>, som döpte territoriet till <i>Kejsar Nikolaus II:s land</i>. Det nuvarande namnet antogs 1926, efter <a href="/wiki/Ryska_inb%C3%B6rdeskriget" title="Ryska inbördeskriget">bolsjevikernas maktövertagande</a>, i syfte att undanröja kopplingen med den sista tsaren. Mellan 1930 och 1932 utforskades och kartlades Severnaja Zemlja grundligt i en expedition ledd av <a href="/wiki/Georgij_Usjakov" title="Georgij Usjakov">Georgij Usjakov</a>. Han och de tre andra deltagarna utförde olika studier på öarna, bland annat magnetiska och astronomiska observationer samt analyser av dess flora och fauna. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Kalla_kriget" title="Kalla kriget">kalla kriget</a> undersöktes Severnaja Zemlja av en grupp geologer från ett forskningsinstitut i <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, som tillsammans sammanställde en geologisk karta över öarna. <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> upprätthöll flera forskningsstationer på Severnaja Zemlja fram till landets <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionens_uppl%C3%B6sning" title="Sovjetunionens upplösning">upplösning</a>, då de lades ner av ekonomiska skäl. 2013 återinvigdes Primastationen på norra Bolsjevikön, som numera bemannas av omkring 20 personer inom loppet av ett år. </p><p>Ryssland största glaciärformation, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vetenskapsakademiglaci%C3%A4ren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vetenskapsakademiglaciären [inte skriven än]">Vetenskapsakademiglaciären</a></i>, finns på Komsomoletsön i Severnaja Zemlja. Ögruppen är för det mesta sammankopplad med det ryska fastlandet av havsis, och <a href="/wiki/Nordostpassagen" title="Nordostpassagen">nordostpassagen</a> kan därför endast genomseglas två till tre månader om året.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upptäckt"><span id="Uppt.C3.A4ckt"></span>Upptäckt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Upptäckt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Upptäckt"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Även om Severnaja Zemlja inte påträffades förrän 1913 hade <a href="/wiki/Nganasaner" title="Nganasaner">nganasanerna</a> och andra folkgrupper på <a href="/wiki/Tajmyrhalv%C3%B6n" title="Tajmyrhalvön">Tajmyrhalvön</a> redan bedömt att det fanns en landmassa i det generella området. De observerade till exempel <a href="/wiki/Flyttf%C3%A5gel" title="Flyttfågel">flyttfåglar</a> och <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rnar" title="Björnar">björnar</a> som begav sig norrut och sedan återvände.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mathias_Hedenstr%C3%B6m" title="Mathias Hedenström">Mathias Hedenström</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakov_Sannikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakov Sannikov [inte skriven än]">Jakov Sannikov</a> anade också att en landmassa befann sig vid denna position när de utforskade <a href="/wiki/Nysibiriska_%C3%B6arna" title="Nysibiriska öarna">Nysibiriska öarna</a> 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1882 reste <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Peter_Hovgaard" title="Andreas Peter Hovgaard">Andreas Peter Hovgaard</a> ut i <a href="/wiki/Norra_ishavet" title="Norra ishavet">Norra ishavet</a> med sikte norr om Kap Tjeljuskin;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expeditionen var byggd på hypotesen att <a href="/wiki/Frans_Josefs_land" title="Frans Josefs land">Frans Josefs land</a> sträckte sig så pass långt österut.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hovgaard misslyckades med att ens nå Tajmyrhalvön eftersom isförhållandena i <a href="/wiki/Karahavet" title="Karahavet">Karahavet</a> var ytterst ogynnsamma detta år.<sup id="cite_ref-Urvantsev1935_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urvantsev1935-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severnaja Zemlja upptäcktes med säkerhet den 3 september 1913 av <a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitskij" title="Boris Vilkitskij">Boris Vilkitskij</a> och var därmed den sista ögruppen av ansenlig storlek att hittas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197559_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197559-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vilkitskij och hans besättning utforskade 80 km av kustlinjen, där de skådade branta klippor som emellanåt bröts upp av djupa vikar och sund. Så småningom blev de förhindrade av den kraftiga isbildningen och kunde inte avgöra om åsynen var en ögrupp eller ett sammanhängande landområde. På eftermiddagen den 4 september landsteg Vilkitskij på vad som idag är <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrevolutionens_%C3%B6" title="Oktoberrevolutionens ö">Oktoberrevolutionens ö</a> i syfte att utfärda astronomiska och magnetiska observationer. Besättningen fastställde deras geografiska läge och upprättade en påle där den <a href="/wiki/Rysslands_flagga" title="Rysslands flagga">ryska flaggan</a> hissades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197561_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197561-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ursprungligen kallades upptäckten för <i>Tajvajlandet</i> (ryska: Земля Тайвай), efter den första stavelsen på deras två isbrytare <i>Tajmyr</i> och <i>Vajgatj</i>, men på order av <a href="/wiki/Kejserliga_ryska_flottan" title="Kejserliga ryska flottan">ryska flottan</a> byttes namnet till <i>Kejsar Nikolaus II:s land</i> sex månader senare.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anledningen till att Severnaja Zemlja inte upptäcktes tidigare är omdiskuterad. Man har kännedom om fyra utforskare som tagit sig till Kap Tjeljuskin före år 1913: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semjon_Tjeljuskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semjon Tjeljuskin [inte skriven än]">Semjon Tjeljuskin</a> 1742, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld</a> 1878, <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> 1893 och <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Toll" title="Eduard Toll">Eduard Toll</a> 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197562_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197562-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under goda förutsättningar är Bolsjeviköns södra spets synlig från Kap Tjeljuskin, men flera av dessa expeditioner, i synnerhet Nansens, drabbades av ogynnsamma förhållanden som begränsade sikten. Den utbredda isen tvingade dessutom expeditionerna som rundade <a href="/wiki/Tajmyrhalv%C3%B6n" title="Tajmyrhalvön">Tajmyrhalvön</a> att segla precis intill kusten, och deltagarna lade främst sitt fokus på Kap Tjeljuskin, <a href="/wiki/Eurasien" title="Eurasien">Eurasiens</a> nordligaste landplats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197563_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197563-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1947 hittades ett skelett på Bolsjevikön, tillsammans med resterna av en liten båt och en lägereld. Dessa tros vara kvarlevorna från <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Vladimir Rusanov</a>, en utforskare som försvann i Karahavet 1912. Det har därför framförts som en möjlighet att Rusanov var Severnaja Zemljas egentliga upptäckare.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonhomme2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhomme2012-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dijmphna_Karasee.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sjökort över Andreas Peter Hovgaards färd 1882. Om expeditionen lyckats skulle den troligen resulterat i Severnaja Zemljas upptäckt."><img alt="Sjökort över Andreas Peter Hovgaards färd 1882. Om expeditionen lyckats skulle den troligen resulterat i Severnaja Zemljas upptäckt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dijmphna_Karasee.png/250px-Dijmphna_Karasee.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dijmphna_Karasee.png/375px-Dijmphna_Karasee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dijmphna_Karasee.png/500px-Dijmphna_Karasee.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sjökort över <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Peter_Hovgaard" title="Andreas Peter Hovgaard">Andreas Peter Hovgaards</a> färd 1882. Om expeditionen lyckats skulle den troligen resulterat i Severnaja Zemljas upptäckt.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Yenisey_gub_-_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karta från 1902 som avbildar öppet hav där Severnaja Zemlja egentligen befinner sig."><img alt="Karta från 1902 som avbildar öppet hav där Severnaja Zemlja egentligen befinner sig." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Yenisey_gub_-_section.jpg/242px-Yenisey_gub_-_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Yenisey_gub_-_section.jpg/363px-Yenisey_gub_-_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Yenisey_gub_-_section.jpg/483px-Yenisey_gub_-_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1042" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karta från 1902 som avbildar öppet hav där Severnaja Zemlja egentligen befinner sig.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Severnaya_Zemlya_-_raising_of_the_Russian_flag_in_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boris Vilkitskij och hans besättning hissar den ryska flaggan på Oktoberrevolutionens ö 1913."><img alt="Boris Vilkitskij och hans besättning hissar den ryska flaggan på Oktoberrevolutionens ö 1913." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Severnaya_Zemlya_-_raising_of_the_Russian_flag_in_1913.jpg/250px-Severnaya_Zemlya_-_raising_of_the_Russian_flag_in_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Severnaya_Zemlya_-_raising_of_the_Russian_flag_in_1913.jpg/375px-Severnaya_Zemlya_-_raising_of_the_Russian_flag_in_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Severnaya_Zemlya_-_raising_of_the_Russian_flag_in_1913.jpg/500px-Severnaya_Zemlya_-_raising_of_the_Russian_flag_in_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitskij" title="Boris Vilkitskij">Boris Vilkitskij</a> och hans besättning hissar den <a href="/wiki/Rysslands_flagga" title="Rysslands flagga">ryska flaggan</a> på <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrevolutionens_%C3%B6" title="Oktoberrevolutionens ö">Oktoberrevolutionens ö</a> 1913.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kartläggning"><span id="Kartl.C3.A4ggning"></span>Kartläggning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kartläggning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kartläggning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>År 1926 beslutade Sovjetiska auktoriteter att <i>Kejsar Nikolaus II:s land</i> skulle anta sitt nuvarande namn, <i>Severnaja Zemlja</i>. Detta gjordes främst för att stryka referensen till tsar <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_II_av_Ryssland" title="Nikolaj II av Ryssland">Nikolaj II av Ryssland</a>, som hade tvingats abdikera i <a href="/wiki/Februarirevolutionen_1917" title="Februarirevolutionen 1917">februarirevolutionen</a> nio år tidigare.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vid det här laget var territoriet närmast outforskat och ansågs bestå av en enda ö.<sup id="cite_ref-Newslab2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newslab2007-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I maj 1928 genomförde <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Umberto Nobile</a> två försök att flyga över <a href="/wiki/Arktis" title="Arktis">Arktis</a> med <a href="/wiki/Luftskepp" title="Luftskepp">luftskeppet</a> <a href="/wiki/Italia_(luftskepp)" title="Italia (luftskepp)"><i>Italia</i></a>; det första försöket inleddes den 11 maj, men besättningen tvingades återvända efter endast åtta timmar på grund av dåliga väderförhållanden. Den 15 maj hade omständigheterna förbättrats och Nobile reste ut på nytt. Den här gången lyckades de flyga till Severnaja Zemlja och införskaffade sig betydande vetenskapliga underrättelser om territoriet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mellan 1930 och 1932 kartlades Severnaja Zemlja i en expedition ledd av <a href="/wiki/Georgij_Usjakov" title="Georgij Usjakov">Georgij Usjakov</a>. Förutom han själv bestod expeditionen också av geologen <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Urvantsev" title="Nikolaj Urvantsev">Nikolaj Urvantsev</a>, jägaren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergej_Zjuravlev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergej Zjuravlev [inte skriven än]">Sergej Zjuravlev</a> och radiooperatören <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasilij_Chodov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasilij Chodov [inte skriven än]">Vasilij Chodov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gruppen upprättade ett mindre hus på Domasjnijön, strax väster om Oktoberrevolutionens ö, där de livnärde sig på att jaga traktens djur och uppehöll kontakt med fastlandet via radio.<sup id="cite_ref-Usjakov1953_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usjakov1953-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flertalet forskningsresor utfördes längs kustlinjerna och till de större öarnas inre.<sup id="cite_ref-Urvantsev1935_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urvantsev1935-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Även den erfarna polarforskaren Usjakov fångades av platsens ödslighet och skrev följande med hänvisning till Severnaja Zemlja: </p> <table style="margin:1em auto;border-collapse:collapse;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:top;"><b>”</b> </td> <td style="padding:.3em;">Jag har sett den gudsförgätna <a href="/wiki/Tjuktjerhalv%C3%B6n" title="Tjuktjerhalvön">Tjuktjerhalvön</a>, den snöstormsdrabbade <a href="/wiki/Wrangels_%C3%B6" title="Wrangels ö">Wrangels ö</a>, två gånger besökt diminsvepta <a href="/wiki/Novaja_Zemlja" title="Novaja Zemlja">Novaja Zemlja</a>, jag har betraktat <a href="/wiki/Frans_Josefs_land" title="Frans Josefs land">Frans Josefs land</a> med sin emaljhimmel och ståtliga klippor klädda i blå, härdade glaciärströmmar, men ingenstans har jag bevittnat sådan grymhet eller sådan deprimerande, livlös lättnad som på vår lilla ö.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonhomme2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhomme2012-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>en 1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:bottom;"><b>„</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vid expeditionens slut hade två tredjedelar av territoriet kartlagts. Usjakov och de övriga deltagarna tog reda på att Severnaja Zemlja var en ögrupp som bestod av fyra huvudöar och man namngav geografiska särdrag efter <a href="/wiki/Kommunism" title="Kommunism">kommunistiska</a> organisationer, evenemang och personligheter. Severnaja Zemljas allmänna utformning blev också känd; man undersökte dess glaciärer, <a href="/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi">topografi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologiska</a> struktur och naturförhållanden.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Förutom kartläggning ägnade sig gruppen även åt analyser av öarnas flora och fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-Usjakov1953_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usjakov1953-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senare_aktivitet">Senare aktivitet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Senare aktivitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Senare aktivitet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den 26 juli 1931 flög det tyska <a href="/wiki/Luftskepp" title="Luftskepp">luftskeppet</a> <a href="/wiki/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin" title="LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin"><i>Graf Zeppelin</i></a> norrut från <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg">Leningrad</a> och ut över Norra ishavet. Med en besättning på omkring 40 personer färdades luftskeppet först till <a href="/wiki/Frans_Josefs_land" title="Frans Josefs land">Frans Josefs land</a> och sedan österut.