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Comput. Sci.</a> <a href="/?q=in%3A19393" title="Articles in this Issue">126, No. 2, 183-235 (1994)</a>. </div> <div class="abstract">Summary: We propose timed (finite) automata to model the behavior of real-time systems over time. Our definition provides a simple, and yet powerful, way to annotate state-transition with timing constraints using finitely many real-valued clocks. A timed automaton accepts timed words – infinite sequences in which a real-valued time for occurrence is associated with each symbol. We study timed automata from the perspective of formal language theory: we consider closure properties, decision problems, and subclasses. We consider both nondeterministic and deterministic transition structures, and both Büchi and Muller acceptance conditions. We show that nondeterministic timed automata are closed under union and intersection, but not under complementation, whereas deterministic timed Muller automata are closed under all Boolean operations. The main construction of the paper is an (PSPACE) algorithm for checking the emptiness of the language of a (nondeterministic) timed automaton. We also prove that the universality problem and the language inclusion problem are solvable only for the deterministic automata: both problems are undecidable (\(\Pi^ 1_ 1\)-hard) in the nondeterministic case and PSPACE-complete in the deterministic case. Finally, we discuss the application of this theory to automatic verification of real-time requirements of finite-state systems.</div> <div class="clear"></div> <br> <div class="citations"><div class="clear"><a href="/?q=ci%3A562575">Cited in <strong>19</strong> Reviews</a></div><div class="clear"><a href="/?q=rf%3A562575">Cited in <strong>818</strong> Documents</a></div></div> <div class="classification"> <h3>MSC:</h3> <table><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A68Q45" title="MSC2020">68Q45</a> </td> <td class="space"> Formal languages and automata </td> </tr><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A68Q60" title="MSC2020">68Q60</a> </td> <td class="space"> Specification and verification (program logics, model checking, etc.) </td> </tr><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A68Q55" title="MSC2020">68Q55</a> </td> <td class="space"> Semantics in the theory of computing </td> </tr></table> </div><div class="keywords"> <h3>Keywords:</h3><a href="/?q=ut%3Atimed+language">timed language</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Aundecidability">undecidability</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3AB%C3%BCchi+automata">Büchi automata</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Amodeling+of+time">modeling of time</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Abehavior+of+real-time+systems">behavior of real-time systems</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Atimed+automata">timed automata</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Anondeterministic+timed+automata">nondeterministic timed automata</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Adeterministic+timed+Muller+automata">deterministic timed Muller automata</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3APSPACE-complete">PSPACE-complete</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Averification">verification</a></div> <!-- Modal used to show zbmath metadata in different output formats--> <div class="modal fade" id="metadataModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">Cite</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="select-output" class="control-label">Format</label> <select id="select-output" class="form-control" aria-label="Select Metadata format"></select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="metadataText" class="control-label">Result</label> <textarea class="form-control" id="metadataText" rows="10" style="min-width: 100%;max-width: 100%"></textarea> </div> <div id="metadata-alert" class="alert alert-danger" role="alert" style="display: none;"> <!-- alert for connection errors etc --> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="copyMetadata()">Copy to clipboard</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="functions clearfix"> <div class="function"> <!-- Button trigger metadata modal --> <a type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs pdf" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#metadataModal" data-itemtype="Zbl" data-itemname="Zbl 0803.68071" data-ciurl="/ci/00562575" data-biburl="/bibtex/00562575.bib" data-amsurl="/amsrefs/00562575.bib" data-xmlurl="/xml/00562575.xml" > Cite </a> <a class="btn btn-default btn-xs pdf" data-container="body" type="button" href="/pdf/00562575.pdf" title="Zbl 0803.68071 as PDF">Review PDF</a> </div> <div class="fulltexts"> <span class="fulltext">Full Text:</span> <a class="btn btn-default btn-xs" type="button" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(94)90010-8" aria-label="DOI for “A theory of timed automata”" title="10.1016/0304-3975(94)90010-8">DOI</a> </div> <div class="sfx" style="float: right;"> </div> </div> <div class="references"> <h3>References:</h3> <table><tr> <td>[1]</td> <td class="space">Alur, R.; Courcoubetis, C.; Dill, D., Model-checking for real-time systems, Proc. 5th IEEE Symp. on Logic in Computer Science, 414-425 (1990)</td> </tr><tr> <td>[2]</td> <td class="space">Alur, R.; Courcoubetis, C.; Dill, D., Model-checking for probabilistic real-time systems, (Automata, Languages and Programming: Proc. 18th ICALP, Vol. 510 (1991), Springer: Springer Berlin), 115-136, Lecture Notes in Computer Science · <a href="/0769.68088" class="nowrap">Zbl 0769.68088</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[3]</td> <td class="space">Alur, R.; Courcoubetis, C.; Dill, D., Verifying automata specifications of probabilistic real-time systems, (Proc. 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