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den 28 juli anlände de till det i stort sett outforskade Severnaja Zemlja, där de gjorde observationen att territoriet bestod av minst två öar som delades av ett sund.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman2017_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman2017-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ursprungligen skulle <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> landa vid Usjakovs då verksamma bas på Domasjnijön och väl där var Urvantsev tänkt att släppas på luftskeppet, men på grund av problem med radiokommunikationen under flygningen dit genomfördes aldrig detta.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besättningen på <i>Graf Zeppelin</i> genomförde en omfattande kartläggning av Karahavets landmassor, där de bekräftade eller korrigerade redan nedtecknade kustlinjer och tog bort ett antal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantom%C3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantomö [inte skriven än]">fantomöar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman2017_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman2017-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vetenskaplig forskning på Severnaja Zemlja utfördes mellan 1948 och 1954 av en grupp vetenskapsmän från ett forskningsinstitut i Leningrad. Förutom att studera ögruppens bergarter utarbetade de också en omfattande geologisk karta över området.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002100_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002100-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under 1950-talet blev Severnaja Zemlja, tillsammans med andra avlägsna arktiska territorier, fullständigt kartlagda med hjälp av flygfotografering.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubov_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubov-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1954 förflyttades stationen på Domasjnijön till den närliggande Golomjannijön. Under <a href="/wiki/Kalla_kriget" title="Kalla kriget">kalla kriget</a> fanns där en militär närvaro, men efter <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionens_uppl%C3%B6sning" title="Sovjetunionens upplösning">Sovjetunionens upplösning</a> avlägsnade sig soldaterna från området och kort därefter, 1994, stängdes stationen för gott.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vavilovstationen på Oktoberrevolutionens ö etablerades 1974 och var verksam fram till 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassford_et_al.2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassford_et_al.2006-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1986 upprättade <a href="/wiki/Ryska_polarforskningsinstitutet" title="Ryska polarforskningsinstitutet">Ryska polarforskningsinstitutet</a> en station vid Kap Baranova på Bolsjevikön, som hamnade under ny ägo 1991 och fick namnet Primastationen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den lades ner 1996, men återetablerades 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I april 2023 byggde Ryssland även ett flygfält vid Kap Baranova.<sup id="cite_ref-Staalesen2023_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staalesen2023-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/toponym" class="extiw" title="wikt:toponym">Toponymerna</a> på Severnaja Zemlja är idag unika eftersom många av dem hänvisar till uttalat kommunistiska begrepp. Från <a href="/wiki/Rysk-ortodoxa_kyrkan" title="Rysk-ortodoxa kyrkan">rysk-ortodoxa kyrkans</a> håll har det anförts att ögruppen bör återfå sitt ursprungliga namn med referens till tsar <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_II_av_Ryssland" title="Nikolaj II av Ryssland">Nikolaj II</a> och att de individuella öarna ska uppkallas efter dennes familjemedlemmar.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett sådant initiativ avslogs av parlamentet i <a href="/wiki/Krasnojarsk_kraj" title="Krasnojarsk kraj">Krasnojarsk kraj</a> 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Newslab2007_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newslab2007-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Operational_Navigation_Chart_B-3,_2nd_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karta över Severnaja Zemlja och Tajmyrhalvön från 1975."><img alt="Karta över Severnaja Zemlja och Tajmyrhalvön från 1975." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Operational_Navigation_Chart_B-3%2C_2nd_edition.jpg/250px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_B-3%2C_2nd_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Operational_Navigation_Chart_B-3%2C_2nd_edition.jpg/375px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_B-3%2C_2nd_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Operational_Navigation_Chart_B-3%2C_2nd_edition.jpg/500px-Operational_Navigation_Chart_B-3%2C_2nd_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9254" data-file-height="6694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karta över Severnaja Zemlja och <a href="/wiki/Tajmyrhalv%C3%B6n" title="Tajmyrhalvön">Tajmyrhalvön</a> från 1975.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Krenkel-Bucht_2_2014-08-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krenkelbukten vid Komsomoletsön."><img alt="Krenkelbukten vid Komsomoletsön." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Krenkel-Bucht_2_2014-08-31.jpg/250px-Krenkel-Bucht_2_2014-08-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Krenkel-Bucht_2_2014-08-31.jpg/375px-Krenkel-Bucht_2_2014-08-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Krenkel-Bucht_2_2014-08-31.jpg/500px-Krenkel-Bucht_2_2014-08-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="1418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Krenkelbukten vid <a href="/wiki/Komsomolets%C3%B6n" title="Komsomoletsön">Komsomoletsön</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:2010-09-15_06-18-36_Golomyanny_Island_Boris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kustlinje på Golomjannijön år 2010."><img alt="Kustlinje på Golomjannijön år 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2010-09-15_06-18-36_Golomyanny_Island_Boris.jpg/250px-2010-09-15_06-18-36_Golomyanny_Island_Boris.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2010-09-15_06-18-36_Golomyanny_Island_Boris.jpg/375px-2010-09-15_06-18-36_Golomyanny_Island_Boris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2010-09-15_06-18-36_Golomyanny_Island_Boris.jpg/500px-2010-09-15_06-18-36_Golomyanny_Island_Boris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kustlinje på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golomjannij%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golomjannijön [inte skriven än]">Golomjannijön</a> år 2010.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Geografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geografi_2">Geografi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Geografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Severnaya_Zemlya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Severnaya_Zemlya.svg/250px-Severnaya_Zemlya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Severnaya_Zemlya.svg/375px-Severnaya_Zemlya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Severnaya_Zemlya.svg/500px-Severnaya_Zemlya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Karta över Severnaja Zemlja.</figcaption></figure> <p>Severnaja Zemlja befinner sig i <a href="/wiki/Norra_ishavet" title="Norra ishavet">Norra ishavet</a>, där den skiljs från <a href="/wiki/Tajmyrhalv%C3%B6n" title="Tajmyrhalvön">Tajmyrhalvön</a> i söder av det 60 km breda <a href="/wiki/Vilkitskijsundet" title="Vilkitskijsundet">Vilkitskijsundet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Северная_Земля_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Северная_Земля-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ögruppen består av de fyra huvudöarna <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrevolutionens_%C3%B6" title="Oktoberrevolutionens ö">Oktoberrevolutionens ö</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolsjevik%C3%B6n" title="Bolsjevikön">Bolsjevikön</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komsomolets%C3%B6n" title="Komsomoletsön">Komsomoletsön</a> och <a href="/wiki/Pionj%C3%A4r%C3%B6n" title="Pionjärön">Pionjärön</a>. Utöver dessa tillkommer också omkring 70 mindre öar, som tillsammans med huvudöarna utgör en total yta på 36 712 km².<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oktoberrevolutionens ö skiljs från Komsomoletsön i norr av <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6da_arm%C3%A9ns_sund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Röda arméns sund [inte skriven än]">Röda arméns sund</a> och från den aningen mindre Bolsjevikön i söder av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjokalskijsundet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjokalskijsundet [inte skriven än]">Sjokalskijsundet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shokalsky_Strait_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shokalsky_Strait-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Båda sunden förbinder <a href="/wiki/Karahavet" title="Karahavet">Karahavet</a> i väst med <a href="/wiki/Laptevhavet" title="Laptevhavet">Laptevhavet</a> i öst. Sydväst om Pionjärön ligger <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedov%C3%B6arna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedovöarna [inte skriven än]">Sedovöarna</a>, där en forskningsstation var verksam mellan 1953 till 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och nordväst om Komsomoletsön ligger den glaciärtäckta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schmidt%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schmidtön [inte skriven än]">Schmidtön</a>. </p><p>49,8% av Severnaja Zemljas yta täcks av glaciärer:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De tre nordligaste huvudöarna och Schmidtön är till större delen istäckta, medan det glaciäriserade området på Bolsjevikön endast täcker 30% av dess yta.<sup id="cite_ref-Большевик_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Большевик-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den största glaciärformationen i Ryssland, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vetenskapsakademiglaci%C3%A4ren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vetenskapsakademiglaciären [inte skriven än]">Vetenskapsakademiglaciären</a></i>, finns på Komsomoletsön,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> även om ögruppens högsta punkt på 963 meter är <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpinskijglaci%C3%A4ren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpinskijglaciären [inte skriven än]">Karpinskijglaciären</a></i> på Oktoberrevolutionens ö.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20232_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20232-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glaciärerna på Severnaja Zemlja är till stor del kupolformade; ytan är övervägande slät och endast vid foten ökar terrängens branthet.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubov_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubov-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vid kusten kan isen bilda klippor som blir uppemot 300 meter höga.<sup id="cite_ref-Северная_Земля_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Северная_Земля-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severnaja Zemljas största insjöar, <i>Izmentjivojesjön</i> och <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiordovojesj%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiordovojesjön [inte skriven än]">Fiordovojesjön</a></i>, befinner sig båda i mitten av Oktoberrevolutionens ö.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997135_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997135-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De bildades av smältvatten från <i>Vavilov</i>- respektive <i>Karpinskijglaciären</i>. <i>Fiordovojesjön</i> har sitt utlopp via floden <i>Ozjornaja</i>, som flödar i sydlig riktning tills den mynnar ut i Karahavet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997138_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997138-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huvudöar"><span id="Huvud.C3.B6ar"></span>Huvudöar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Huvudöar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Huvudöar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oktoberrevolutionens_ö"><span id="Oktoberrevolutionens_.C3.B6"></span>Oktoberrevolutionens ö</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Oktoberrevolutionens ö" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Oktoberrevolutionens ö"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrevolutionens_%C3%B6" title="Oktoberrevolutionens ö">Oktoberrevolutionens ö</a></dd></dl></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:October_Revolution_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/October_Revolution_Island.svg/250px-October_Revolution_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/October_Revolution_Island.svg/375px-October_Revolution_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/October_Revolution_Island.svg/500px-October_Revolution_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Oktoberrevolutionens ö.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oktoberrevolutionens ö (ryska: остров Октябрьской Революции) är med sina 14 170 km² Severnaja Zemljas största ö.<sup id="cite_ref-Октябрьской_Революции_остров_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Октябрьской_Революции_остров-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den är därmed också den 59:e största ön i världen.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oktoberrevolutionens ö omges av Komsomoletsön och Pionjärön i norr, på andra sidan Röda arméns sund,<sup id="cite_ref-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samt av Bolsjevikön i söder där de skiljs åt av Sjokalskijsundet.<sup id="cite_ref-Shokalsky_Strait_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shokalsky_Strait-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omkring hälften av öns yta täcks av glaciärer medan de isfria områdena utgörs av <a href="/wiki/Polar%C3%B6ken" title="Polaröken">polaröken</a> och <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Октябрьской_Революции_остров_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Октябрьской_Революции_остров-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Karpinskijglaciären</i> på Oktoberrevolutionens ö är med sina 963 meter över havet Severnaja Zemljas högsta punkt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20232_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20232-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bland andra framträdande glaciärer kan <i>Rusanovglaciären</i>, <i>Albanovglaciären</i>, <i>Universitetsglaciären</i> och <i>Vavilovglaciären</i> nämnas.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vid den sistnämnda platsen underhöll <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> en meteorologisk station mellan 1974 och 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassford_et_al.2006_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassford_et_al.2006-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Floderna <i>Podemnaja</i> och <i>Bolsjaja</i> har sin källa vid öns mittenpartier och rinner nordväst mellan glaciärerna <i>Vavilov</i> och <i>Albanov</i>. Floderna <i>Bedovaja</i> och <i>Obryvistaja</i> flödar istället rakt norrut och mynnar ut mellan glaciärerna <i>Albanov</i> och <i>Rusanov</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002101_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002101-47"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severnaja Zemljas största sjö, <i>Fiordovojesjön</i>, befinner sig på Oktoberrevolutionens ö. Sjön har en yta på 39,5 km², även om den kraftigt tilltar under sommartid i samband med ett ökat flöde från den närliggande <i>Karpinskijglaciären</i>. <i>Fiordovojesjön</i> har sitt utlopp via floden <i>Ozjornaja</i>, som mynnar ut på öns sydkust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997138_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997138-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bolsjevikön"><span id="Bolsjevik.C3.B6n"></span>Bolsjevikön</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bolsjevikön" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bolsjevikön"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Bolsjevik%C3%B6n" title="Bolsjevikön">Bolsjevikön</a></dd></dl></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bolshevik_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bolshevik_Island.svg/250px-Bolshevik_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bolshevik_Island.svg/375px-Bolshevik_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bolshevik_Island.svg/500px-Bolshevik_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Bolsjevikön.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bolsjevikön (ryska: остров Большеви́к) är den sydligast belägna och näst största av huvudöarna i Severnaja Zemlja. I norr skiljs den från Oktoberrevolutionens ö av Sjokalskijsundet och i söder från <a href="/wiki/Kap_Tjeljuskin" title="Kap Tjeljuskin">Kap Tjeljuskin</a> på Tajmyrhalvön av det omkring 60 km breda Vilkitskijsundet. Bolsjevikön har en area på 11 312 km² och har ett bergigt landskap.<sup id="cite_ref-Большевик_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Большевик-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terrängen når som högst 935 meter över havet.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubov_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubov-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jämfört med övriga öar i Severnaja Zemlja förhåller sig glacialiseringen på Bolsjevikön relativt mild; endast 30% av ön är istäckt,<sup id="cite_ref-Большевик_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Большевик-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vilket kan jämföras med 52% på Oktoberrevolutionens ö.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20236_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20236-48"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De största glaciärerna på Bolsjevikön är <i>Leningradglaciären</i>, <i>Kropotkinglaciären</i> och <i>Semjonov-Tian-Sjanskijglaciären</i>. På kustslätterna finns det sparsam vegetation bestående av <a href="/wiki/Mossor" title="Mossor">mossa</a> och <a href="/wiki/Lavar" title="Lavar">lavar</a>. Själva kustlinjen präglas av <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjordar</a> och djupa havsvikar.<sup id="cite_ref-Большевик_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Большевик-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I norra delen av Bolsjevikön underhålls Primastationen, som hyser omkring 20 personer under ett års tid.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedan 2023 finns där även ett flygfält.<sup id="cite_ref-Staalesen2023_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staalesen2023-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Komsomoletsön"><span id="Komsomolets.C3.B6n"></span>Komsomoletsön</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Komsomoletsön" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Komsomoletsön"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Komsomolets%C3%B6n" title="Komsomoletsön">Komsomoletsön</a></dd></dl></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Komsomolets_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Komsomolets_Island.svg/250px-Komsomolets_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Komsomolets_Island.svg/375px-Komsomolets_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Komsomolets_Island.svg/500px-Komsomolets_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Komsomoletsön.</figcaption></figure> <p>Komsomoletsön (ryska: остров Комсомолец) är den nordligaste ön i Severnaja Zemlja och med en area på 9 006 km² den tredje största till ytan.<sup id="cite_ref-Комсомолец_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Комсомолец-50"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I söder skiljs den från Oktoberrevolutionens ö av Röda arméns sund och från Pionjärön av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Junyjsundet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Junyjsundet [inte skriven än]">Junyjsundet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Proliv_Yunyy_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proliv_Yunyy-51"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ön är uppkallad efter <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ungdomsf%C3%B6rbund" title="Ungdomsförbund">ungdomsförbundet</a> för <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionens_kommunistiska_parti" title="Sovjetunionens kommunistiska parti">Sovjetunionens kommunistiska parti</a>. </p><p>Udden <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kap_Arktitjeskij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kap Arktitjeskij [inte skriven än]">Kap Arktitjeskij</a> på Komsomoletsön är Asiens nordligaste landområde, då <a href="/wiki/Kap_Fligely" title="Kap Fligely">Kap Fligely</a> på <a href="/wiki/Rudolf%C3%B6n" title="Rudolfön">Rudolfön</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frans_Josefs_land" title="Frans Josefs land">Frans Josefs land</a> vanligen anses tillhöra Europa. Många äventyrare har haft Kap Arktitjeskij som startpunkt på sina polarexpeditioner,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exempelvis <a href="/wiki/Ola_Skinnarmo" title="Ola Skinnarmo">Ola Skinnarmo</a> och <a href="/wiki/Rune_Gjeldnes" title="Rune Gjeldnes">Rune Gjeldnes</a> år 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samt <a href="/wiki/Dominick_Arduin" title="Dominick Arduin">Dominick Arduin</a> som dog på kuppen 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den högsta punkten på 780 meter befinner sig på <i>Vetenskapsakademiglaciärens</i> topp.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denna glaciärformation är den största i Ryssland och täcker tillsammans med övriga ismassor 65% av Komsomoletsöns yta.<sup id="cite_ref-Комсомолец_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Комсомолец-50"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den praktiskt taget glaciärtäckta Schmidtön befinner sig i en huvudsaklig nordvästlig riktning från Komsomoletsön, även om Kap Arktitjeskij fortfarande sträcker sig aningen längre norrut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pionjärön"><span id="Pionj.C3.A4r.C3.B6n"></span>Pionjärön</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Pionjärön" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Pionjärön"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Pionj%C3%A4r%C3%B6n" title="Pionjärön">Pionjärön</a></dd></dl></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pioneer_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pioneer_Island.svg/250px-Pioneer_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pioneer_Island.svg/375px-Pioneer_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pioneer_Island.svg/500px-Pioneer_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Pionjärön.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pionjärön (ryska: остров Пионер) är den västligaste av Severnaja Zemljas huvudöar och med en yta på 1 550 km² den minsta till ytan.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ön är uppkallad efter <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionens_unga_pionj%C3%A4rer" title="Sovjetunionens unga pionjärer">Sovjetunionens unga pionjärer</a>, som liksom Komsomol var en <a href="/wiki/Kommunism" title="Kommunism">kommunistisk</a> ungdomsorganisation. </p><p>Ön hyser den 199 km² stora <i>Pionjärglaciären</i>, där öns högsta punkt på 382 meter befinner sig.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zubov_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubov-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I nordost skiljs Pionjärön från Komsomoletsön av Junyjsundet,<sup id="cite_ref-Proliv_Yunyy_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proliv_Yunyy-51"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medan den i sydost skiljs från Oktoberrevolutionens ö av Röda arméns sund.<sup id="cite_ref-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En halv kilometer från Pionjäröns sydvästliga udde finns den 100 km² stora <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krupskoj%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krupskojön [inte skriven än]">Krupskojön</a>. </p><p>Det finns inga sjöar av ansenlig storlek på Pionjärön; arean på den största överstiger inte 2–3 km². Öns längsta flod är den 30 km långa <i>Pionerka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubov_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubov-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klimat">Klimat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Klimat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Klimat"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Öarna i Severnaja Zemlja befinner sig i en övergångszon mellan <a href="/wiki/Tundraklimat" title="Tundraklimat">tundraklimat</a> (<i>ET</i>) och <a href="/wiki/Glacialklimat" title="Glacialklimat">glacialklimat</a> (<i>EF</i>). Tillståndet är vanligen kallt och torrt, med en årlig medeltemperatur på −16,5 °C och en årlig nederbörd på 170 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassford_et_al.2006_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassford_et_al.2006-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinterhalvåret kännetecknas av stora temperaturvariationer som tyder på <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5gtryck" title="Lågtryck">cyklonisk aktivitet</a> med ursprung i <a href="/wiki/Nordatlanten" title="Nordatlanten">Nordatlanten</a>. Temperaturens höjdpunkter sammanfaller med en tilltagande nederbörd och jämlöpande ökning i vindhastighet och <a href="/wiki/Molnm%C3%A4ngd" title="Molnmängd">molnmängd</a>. 30% av den årliga nederbörden faller i september och oktober, när cyklonerna är som vanligast förekommande. Temperaturerna på Severnaja Zemlja är lägst i februari med ett månatligt värde på −29,2 °C, även om det stundvis kan bli så kallt som −40 °C. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Eisberg-Stra%C3%9Fe_2_2014-08-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eisberg-Stra%C3%9Fe_2_2014-08-30.jpg/250px-Eisberg-Stra%C3%9Fe_2_2014-08-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eisberg-Stra%C3%9Fe_2_2014-08-30.jpg/375px-Eisberg-Stra%C3%9Fe_2_2014-08-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eisberg-Stra%C3%9Fe_2_2014-08-30.jpg/500px-Eisberg-Stra%C3%9Fe_2_2014-08-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Isberg utanför Bolsjevikön 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>Från juni till augusti håller sig temperaturerna vanligen nära <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A4ltpunkt" title="Smältpunkt">fryspunkten</a>, även om kyligare perioder också inträffar. Snöfall under sommartid är inte ovanligt. På Severnaja Zemlja är det oftast mulet med en årlig genomsnittlig molnmängd på 82% och en hög förekomst av <a href="/wiki/Dimma" title="Dimma">dimma</a>. De högsta lufttemperaturerna sker när varma luftmassor rör sig norrut från <a href="/wiki/Centralsibiriska_plat%C3%A5n" title="Centralsibiriska platån">centralsibiriska platån</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassford_et_al.2006_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassford_et_al.2006-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På grund av det kyliga klimatet befinner sig flodnätverket på Severnaja Zemlja i fryst tillstånd under merparten av året; vattendragen är endast framkomliga under en kort period från juli till september. De floder som härrör från glaciärer håller sig relativt djupa under sommaren, även om deras utsträckning fortfarande kan förändras kraftigt beroende på väder. Utanför Severnaja Zemlja bildas i regel små <a href="/wiki/Isberg" title="Isberg">isberg</a>: storleken överstiger sällan 1−2 km i längd och 30 m i höjd ovanför vattenytan.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubov_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubov-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="background:#efefef; border: 1px solid #b5b5b5; margin-bottom:.5em; margin-top:.5em;" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" style="font-size:95%; background:none; margin-right:2px;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th width="130px"> </th> <th width="40px">Jan </th> <th width="40px">Feb </th> <th width="40px">Mar </th> <th width="40px">Apr </th> <th width="40px">Maj </th> <th width="40px">Jun </th> <th width="40px">Jul </th> <th width="40px">Aug </th> <th width="40px">Sep </th> <th width="40px">Okt </th> <th width="40px">Nov </th> <th width="40px">Dec </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">  Normaldygnets maximitemperaturs medelvärde </td> <td style="background: #6495ED;">−22,5 </td> <td style="background: #6495ED;">−22,8 </td> <td style="background: #6495ED;">−21,2 </td> <td style="background: #8AB0FF;">−15,1 </td> <td style="background: #CFE8FF;">−6,7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFEE;">0,1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFEE;">2,0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFEE;">1,5 </td> <td style="background: #F0F8FF;">−0,9 </td> <td style="background: #CFE8FF;">−6,9 </td> <td style="background: #B9D3FF;">−14,2 </td> <td style="background: #8AB0FF;">−19,7 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">  Normaldygnets minimitemperaturs medelvärde </td> <td style="background: #4169E1;">−29,2 </td> <td style="background: #4169E1;">−29,6 </td> <td style="background: #4169E1;">−28,1 </td> <td style="background: #6495ED;">−21,5 </td> <td style="background: #B9D3FF;">−11,3 </td> <td style="background: #F0F8FF;">−2,5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFEE;">0,4 </td> <td style="background: #F0F8FF;">−0,7 </td> <td style="background: #F0F8FF;">−3,5 </td> <td style="background: #B9D3FF;">−11,1 </td> <td style="background: #8AB0FF;">−19,9 </td> <td style="background: #4169E1;">−26,0 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="13" height="5"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left"> Nederbörd </td> <td style="background: #FFF8DC; color: #000000;">10 </td> <td style="background: #EED8AE; color: #000000;">9 </td> <td style="background: #FFF8DC; color: #000000;">10 </td> <td style="background: #EED8AE; color: #000000;">9 </td> <td style="background: #EED8AE; color: #000000;">9 </td> <td style="background: #FFF8DC; color: #000000;">19 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFF0; color: #000000;">27 </td> <td style="background: #F0F8FF; color: #000000;">30 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFF0; color: #000000;">24 </td> <td style="background: #FFF8DC; color: #000000;">14 </td> <td style="background: #EED8AE; color: #000000;">9 </td> <td style="background: #FFF8DC; color: #000000;">11 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; font-size:95%; background:none;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left" width="132px"> Diagram </th> <td colspan="12" width="480px" align="right" style="font-size:90%;">temperaturer i °C • månadsnederbörd i mm • <i>Källa: <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="131px"> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-right:none;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:4px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>10</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:23px; height:27px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:50px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>-23</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:10px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-29</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:4px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>9</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:22px; height:27px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:49px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>-23</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:9px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-30</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:4px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>10</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:28px; height:28px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:55px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>-21</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:15px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-28</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:4px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>9</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:54px; height:26px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:80px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>-15</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:41px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-22</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:4px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>9</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:95px; height:18px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:113px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>-7</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:82px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-11</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:8px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>19</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:130px; height:10px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:140px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>0</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:117px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-3</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:11px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>27</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:142px; height:6px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:148px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>2</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:129px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>0</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:12px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>30</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:137px; height:9px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:146px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>2</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:124px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-1</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:10px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>24</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:126px; height:10px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:136px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>-1</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:113px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-4</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:6px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>14</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:96px; height:17px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:112px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>-7</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:83px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-11</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="41px" style="background:white; border-top:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-bottom:1px solid #b5b5b5;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:4px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>9</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:60px; height:23px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:83px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>-14</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:47px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-20</small></div> </div> </td> <td width="40px" style="background:white; border:1px solid #b5b5b5; border-left:none;"> <div style="width:41px; height:320px; position:relative; z-index:100; padding:0; margin:0;"> <div style="height:120px; bottom:20px; width:41px; position:absolute; left:0; border-top:dotted 1px silver; border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc; z-index:1; padding:0; margin:0;"> </div> <div style="background:#ace; position:absolute; bottom:20px; left:12px; width:17px; height:4px; z-index:3; overflow:hidden;"> </div> <div style="color:blue; position:absolute; bottom:5px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center;"><small>11</small></div> <div style="overflow:hidden; background:#e8e8e8; position:absolute; left:12px; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid blue; width:17px; z-index:4; bottom:36px; height:25px;"> </div> <div style="position:absolute; margin-bottom:5px; bottom:61px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4;"><small>-20</small></div> <div style="position:absolute; bottom:23px; left:0; width:41px; height:15px; text-align:center; z-index:4"><small>-26</small></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natur">Natur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Natur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Natur"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Flora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Flora"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/250px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/375px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/500px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="3383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llvallmo" title="Fjällvallmo">Fjällvallmo</a> vid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjokalskijsundet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjokalskijsundet [inte skriven än]">Sjokalskijsundet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Severnaja Zemlja är en <a href="/wiki/Polar%C3%B6ken" title="Polaröken">polaröken</a> med sparsam växtlighet och <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> med ett djup på mindre än 50 cm. Vegetation förekommer endast på små delar av markytan och trivs särskilt i närheten av <a href="/wiki/Kolonih%C3%A4ckning" title="Kolonihäckning">fågelkolonier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997169_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997169-60"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totalt 61 arter av <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rlv%C3%A4xter" title="Kärlväxter">kärlväxter</a> observerats.<sup id="cite_ref-Северная_Земля_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Северная_Земля-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessa innefattar främst arter från <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4ckesl%C3%A4ktet" title="Bräckesläktet">bräckesläktet</a> och <a href="/wiki/Arvsl%C3%A4ktet" title="Arvsläktet">arvsläktet</a>, såsom <a href="/wiki/Polararv" title="Polararv">polararv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llvallmo" title="Fjällvallmo">fjällvallmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvbr%C3%A4cka" title="Tuvbräcka">tuvbräcka</a> och <a href="/wiki/Purpurbr%C3%A4cka" title="Purpurbräcka">purpurbräcka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174-61"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Av de 46 sorters <a href="/wiki/Mossor" title="Mossor">mossor</a> som noterats är särskilt sju släkten dominerande:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997171_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997171-62"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grusmossor" title="Grusmossor">grusmossor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvastmossor" title="Kvastmossor">kvastmossor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A4vlingmossor" title="Grävlingmossor">grävlingmossor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirkelmossor" title="Cirkelmossor">cirkelmossor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryummossor" title="Bryummossor">bryummossor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glansmossor" title="Glansmossor">glansmossor</a> och <a href="/wiki/Tussmossor" title="Tussmossor">tussmossor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174-61"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Därtill har 54 <a href="/wiki/Lavar" title="Lavar">lavarter</a> observerats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997171_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997171-62"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De flesta av Severnaja Zemljas arter har en <a href="/wiki/Cirkumpol%C3%A4r_(biologi)" title="Cirkumpolär (biologi)">cirkumpolär</a> utbredning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174-61"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inga <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4d" title="Träd">träd</a> eller andra högväxta arter förekommer. <a href="/wiki/Polarvide" title="Polarvide">Polarvide</a>, öarnas enda <a href="/wiki/Buske" title="Buske">buskart</a>, har observerats på <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrevolutionens_%C3%B6" title="Oktoberrevolutionens ö">Oktoberrevolutionens ö</a> och växer endast till en höjd på 5 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997175_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997175-63"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den mest glesa vegetationen förekommer på <a href="/wiki/Komsomolets%C3%B6n" title="Komsomoletsön">Komsomoletsön</a>, den nordligaste ön i Severnaja Zemlja, där endast 6 av ögruppens 61 arter av kärlväxter hittats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174-61"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fauna"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_IMG_9513_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_IMG_9513_09.jpg/250px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_IMG_9513_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_IMG_9513_09.jpg/375px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_IMG_9513_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_IMG_9513_09.jpg/500px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_IMG_9513_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5480" data-file-height="4275" /></a><figcaption>En flock <a href="/wiki/Silvert%C3%A4rna" title="Silvertärna">silvertärnor</a> på <a href="/wiki/Bolsjevik%C3%B6n" title="Bolsjevikön">Bolsjevikön</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>32 fågelarter har observerats på Severnaja Zemlja;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de talrikaste av dessa är häckande <a href="/wiki/Havsf%C3%A5glar" title="Havsfåglar">havsfåglar</a> som omfattar 17 av arterna. <a href="/wiki/Kolonih%C3%A4ckning" title="Kolonihäckning">Kolonifåglarna</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkekung" title="Alkekung">alkekung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tret%C3%A5ig_m%C3%A5s" title="Tretåig mås">tretåig mås</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobisgrissla" title="Tobisgrissla">tobisgrissla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ism%C3%A5s" title="Ismås">ismås</a> och <a href="/wiki/Vittrut" title="Vittrut">vittrut</a> samt tundrafåglarna <a href="/wiki/Prutg%C3%A5s" title="Prutgås">prutgås</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A4rsn%C3%A4ppa" title="Skärsnäppa">skärsnäppa</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%B6sparv" title="Snösparv">snösparv</a> förekommer över hela ögruppen. Övriga tundrafåglar – <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5lom" title="Smålom">smålom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praktejder" title="Praktejder">praktejder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandl%C3%B6pare" title="Sandlöpare">sandlöpare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kustlabb" title="Kustlabb">kustlabb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llabb" title="Fjällabb">fjällabb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4lluggla" title="Fjälluggla">fjälluggla</a> och <a href="/wiki/Lappsparv" title="Lappsparv">lappsparv</a> – häckar endast i små antal och på begränsat område, ofta oregelbundet. Även <a href="/wiki/Silvert%C3%A4rna" title="Silvertärna">silvertärna</a> och <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A5trut" title="Gråtrut">gråtrut</a> förekommer på Severnaja Zemlja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995222_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995222-65"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det finns förhållandevis få arter av <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A4ggdjur" title="Däggdjur">däggdjur</a> på Severnaja Zemlja. <a href="/wiki/Arktisk_halsbandsl%C3%A4mmel" title="Arktisk halsbandslämmel">Arktisk halsbandslämmel</a> förekommer på alla större öar, främst i floddalar och vid låglänt växtlighet. Emellanåt kan <a href="/wiki/Ren" title="Ren">ren</a> observeras, även om populationen uppskattas vara färre än hundra individer. <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llr%C3%A4v" title="Fjällräv">Fjällräven</a> har sina <a href="/wiki/Gryt_(jordh%C3%A5la)" title="Gryt (jordhåla)">gryten</a> vid bland annat floden <i>Podemnaja</i> på Oktoberrevolutionens ö. 1976 fanns det ett hundratal, men under 1980-talet blev fjällrävar alltmer ovanliga och 1993 observerades bara någon enstaka. Övriga däggdjur innefattar <a href="/wiki/Hermelin" title="Hermelin">hermelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skogshare" title="Skogshare">skogshare</a> och även <a href="/wiki/Varg" title="Varg">varg</a>, som vanligen hör samman i grupper om tre på <a href="/wiki/Bolsjevik%C3%B6n" title="Bolsjevikön">Bolsjevikön</a> och Oktoberrevolutionens ö.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995232_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995232-66"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utbredningen av <a href="/wiki/Isbj%C3%B6rn" title="Isbjörn">isbjörnar</a> på Severnaja Zemlja beror på isförhållanden och antalet <a href="/wiki/Bytesdjur" title="Bytesdjur">bytesdjur</a>, som ofta utgörs av <a href="/wiki/Vikare" title="Vikare">vikare</a> och <a href="/wiki/Stors%C3%A4l" title="Storsäl">storsäl</a>. Merparten av ögruppens isbjörnar migrerar norrut i takt med sommarmånadernas minskande is och återvänder söderut under den tidiga vintern.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geologi">Geologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Geologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Geologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Relief_Map_of_Severnaya_Zemlya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Relief_Map_of_Severnaya_Zemlya.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Severnaya_Zemlya.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Relief_Map_of_Severnaya_Zemlya.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Severnaya_Zemlya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Relief_Map_of_Severnaya_Zemlya.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Severnaya_Zemlya.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Topografisk karta över Severnaja Zemlja.</figcaption></figure> <p>Severnaja Zemlja var en del av den förhistoriska kontinenten <a href="/wiki/Baltika" title="Baltika">Baltika</a> åtminstone så tidigt som <a href="/wiki/Ediacara_(geologi)" title="Ediacara (geologi)">ediacara</a> (cirka 600 miljoner år sedan).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenz200553_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz200553-68"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synliga lager från denna <a href="/wiki/Period_(geologi)" title="Period (geologi)">period</a> befinner sig främst på Bolsjevikön.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenz200510_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz200510-69"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Idag består ögruppens <a href="/wiki/Berggrund" title="Berggrund">berggrund</a> huvudsakligen av sedimentlager från <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoikum" title="Neoproterozoikum">neoproterozoikum</a> och <a href="/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum">paleozoikum</a>. </p><p>Ediacariska <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbiditer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbiditer [inte skriven än]">turbiditer</a> tros ha <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (geologi)">deponerats</a> på <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6nskiffer" title="Grönskiffer">grönskiffer</a> från neoproterozoikum och även <a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">kambriskt</a> <a href="/wiki/Lerskiffer" title="Lerskiffer">lerskiffer</a> kan förekomma.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silur" title="Silur">Siluriska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Devon_(geologi)" title="Devon (geologi)">devonska</a> lager finns utspridda över hela ögruppen. De siluriska avlagringarna består av fossila <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbonatbergart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbonatbergart [inte skriven än]">karbonatbergarter</a> under ovanliggande lager som skiftar mellan <a href="/wiki/Sandsten" title="Sandsten">sandsten</a> och <a href="/wiki/Siltsten" title="Siltsten">siltsten</a> från <a href="/wiki/Ordovicium" title="Ordovicium">ordovicium</a>. De devonska lagren utgörs huvudsakligen av <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6d_sandsten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Röd sandsten [inte skriven än]">röd sandsten</a>, siltsten och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argillit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argillit [inte skriven än]">argillit</a>. Här förekommer endast karbonatbergarter i några intervaller. Severnaja Zemljas <a href="/wiki/Kvart%C3%A4r" title="Kvartär">kvartära</a> lager är mycket underutvecklade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.200299_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.200299-71"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På de tre största öarna förekommer <a href="/wiki/Berg_i_dagen" title="Berg i dagen">berg i dagen</a>, som består av bergarter från <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> och <a href="/wiki/Perm_(geologi)" title="Perm (geologi)">perm</a>, medan stora delar av Komsomoletsön täcks av <a href="/wiki/Kenozoikum" title="Kenozoikum">kenozoiska</a> sediment. På de västra och mellersta delarna av Oktoberrevolutionens ö finns <a href="/wiki/Veckning" title="Veckning">veckade</a> kambriska och devonska lager belägna på en nordvästligt sluttande <a href="/wiki/Antiklinal" title="Antiklinal">antiklinal</a> bergsrygg, vars kärna består av ordoviciska bergarter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002102_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002102-72"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nffp/0056.html">”Nordlandet”</a>. <i><span><a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok / Fjärde upplagan 1951</a></span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://runeberg.org/nffp/0056.html">https://runeberg.org/nffp/0056.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 23 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nordlandet&rft.atitle=%5B%5BNordisk+familjebok%7CNordisk+familjebok+%2F+Fj%C3%A4rde+upplagan+1951%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnffp%2F0056.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/severnaja-zemlja">”Severnaja Zemlja”</a>. <i><span><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/severnaja-zemlja">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/severnaja-zemlja</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Severnaja+Zemlja&rft.atitle=%5B%5BNationalencyklopedin%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fsevernaja-zemlja&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Chelyuskin">”Cape Chelyuskin”</a> (på engelska). <i><span><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Chelyuskin">https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Chelyuskin</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 23 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cape+Chelyuskin&rft.atitle=%5B%5BEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCape-Chelyuskin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/economy/1671553">”Archipelago with three names. What attracts scientists, tourists to Severnaya Zemlya”</a> (på engelska). <i><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass" title="Itar-Tass">Itar-Tass</a></i>. 8 september 2023<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tass.com/economy/1671553">https://tass.com/economy/1671553</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Archipelago+with+three+names.+What+attracts+scientists%2C+tourists+to+Severnaya+Zemlya&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BItar-Tass%5D%5D&rft.date=8+september+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Feconomy%2F1671553&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109071918/http://www.northpolevoyages.com/pdf/pearls.pdf">”Fascination of Northeast Passage: The Pearls of the Russian Arctic”</a> (på engelska). <i>Poseidon Expeditions</i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northpolevoyages.com/pdf/pearls.pdf">originalet</a> den 9 november 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109071918/http://www.northpolevoyages.com/pdf/pearls.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20061109071918/http://www.northpolevoyages.com/pdf/pearls.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fascination+of+Northeast+Passage%3A+The+Pearls+of+the+Russian+Arctic&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%27%27Poseidon+Expeditions%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061109071918%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.northpolevoyages.com%2Fpdf%2Fpearls.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/199861">”Nicholas II Land”</a> (på engelska). <i>Bulletin of the American Geographical Society</i> 46 (2): sid. 118. 1914<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/199861">https://www.jstor.org/stable/199861</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nicholas+II+Land&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Geographical+Society&rft.date=1914&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F199861&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHovgaard1882"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Peter_Hovgaard" title="Andreas Peter Hovgaard">Hovgaard, Andreas Peter</a> (1882) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=QTgBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA25&hl=sv&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Danish-Arctic expedition</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6penhamn" title="Köpenhamn">Köpenhamn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gyldendal" title="Gyldendal">Gyldendal</a>. sid. 26<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=QTgBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA25&hl=sv&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=QTgBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA25&hl=sv&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 30 maj 2024</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Danish-Arctic+expedition&rft.aulast=Hovgaard&rft.aufirst=Andreas+Peter&rft.au=Hovgaard%2C+Andreas+Peter&rft.date=1882&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B26&rft.place=%5B%5BK%C3%B6penhamn%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BGyldendal%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTgBAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA25%26hl%3Dsv%26source%3Dgbs_toc_r%26cad%3D2%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urvantsev1935-8">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Urvantsev1935_8-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urvantsev1935_8-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFUrvantsev1935"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Urvantsev" title="Nikolaj Urvantsev">Urvantsev, Nikolaj</a> (1935) (på ryska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/1014681/Urvancev_-_Dva_goda_na_severnoy_zemle.html">Два года на северной земле</a></i>. Glavsevmorput<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/1014681/Urvancev_-_Dva_goda_na_severnoy_zemle.html">https://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/1014681/Urvancev_-_Dva_goda_na_severnoy_zemle.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 april 2024</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5&rft.aulast=Urvantsev&rft.aufirst=Nikolaj&rft.au=Urvantsev%2C+Nikolaj&rft.date=1935&rft.pub=Glavsevmorput&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-reading.club%2Fbookreader.php%2F1014681%2FUrvancev_-_Dva_goda_na_severnoy_zemle.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197559-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197559_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarr1975">Barr 1975</a>, sid. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197561-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197561_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarr1975">Barr 1975</a>, sid. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFKotjina2024">Kotjina, Vera (23 juni 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/telegraph/history/1237/">”Архипелаг под псевдонимом”</a> (på ryska). <i><span>Vokrug sveta</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/telegraph/history/1237/">https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/telegraph/history/1237/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 26 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.atitle=Vokrug+sveta&rft.aulast=Kotjina&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft.au=Kotjina%2C+Vera&rft.date=23+juni+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vokrugsveta.ru%2Ftelegraph%2Fhistory%2F1237%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197562-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197562_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarr1975">Barr 1975</a>, sid. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197563-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197563_13-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarr1975">Barr 1975</a>, sid. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonhomme2012-14">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Bonhomme2012_14-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonhomme2012_14-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBonhomme2012">Bonhomme, Brian (2012) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?redir_esc=y&hl=sv&id=nC7r7ryTy48C&q=enamel#v=onepage&q&f=false">Russian Exploration, from Siberia to Space: A History</a></i>. McFarland & Company. sid. 157<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?redir_esc=y&hl=sv&id=nC7r7ryTy48C&q=enamel#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?redir_esc=y&hl=sv&id=nC7r7ryTy48C&q=enamel#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 28 april 2024</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Exploration%2C+from+Siberia+to+Space%3A+A+History&rft.aulast=Bonhomme&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Bonhomme%2C+Brian&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B157&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fredir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Dsv%26id%3DnC7r7ryTy48C%26q%3Denamel%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFRybine">Rybine, Viktor (12 juli 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/hydrographic-society-russia-58">”Hydrographic Society Russia”</a> (på engelska). <i>Hydro International</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/hydrographic-society-russia-58">https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/hydrographic-society-russia-58</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hydrographic+Society+Russia&rft.jtitle=Hydro+International&rft.aulast=Rybine&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft.au=Rybine%2C+Viktor&rft.date=12+juli+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydro-international.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fhydrographic-society-russia-58&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newslab2007-16">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Newslab2007_16-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newslab2007_16-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newslab.ru/news/222324">”Депутаты Законодательного собрания Красноярского края против переименования островов архипелага «Северная Земля»”</a> (på ryska). <i>Newslab.ru</i>. 24 maj 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://newslab.ru/news/222324">https://newslab.ru/news/222324</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 28 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F%C2%BB&rft.jtitle=Newslab.ru&rft.date=24+maj+2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewslab.ru%2Fnews%2F222324&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBendrickAlessandrini">Bendrick, Gregg; Alessandrini, Sergio (19 december 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/3467/9981">”No second-in-command: human fatigue and the crash of the airship Italia revisited”</a> (på engelska). <i>Polar Research</i> 38: sid. 2. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.33265%2Fpolar.v38.3467">10.33265/polar.v38.3467</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/3467/9981">https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/3467/9981</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+second-in-command%3A+human+fatigue+and+the+crash+of+the+airship+Italia+revisited&rft.jtitle=Polar+Research&rft.aulast=Bendrick&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft.au=Bendrick%2C+Gregg&rft.au=Alessandrini%2C+Sergio&rft.date=19+december+2019&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B2&rft_id=info:doi/10.33265%2Fpolar.v38.3467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolarresearch.net%2Findex.php%2Fpolar%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3467%2F9981&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFFerapontova2024">Ferapontova, Svetlana (30 mars 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thisistaimyr.org/values/nikolay-urvantsev-deleted-from-geographical-research-history/">”Nikolay Urvantsev deleted from geographical research history”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>This is Taimyr</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thisistaimyr.org/values/nikolay-urvantsev-deleted-from-geographical-research-history/">https://thisistaimyr.org/values/nikolay-urvantsev-deleted-from-geographical-research-history/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nikolay+Urvantsev+deleted+from+geographical+research+history&rft.atitle=This+is+Taimyr&rft.aulast=Ferapontova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Ferapontova%2C+Svetlana&rft.date=30+mars+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthisistaimyr.org%2Fvalues%2Fnikolay-urvantsev-deleted-from-geographical-research-history%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Usjakov1953-19">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Usjakov1953_19-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Usjakov1953_19-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFUsjakov1953"><a href="/wiki/Georgij_Usjakov" title="Georgij Usjakov">Usjakov, Georgij</a> (1953) (på ryska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polarpost.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=1823">По нехоженной земле</a></i>. Nauka i zjizn<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.polarpost.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=1823">http://www.polarpost.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=1823</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 maj 2024</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5&rft.aulast=Usjakov&rft.aufirst=Georgij&rft.au=Usjakov%2C+Georgij&rft.date=1953&rft.pub=Nauka+i+zjizn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarpost.ru%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D52%26t%3D1823&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127020614/http://intaari.ru/en/tourism/arctic-tourism/ostrov-domashniy.html">”Domashniy island. Severnaya zemlya”</a> (på engelska). <a href="/wiki/Ryska_polarforskningsinstitutet" title="Ryska polarforskningsinstitutet">Ryska polarforskningsinstitutet</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intaari.ru/en/tourism/arctic-tourism/ostrov-domashniy.html">originalet</a> den 27 november 2021<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127020614/http://intaari.ru/en/tourism/arctic-tourism/ostrov-domashniy.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20211127020614/http://intaari.ru/en/tourism/arctic-tourism/ostrov-domashniy.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Domashniy+island.+Severnaya+zemlya&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BRyska+polarforskningsinstitutet%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20211127020614%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fintaari.ru%2Fen%2Ftourism%2Farctic-tourism%2Fostrov-domashniy.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFThiesen2010">Thiesen, William (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772269/-1/-1/0/SMITHICEBERGZEPPELIN.PDF">”LCDR Edward “Iceberg” Smith, ’13 and the 1931 Arctic Expedition of the German Airship Graf Zeppelin”</a> (på engelska). <i>Foundation for Coast Guard History</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772269/-1/-1/0/SMITHICEBERGZEPPELIN.PDF">https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772269/-1/-1/0/SMITHICEBERGZEPPELIN.PDF</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LCDR+Edward+%E2%80%9CIceberg%E2%80%9D+Smith%2C+%E2%80%9913+and+the+1931+Arctic+Expedition+of+the+German+Airship+Graf+Zeppelin&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Coast+Guard+History&rft.aulast=Thiesen&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Thiesen%2C+William&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2017%2FJul%2F01%2F2001772269%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FSMITHICEBERGZEPPELIN.PDF&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman2017-23">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Grossman2017_23-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman2017_23-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFGrossman2017">Grossman, Dan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airships.net/lz127-graf-zeppelin/polar-flight/">”Graf Zeppelin's Arctic Flight, 1931”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Airships.net</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.airships.net/lz127-graf-zeppelin/polar-flight/">https://www.airships.net/lz127-graf-zeppelin/polar-flight/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Graf+Zeppelin%27s+Arctic+Flight%2C+1931&rft.atitle=Airships.net&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Grossman%2C+Dan&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airships.net%2Flz127-graf-zeppelin%2Fpolar-flight%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFRaspopov,_O._M._et_al.2013">Raspopov, O. M. <i>et al.</i> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258787781_The_first_aeromagnetic_survey_in_the_Arctic_Results_of_the_Graf_Zeppelin_airship_flight_of_1931">”The ﬁrst aeromagnetic survey in the Arctic:results of the Graf Zeppelin airship ﬂight of 1931”</a> (på engelska). <i>History of Geo- and Space Sciences</i> 4 (1): sid. 37. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5194%2Fhgss-4-35-2013">10.5194/hgss-4-35-2013</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258787781_The_first_aeromagnetic_survey_in_the_Arctic_Results_of_the_Graf_Zeppelin_airship_flight_of_1931">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258787781_The_first_aeromagnetic_survey_in_the_Arctic_Results_of_the_Graf_Zeppelin_airship_flight_of_1931</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+%EF%AC%81rst+aeromagnetic+survey+in+the+Arctic%3Aresults+of+the+Graf+Zeppelin+airship+%EF%AC%82ight+of+1931&rft.jtitle=History+of+Geo-+and+Space+Sciences&rft.aulast=Raspopov%2C+O.+M.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Raspopov%2C+O.+M.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B37&rft_id=info:doi/10.5194%2Fhgss-4-35-2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F258787781_The_first_aeromagnetic_survey_in_the_Arctic_Results_of_the_Graf_Zeppelin_airship_flight_of_1931&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002100-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002100_25-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMännik_et_al.2002">Männik et al. 2002</a>, sid. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zubov-26">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Zubov_26-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zubov_26-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zubov_26-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zubov_26-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zubov_26-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zubov_26-5"><small>f</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFZubov">Zubov, B, V.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218170055/http://www.kapustin.boom.ru:80/journal/zubovskoy.htm">”К Истории Картографирования Центральной Части Советской Арктики”</a> (på ryska). <i><span>Letopis Severa</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kapustin.boom.ru:80/journal/zubovskoy.htm">originalet</a> den 18 februari 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218170055/http://www.kapustin.boom.ru:80/journal/zubovskoy.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20060218170055/http://www.kapustin.boom.ru:80/journal/zubovskoy.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%9A+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=Letopis+Severa&rft.aulast=Zubov&rft.aufirst=B%2C+V.&rft.au=Zubov%2C+B%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060218170055%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.kapustin.boom.ru%3A80%2Fjournal%2Fzubovskoy.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/women-arctic-how-our-contemporary-women-live-and-work-outer-reaches-earth">”Women in the Arctic: How our Contemporary Women Live and Work at the Outer Reaches of the Earth”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Ryska Geografiska Sällskapet</span></i>. 8 mars 2022<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/women-arctic-how-our-contemporary-women-live-and-work-outer-reaches-earth">https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/women-arctic-how-our-contemporary-women-live-and-work-outer-reaches-earth</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Arctic%3A+How+our+Contemporary+Women+Live+and+Work+at+the+Outer+Reaches+of+the+Earth&rft.atitle=Ryska+Geografiska+S%C3%A4llskapet&rft.date=8+mars+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgo.ru%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwomen-arctic-how-our-contemporary-women-live-and-work-outer-reaches-earth&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223-28">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223_28-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223_28-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995223_28-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995">De Korte; Volkov; Gavrilo 1995</a>, sid. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassford_et_al.2006-29">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Bassford_et_al.2006_29-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassford_et_al.2006_29-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassford_et_al.2006_29-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bassford_et_al.2006_29-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBassford,_R._P._et_al.2006">Bassford, R. P. <i>et al.</i> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1657/1523-0430%282006%29038%5B0001%3AQTMBOI%5D2.0.CO%3B2">”Quantifying the Mass Balance of Ice Caps on Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic. I: Climate and Mass Balance of the Vavilov Ice Cap”</a> (på engelska). <i>Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research</i> 38 (1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1657%2F1523-0430%282006%29038%5B0001%3AQTMBOI%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1657/1523-0430(2006)038[0001:QTMBOI]2.0.CO;2</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1657/1523-0430%282006%29038%5B0001%3AQTMBOI%5D2.0.CO%3B2">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1657/1523-0430%282006%29038%5B0001%3AQTMBOI%5D2.0.CO%3B2</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+Mass+Balance+of+Ice+Caps+on+Severnaya+Zemlya%2C+Russian+High+Arctic.+I%3A+Climate+and+Mass+Balance+of+the+Vavilov+Ice+Cap&rft.jtitle=Arctic%2C+Antarctic%2C+and+Alpine+Research&rft.aulast=Bassford%2C+R.+P.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Bassford%2C+R.+P.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi/10.1657%2F1523-0430%282006%29038%5B0001%3AQTMBOI%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1657%2F1523-0430%25282006%2529038%255B0001%253AQTMBOI%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFPettersen2013">Pettersen, Trude (21 juni 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2013/06/re-opens-cold-war-era-arctic-research-station-21-06">”Re-opens Cold War era Arctic research station”</a> (på engelska). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Barents_Observer" title="The Barents Observer">The Barents Observer</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2013/06/re-opens-cold-war-era-arctic-research-station-21-06">https://barentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2013/06/re-opens-cold-war-era-arctic-research-station-21-06</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Re-opens+Cold+War+era+Arctic+research+station&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Barents+Observer%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Pettersen&rft.aufirst=Trude&rft.au=Pettersen%2C+Trude&rft.date=21+juni+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Farctic%2F2013%2F06%2Fre-opens-cold-war-era-arctic-research-station-21-06&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staalesen2023-31">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Staalesen2023_31-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staalesen2023_31-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFStaalesen2023">Staalesen, Atle (12 april 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2023/04/russia-opens-new-airfield-remote-arctic-archipelago-severnaya-zemlya">”Russia opens new airfield in remote Arctic archipelago Severnaya Zemlya”</a> (på engelska). <i>The Barents Observer</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2023/04/russia-opens-new-airfield-remote-arctic-archipelago-severnaya-zemlya">https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2023/04/russia-opens-new-airfield-remote-arctic-archipelago-severnaya-zemlya</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 13 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+opens+new+airfield+in+remote+Arctic+archipelago+Severnaya+Zemlya&rft.jtitle=The+Barents+Observer&rft.aulast=Staalesen&rft.aufirst=Atle&rft.au=Staalesen%2C+Atle&rft.date=12+april+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Farctic%2F2023%2F04%2Frussia-opens-new-airfield-remote-arctic-archipelago-severnaya-zemlya&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFStaalesen2020">Staalesen, Atle (20 oktober 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2020/10/great-arctic-archipelago-might-be-renamed-after-czar-nicholas-ii">”Great Arctic archipelago might be renamed after Czar Nikolai II”</a> (på engelska). <i>The Barents Observer</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2020/10/great-arctic-archipelago-might-be-renamed-after-czar-nicholas-ii">https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/arctic/2020/10/great-arctic-archipelago-might-be-renamed-after-czar-nicholas-ii</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Great+Arctic+archipelago+might+be+renamed+after+Czar+Nikolai+II&rft.jtitle=The+Barents+Observer&rft.aulast=Staalesen&rft.aufirst=Atle&rft.au=Staalesen%2C+Atle&rft.date=20+oktober+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Farctic%2F2020%2F10%2Fgreat-arctic-archipelago-might-be-renamed-after-czar-nicholas-ii&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Северная_Земля-33">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Северная_Земля_33-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Северная_Земля_33-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Северная_Земля_33-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article100526.html">”Северная Земля”</a> (på ryska). <i><span><a href="/wiki/Stora_sovjetencyklopedin" title="Stora sovjetencyklopedin">Stora sovjetencyklopedin</a></span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article100526.html">http://bse.sci-lib.com/article100526.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%5B%5BStora+sovjetencyklopedin%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle100526.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFBond,_Mary2020">Bond, Mary (4 februari 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seatrade-cruise.com/expedition/quark-expeditions-ventures-russias-remote-severnaya-zemlya">”Quark Expeditions ventures to Russia's remote Severnaya Zemlya”</a> (på engelska). <i>Seatrade Cruise News</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.seatrade-cruise.com/expedition/quark-expeditions-ventures-russias-remote-severnaya-zemlya">https://www.seatrade-cruise.com/expedition/quark-expeditions-ventures-russias-remote-severnaya-zemlya</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 21 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quark+Expeditions+ventures+to+Russia%27s+remote+Severnaya+Zemlya&rft.jtitle=Seatrade+Cruise+News&rft.aulast=Bond%2C+Mary&rft.au=Bond%2C+Mary&rft.date=4+februari+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seatrade-cruise.com%2Fexpedition%2Fquark-expeditions-ventures-russias-remote-severnaya-zemlya&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Severnaya-Zemlya">”Severnaya Zemlya”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Encyclopædia Britannica</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Severnaya-Zemlya">https://www.britannica.com/place/Severnaya-Zemlya</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Severnaya+Zemlya&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSevernaya-Zemlya&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii-36">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii_36-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii_36-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii_36-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proliv_Krasnoy_Armii_36-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mapcarta.com/15349736">”Proliv Krasnoy Armii”</a> (på engelska). Mapcarta<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mapcarta.com/15349736">https://mapcarta.com/15349736</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Proliv+Krasnoy+Armii&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Mapcarta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmapcarta.com%2F15349736&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shokalsky_Strait-37">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Shokalsky_Strait_37-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shokalsky_Strait_37-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mapcarta.com/16378970">”Shokalsky Strait”</a> (på engelska). Mapcarta<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mapcarta.com/16378970">https://mapcarta.com/16378970</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Shokalsky+Strait&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Mapcarta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmapcarta.com%2F16378970&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224-38">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224_38-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224_38-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995224_38-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995">De Korte; Volkov; Gavrilo 1995</a>, sid. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Большевик-39">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Большевик_39-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Большевик_39-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Большевик_39-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Большевик_39-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article128222.html">”Большевик (о-в архипелага Северная Земля)”</a> (på ryska). <i><span>Stora sovjetencyklopedin</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article128222.html">http://bse.sci-lib.com/article128222.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 29 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA+%28%D0%BE-%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F%29&rft.atitle=Stora+sovjetencyklopedin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle128222.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFOrnelas,_G._et_al.2014">Ornelas, G. <i>et al.</i> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.C21C0368O/abstract">”Monitoring Glacier change at the Academy of Sciences Icecap, Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic”</a> (på engelska). <i>American Geophysical Union</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.C21C0368O/abstract">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.C21C0368O/abstract</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Monitoring+Glacier+change+at+the+Academy+of+Sciences+Icecap%2C+Severnaya+Zemlya%2C+Russian+High+Arctic&rft.jtitle=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.aulast=Ornelas%2C+G.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Ornelas%2C+G.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014AGUFM.C21C0368O%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20232-41">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20232_41-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20232_41-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans2023">Wytiahlowsky; Stokes; Evans 2023</a>, sid. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997135-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997135_42-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997">Melles; Hagedorn; Bolsjijanov 1997</a>, sid. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997138-43">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997138_43-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997138_43-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997">Melles; Hagedorn; Bolsjijanov 1997</a>, sid. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Октябрьской_Революции_остров-44">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Октябрьской_Революции_остров_44-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Октябрьской_Революции_остров_44-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article084123.html">”Октябрьской Революции остров”</a> (på ryska). <i><span>Stora sovjetencyklopedin</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article084123.html">http://bse.sci-lib.com/article084123.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.atitle=Stora+sovjetencyklopedin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle084123.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFCalder">Calder, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldislandinfo.com/LARGESTV1.html">”Largest Islands of the World”</a> (på engelska). WorldIslandInfo.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://worldislandinfo.com/LARGESTV1.html">http://worldislandinfo.com/LARGESTV1.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Largest+Islands+of+the+World&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Calder%2C+Joshua&rft.pub=WorldIslandInfo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldislandinfo.com%2FLARGESTV1.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" id="CITEREFBuchert2020">Buchert, Peter (15 januari 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/3046c505-2074-4862-8237-31e5a415f3c9">”"Svårt att förbise klimatkopplingen" när Vavilov-glaciären rinner bort”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hufvudstadsbladet" title="Hufvudstadsbladet">Hufvudstadsbladet</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/3046c505-2074-4862-8237-31e5a415f3c9">https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/3046c505-2074-4862-8237-31e5a415f3c9</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 maj 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Sv%C3%A5rt+att+f%C3%B6rbise+klimatkopplingen%22+n%C3%A4r+Vavilov-glaci%C3%A4ren+rinner+bort&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BHufvudstadsbladet%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Buchert&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Buchert%2C+Peter&rft.date=15+januari+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbl.fi%2Fartikel%2F3046c505-2074-4862-8237-31e5a415f3c9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002101-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002101_47-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMännik_et_al.2002">Männik et al. 2002</a>, sid. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20236-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans20236_48-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans2023">Wytiahlowsky; Stokes; Evans 2023</a>, sid. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFKodama2018">Kodama, Yuji (13 september 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nipr.ac.jp/arcs/blog/en/2018/09/ice-base-cape-baranova.html">”Visit to the Ice Base Cape Baranova research station in Russia”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Arctic Challenge for Sustainability</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nipr.ac.jp/arcs/blog/en/2018/09/ice-base-cape-baranova.html">https://www.nipr.ac.jp/arcs/blog/en/2018/09/ice-base-cape-baranova.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 25 april 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Visit+to+the+Ice+Base+Cape+Baranova+research+station+in+Russia&rft.atitle=Arctic+Challenge+for+Sustainability&rft.aulast=Kodama&rft.aufirst=Yuji&rft.au=Kodama%2C+Yuji&rft.date=13+september+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nipr.ac.jp%2Farcs%2Fblog%2Fen%2F2018%2F09%2Fice-base-cape-baranova.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Комсомолец-50">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Комсомолец_50-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Комсомолец_50-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article063613.html">”Комсомолец (остров архипелага Сев. Земля)”</a> (på ryska). <i><span>Stora sovjetencyklopedin</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article063613.html">http://bse.sci-lib.com/article063613.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86+%28%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2.+%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F%29&rft.atitle=Stora+sovjetencyklopedin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle063613.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proliv_Yunyy-51">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Proliv_Yunyy_51-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proliv_Yunyy_51-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mapcarta.com/15317178">”Proliv Yunyy”</a> (på engelska). Mapcarta<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mapcarta.com/15317178">https://mapcarta.com/15317178</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Proliv+Yunyy&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Mapcarta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmapcarta.com%2F15317178&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFDel_Giudice2007">Del Giudice, Marguerite (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thomasulrich.com/downloads/National-Geographic-Arctic-Dream-Nightmare.pdf">”Arctic Dreams & Nightmares”</a> (på engelska). <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic Magazine</a></i>: sid. 134<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thomasulrich.com/downloads/National-Geographic-Arctic-Dream-Nightmare.pdf">https://www.thomasulrich.com/downloads/National-Geographic-Arctic-Dream-Nightmare.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arctic+Dreams+%26+Nightmares&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNational+Geographic%7CNational+Geographic+Magazine%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Del+Giudice&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rft.au=Del+Giudice%2C+Marguerite&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomasulrich.com%2Fdownloads%2FNational-Geographic-Arctic-Dream-Nightmare.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFLindh2000">Lindh, Christer (14 april 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utsidan.se">”Ola på Nordpolen!”</a>. Utsidan<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.utsidan.se">https://www.utsidan.se</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ola+p%C3%A5+Nordpolen%21&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Lindh&rft.aufirst=Christer&rft.au=Lindh%2C+Christer&rft.date=14+april+2000&rft.pub=Utsidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utsidan.se&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRouten2024">Routen, Ash (6 mars 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorersweb.com/great-expeditions-dead-men-walking/">”Great Expeditions: Dead Men Walking”</a> (på engelska). ExplorersWeb<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://explorersweb.com/great-expeditions-dead-men-walking/">https://explorersweb.com/great-expeditions-dead-men-walking/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Great+Expeditions%3A+Dead+Men+Walking&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Routen&rft.aufirst=Ash&rft.au=Routen%2C+Ash&rft.date=6+mars+2021&rft.pub=ExplorersWeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorersweb.com%2Fgreat-expeditions-dead-men-walking%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-03-13/stranded-adventurer-plucked-from-ice-floe/816342">”Stranded adventurer plucked from ice floe”</a> (på engelska). <i>Australian Broadcasting Corporation</i>. 13 mars 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-03-13/stranded-adventurer-plucked-from-ice-floe/816342">https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-03-13/stranded-adventurer-plucked-from-ice-floe/816342</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stranded+adventurer+plucked+from+ice+floe&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=13+mars+2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2006-03-13%2Fstranded-adventurer-plucked-from-ice-floe%2F816342&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205172045/http://www.intaari.ru/en/tourism/arctic-tourism/zaliv-zhuravleva.html">”Zhuravleva bay. Komsomolets island”</a> (på engelska). Ryska polarforskningsinstitutet. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intaari.ru/en/tourism/arctic-tourism/zaliv-zhuravleva.html">originalet</a> den 5 december 2020<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205172045/http://www.intaari.ru/en/tourism/arctic-tourism/zaliv-zhuravleva.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20201205172045/http://www.intaari.ru/en/tourism/arctic-tourism/zaliv-zhuravleva.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 2 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Zhuravleva+bay.+Komsomolets+island&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Ryska+polarforskningsinstitutet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20201205172045%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.intaari.ru%2Fen%2Ftourism%2Farctic-tourism%2Fzaliv-zhuravleva.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article089173.html">”Пионер (остров)”</a> (på ryska). <i><span>Stora sovjetencyklopedin</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article089173.html">http://bse.sci-lib.com/article089173.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 6 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80+%28%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%29&rft.atitle=Stora+sovjetencyklopedin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle089173.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBassfordSiegertDowdeswell2006">Bassford, R.P; Siegert, M.J.; Dowdeswell, J.A (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/11175638/BioONE_3.pdf">”Quantifying the Mass Balance of Ice Caps on Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic. III: Sensitivity of Ice Caps in Severnaya Zemlya to Future Climate Change”</a> (på engelska). <i>Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research</i> 38 (1): sid. 29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1657%2F1523-0430%282006%29038%5B0021%3AQTMBOI%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1657/1523-0430(2006)038[0021:QTMBOI]2.0.CO;2</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/11175638/BioONE_3.pdf">https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/11175638/BioONE_3.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+Mass+Balance+of+Ice+Caps+on+Severnaya+Zemlya%2C+Russian+High+Arctic.+III%3A+Sensitivity+of+Ice+Caps+in+Severnaya+Zemlya+to+Future+Climate+Change&rft.jtitle=Arctic%2C+Antarctic%2C+and+Alpine+Research&rft.aulast=Bassford&rft.aufirst=R.P&rft.au=Bassford%2C+R.P&rft.au=Siegert%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Dowdeswell%2C+J.A&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B29&rft_id=info:doi/10.1657%2F1523-0430%282006%29038%5B0021%3AQTMBOI%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F11175638%2FBioONE_3.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/20087.htm">”Погода на Острове Голомянном”</a> (på ryska). Pogoda i klimat<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/20087.htm">http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/20087.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Pogoda+i+klimat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F20087.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997169-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997169_60-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBölter;_Kanda1997">Bölter; Kanda 1997</a>, sid. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174-61">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174_61-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174_61-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174_61-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997174_61-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBölter;_Kanda1997">Bölter; Kanda 1997</a>, sid. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997171-62">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997171_62-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997171_62-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBölter;_Kanda1997">Bölter; Kanda 1997</a>, sid. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997175-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBölter;_Kanda1997175_63-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBölter;_Kanda1997">Bölter; Kanda 1997</a>, sid. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205084137/http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/salica/salix/salipol.html">”Polarvide”</a>. <i><span>Den virtuella floran</span></i>. <a href="/wiki/Naturhistoriska_riksmuseet" title="Naturhistoriska riksmuseet">Naturhistoriska riksmuseet</a>. 1996. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/salica/salix/salipol.html">originalet</a> den 5 december 2021<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205084137/http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/salica/salix/salipol.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20211205084137/http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/salica/salix/salipol.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Polarvide&rft.atitle=Den+virtuella+floran&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=%5B%5BNaturhistoriska+riksmuseet%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20211205084137%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Flinnaeus.nrm.se%2Fflora%2Fdi%2Fsalica%2Fsalix%2Fsalipol.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995222-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995222_65-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995">De Korte; Volkov; Gavrilo 1995</a>, sid. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995232-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995232_66-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995">De Korte; Volkov; Gavrilo 1995</a>, sid. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBelikov,_Stanislav_et_al.1998">Belikov, Stanislav <i>et al.</i> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101055307/https://www.bearbiology.org/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_10/Belikov_Garner_Vol_10.pdf">”Polar Bears of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago of the Russian Arctic”</a> (på engelska). <i>Ursus</i> (International Association for Bear Research and Management) 10: sid. 34. 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Läst 9 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polar+Bears+of+the+Severnaya+Zemlya+Archipelago+of+the+Russian+Arctic&rft.jtitle=Ursus&rft.aulast=Belikov%2C+Stanislav+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Belikov%2C+Stanislav+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B34&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Bear+Research+and+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20191101055307%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.bearbiology.org%2Ffileadmin%2Ftpl%2FDownloads%2FURSUS%2FVol_10%2FBelikov_Garner_Vol_10.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz200553-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenz200553_68-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLorenz2005">Lorenz 2005</a>, sid. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenz200510-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenz200510_69-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLorenz2005">Lorenz 2005</a>, sid. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFLorenz,_Henning_et_al.2008">Lorenz, Henning <i>et al.</i> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00531-007-0182-2">”Geology of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago and the North Kara Terrane in the Russian high Arctic”</a> (på engelska). <i>International Journal of Earth Sciences</i> 97 (3). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00531-007-0182-2">10.1007/s00531-007-0182-2</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00531-007-0182-2">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00531-007-0182-2</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Geology+of+the+Severnaya+Zemlya+Archipelago+and+the+North+Kara+Terrane+in+the+Russian+high+Arctic&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.aulast=Lorenz%2C+Henning+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+Henning+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00531-007-0182-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00531-007-0182-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.200299-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.200299_71-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMännik_et_al.2002">Männik et al. 2002</a>, sid. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002102-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMännik_et_al.2002102_72-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMännik_et_al.2002">Männik et al. 2002</a>, sid. 102.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBarr1975">Barr, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1796946">”Severnaya Zemlya: The Last Major Discovery”</a> (på engelska). <i>The Geographical Journal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>) 141 (1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1796946">10.2307/1796946</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1796946">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1796946</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 juni 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Severnaya+Zemlya%3A+The+Last+Major+Discovery&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Barr%2C+William&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1&rft.pub=%5B%5BRoyal+Geographical+Society%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F1796946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1796946&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBarr1975">Barr, William (1975) (på engelska). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/28048/1/Polarforsch1975_1_6.pdf">A Tsarist Attempt at Opening the Northern Sea Route: The Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition, 1910-1915</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegenerinstitutet" title="Alfred Wegenerinstitutet">Alfred Wegenerinstitutet</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/28048/1/Polarforsch1975_1_6.pdf">https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/28048/1/Polarforsch1975_1_6.pdf</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tsarist+Attempt+at+Opening+the+Northern+Sea+Route%3A+The+Arctic+Ocean+Hydrographic+Expedition%2C+1910-1915&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Barr%2C+William&rft.date=1975&rft.pub=%5B%5BAlfred+Wegenerinstitutet%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2Fid%2Feprint%2F28048%2F1%2FPolarforsch1975_1_6.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMännik_et_al.2002">Männik, Peep <i>et al.</i> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2002n1a4_low_res.pdf">”Silurian and Devonian strata on the Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia)”</a> (på engelska). <i>Geodiversitas</i> 24 (1)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2002n1a4_low_res.pdf">https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2002n1a4_low_res.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Silurian+and+Devonian+strata+on+the+Severnaya+Zemlya+and+Sedov+archipelagos+%28Russia%29&rft.jtitle=Geodiversitas&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4nnik%2C+Peep+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=M%C3%A4nnik%2C+Peep+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencepress.mnhn.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2Fpdf%2Fg2002n1a4_low_res.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFWytiahlowsky;_Stokes;_Evans2023">Wytiahlowsky, Holly; Stokes, Chris; Evans, David (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373188303_Remote_sensing_of_glacier_change_1965-2021_and_identification_of_surge-type_glaciers_on_Severnaya_Zemlya_Russian_High_Arctic#pf3">”Remote sensing of glacier change (1965–2021) and identification of surge-type glaciers on Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic”</a> (på engelska). <i>Journal of Glaciology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fjog.2023.60">10.1017/jog.2023.60</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-1430">0022-1430</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373188303_Remote_sensing_of_glacier_change_1965-2021_and_identification_of_surge-type_glaciers_on_Severnaya_Zemlya_Russian_High_Arctic#pf3">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373188303_Remote_sensing_of_glacier_change_1965-2021_and_identification_of_surge-type_glaciers_on_Severnaya_Zemlya_Russian_High_Arctic#pf3</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remote+sensing+of+glacier+change+%281965%E2%80%932021%29+and+identification+of+surge-type+glaciers+on+Severnaya+Zemlya%2C+Russian+High+Arctic&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Glaciology&rft.aulast=Wytiahlowsky&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft.au=Wytiahlowsky%2C+Holly&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Chris&rft.au=Evans%2C+David&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2Fjog.2023.60&rft.issn=0022-1430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F373188303_Remote_sensing_of_glacier_change_1965-2021_and_identification_of_surge-type_glaciers_on_Severnaya_Zemlya_Russian_High_Arctic%23pf3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMelles;_Hagedorn;_Bolsjijanov1997">Melles, Martin; Hagedorn, Birgit; Bolsjijanov, Dmitrij (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/26415/1/BerPolarforsch1997237.pdf">”Russian-German Cooperation: The Expedition Taymyr / Severnaya Zemlya 1996”</a> (på engelska). <i>Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0176-5027">0176-5027</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/26415/1/BerPolarforsch1997237.pdf">https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/26415/1/BerPolarforsch1997237.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian-German+Cooperation%3A+The+Expedition+Taymyr+%2F+Severnaya+Zemlya+1996&rft.jtitle=Berichte+zur+Polar-+und+Meeresforschung&rft.aulast=Melles&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Melles%2C+Martin&rft.au=Hagedorn%2C+Birgit&rft.au=Bolsjijanov%2C+Dmitrij&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0176-5027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2Fid%2Feprint%2F26415%2F1%2FBerPolarforsch1997237.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBölter;_Kanda1997">Bölter, Manfred; Kanda, Hiroshi (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719174434/http://polaris.nipr.ac.jp/~penguin/polarbiosci/issues/pdf/1997-Bolter.pdf">”Preliminary Results of Botanical and Microbiological Investigations of Severnaya Zemlya 1995”</a> (på engelska). <i>Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology</i> (<a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Polar_Research" title="National Institute of Polar Research">National Institute of Polar Research</a>) 10. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polaris.nipr.ac.jp/~penguin/polarbiosci/issues/pdf/1997-Bolter.pdf">originalet</a> den 19 juli 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719174434/http://polaris.nipr.ac.jp/~penguin/polarbiosci/issues/pdf/1997-Bolter.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20110719174434/http://polaris.nipr.ac.jp/~penguin/polarbiosci/issues/pdf/1997-Bolter.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Results+of+Botanical+and+Microbiological+Investigations+of+Severnaya+Zemlya+1995&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+NIPR+Symposium+on+Polar+Biology&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6lter&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft.au=B%C3%B6lter%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Kanda%2C+Hiroshi&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=10&rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Institute+of+Polar+Research%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110719174434%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fpolaris.nipr.ac.jp%2F%7Epenguin%2Fpolarbiosci%2Fissues%2Fpdf%2F1997-Bolter.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFDe_Korte;_Volkov;_Gavrilo1995">De Korte, J.; Volkov, A.E.; Gavrilo, M.V. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235948392_Bird_Observations_in_Severnaya_Zemlya_Siberia">”Bird Observations in Severnaya Zemlya, Siberia”</a> (på engelska). <i>Arctic</i> 48 (3). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic1244">10.14430/arctic1244</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235948392_Bird_Observations_in_Severnaya_Zemlya_Siberia">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235948392_Bird_Observations_in_Severnaya_Zemlya_Siberia</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bird+Observations+in+Severnaya+Zemlya%2C+Siberia&rft.jtitle=Arctic&rft.aulast=De+Korte&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=De+Korte%2C+J.&rft.au=Volkov%2C+A.E.&rft.au=Gavrilo%2C+M.V.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft_id=info:doi/10.14430%2Farctic1244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F235948392_Bird_Observations_in_Severnaya_Zemlya_Siberia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFLorenz2005">Lorenz, Henning (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:166630/FULLTEXT01.pdf">”Eurasian Arctic Tectonics: Geology of Severnaya Zemlya (North Kara Terrane) and Relationships to the Timanide Margin of Baltica”</a> (på engelska). <i>Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology</i> (<a href="/wiki/Uppsala_universitet" title="Uppsala universitet">Uppsala universitet</a>) 68. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1651-6214">1651-6214</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:166630/FULLTEXT01.pdf">https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:166630/FULLTEXT01.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eurasian+Arctic+Tectonics%3A+Geology+of+Severnaya+Zemlya+%28North+Kara+Terrane%29+and+Relationships+to+the+Timanide+Margin+of+Baltica&rft.jtitle=Digital+Comprehensive+Summaries+of+Uppsala+Dissertations+from+the+Faculty+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Henning&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+Henning&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=68&rft.pub=%5B%5BUppsala+universitet%5D%5D&rft.issn=1651-6214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A166630%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Severnaja_Zemlja"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engelska_originalcitat">Engelska originalcitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitt: Engelska originalcitat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Engelska originalcitat"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"I have seen God-forsaken Chukotka Peninsula, blizzard-ridden Wrangel Island, twice visited fog-enshrouded Novaya Zemlya, and I have seen Franz Josef Land with its enamel sky and proud cliffs garbed in blue, hardened glacial streams, but nowhere did I witness such grimness or such depressing, lifeless relief as on our little island."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&action=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Severnaya_Zemlya" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Severnaya Zemlya">Severnaja Zemlja</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Severnaya_Zemlya" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Severnaya Zemlya">Bilder & media</a></div></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&oldid=55603878">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severnaja_Zemlja&oldid=55603878</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" 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