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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Verb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">orthography</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Norsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthography" title="orthography – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="orthography" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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the day/Archive/2022/October">WOTD – 5 October 2022</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70773207/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:First_angle_projecting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/First_angle_projecting.svg/200px-First_angle_projecting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/First_angle_projecting.svg/300px-First_angle_projecting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/First_angle_projecting.svg/400px-First_angle_projecting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="268" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/diagram#Noun" title="diagram">diagram</a> showing how orthography (sense 2) or <a href="/wiki/orthographic" title="orthographic">orthographic</a> <a href="/wiki/projection" title="projection">projection</a> is used to create <a href="/wiki/two-dimensional" title="two-dimensional">two-dimensional</a> projections of <a href="/wiki/three" title="three">three</a> <a href="/wiki/different" title="different">different</a> <a href="/wiki/angle#Noun" title="angle">angles</a> of a <a href="/wiki/three-dimensional" title="three-dimensional">three-dimensional</a> <a href="/wiki/object#Noun" title="object">object</a> (arrows). All the projection <a href="/wiki/line#Noun" title="line">lines</a> (dotted) are <a href="/wiki/orthogonal#Adjective" title="orthogonal">orthogonal</a> or <a href="/wiki/perpendicular#Adjective" title="perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the projection <a href="/wiki/plane#Noun" title="plane">planes</a> on which the projections appear.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Drunk_sign-writer_-_Open_24_Hours_Alchohol_Served_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Drunk_sign-writer_-_Open_24_Hours_Alchohol_Served_sign.jpg/200px-Drunk_sign-writer_-_Open_24_Hours_Alchohol_Served_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Drunk_sign-writer_-_Open_24_Hours_Alchohol_Served_sign.jpg/300px-Drunk_sign-writer_-_Open_24_Hours_Alchohol_Served_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Drunk_sign-writer_-_Open_24_Hours_Alchohol_Served_sign.jpg/400px-Drunk_sign-writer_-_Open_24_Hours_Alchohol_Served_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/shop#Noun" title="shop">shop</a> <a href="/wiki/sign#Noun" title="sign">sign</a> <a href="/wiki/show#Verb" title="show">showing</a> <a href="/wiki/poor#Adjective" title="poor">poor</a> orthography (sense 1.4).</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#noun" title="Appendix:Glossary">noun</a> is derived from Late <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" class="extiw" title="w:Middle English">Middle English</a> <a href="/wiki/ortografie#Middle_English" title="ortografie">ortografie</a>, <a href="/wiki/ortographie#Middle_English" title="ortographie">ortographie</a> (“spelling”) [and other forms],<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and then either:<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <ul><li>from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" class="extiw" title="w:Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/ortografie#Old_French" title="ortografie">ortografie</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French" class="extiw" title="w:Middle French">Middle French</a> <a href="/wiki/orthographie#Middle_French" title="orthographie">orthographie</a>, <a href="/wiki/ortografie#Middle_French" title="ortografie">ortografie</a>, <a href="/wiki/ortographie#Middle_French" title="ortographie">ortographie</a> (“correct spelling; orthographic projection”) (compare <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French" class="extiw" title="w:Old French">Old French</a> <a href="/wiki/ortografie#Old_French" title="ortografie">ortografie</a>; modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" class="extiw" title="w:French language">French</a> <a href="/wiki/orthographe#French" title="orthographe">orthographe</a> (“spelling, orthography”), <a href="/wiki/orthographie#French" title="orthographie">orthographie</a> (“orthographic project, orthography”)); or</li> <li>from their <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#etymon" title="Appendix:Glossary">etymon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/orthographia#Latin" title="orthographia">orthographia</a> (“correct spelling; building elevation”), from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek" class="extiw" title="w:Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" title="ὀρθογραφία">ὀρθογραφία</a> (orthographía, “correct spelling”), from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="w:Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF-#Ancient_Greek" title="ορθο-">ορθο-</a> (ortho-, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#prefix" title="Appendix:Glossary">prefix</a> meaning ‘right, proper; upright’) (from <a href="/wiki/%E1%BD%80%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" title="ὀρθός">ὀρθός</a> (orthós, “straight; erect, upright; correct, true”), ultimately from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%83erd%CA%B0-" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-">*h₃erdʰ-</a> (“to grow, increase; high; upright”)) + <a href="/wiki/-%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" title="-γραφία">-γραφίᾱ</a> (-graphíā, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#suffix" title="Appendix:Glossary">suffix</a> meaning ‘drawing; writing’) (from <a href="/wiki/%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CF%89#Ancient_Greek" title="γράφω">γρᾰ́φω</a> (grắphō, “to cut into, scratch; to write”), ultimately from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerb%CA%B0-" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerbʰ-">*gerbʰ-</a> (“to carve”)).</li></ul> The English word is analyzable as <a href="/wiki/ortho-#English" title="ortho-">ortho-</a> (prefix meaning ‘proper, right; straight’) +‎ <a href="/wiki/-graphy#English" title="-graphy">-graphy</a> (suffix denoting something written or otherwise represented in a specified manner, or about a specified subject). The <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#verb" title="Appendix:Glossary">verb</a> is derived from the noun. First use appears before c. 1460. <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align: left;">Cognates</div> <div class="NavContent columns-bg ul-column-count" data-column-count="2" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language" class="extiw" title="w:Catalan language">Catalan</a> <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Catalan" title="ortografia">ortografia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" class="extiw" title="w:Italian language">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Italian" title="ortografia">ortografia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language" class="extiw" title="w:Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Portuguese" title="ortografia">ortografia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=orthografia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="orthografia (page does not exist)">orthografia</a> (obsolete)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language" class="extiw" title="w:Spanish language">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa#Spanish" title="ortografía">ortografía</a></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="w:Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>) <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">key</a>): /ɔːˈθɒɡɹəfi/</li> <li>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_English" class="extiw" title="w:General American English">General American</a>) <a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">enPR</a>: ôrthäʹgrəfē, <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">key</a>): /ɔɹˈθɑɡɹəfi/</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r50165410">.mw-parser-output .k-player .k-attribution{visibility:hidden}</style><table class="audiotable" style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; list-style: none; line-height: 1em; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0;"><tbody><tr><td>Audio (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_English" class="extiw" title="w:General American English">General American</a>):</td><td class="audiofile"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="175" style="width:175px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="En-us-orthography.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/En-us-orthography.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/En-us-orthography.ogg/En-us-orthography.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></td><td class="audiometa" style="font-size: 80%;">(<a href="/wiki/File:En-us-orthography.ogg" title="File:En-us-orthography.ogg">file</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></li> <li>Rhymes: <a href="/wiki/Rhymes:English/%C9%92%C9%A1%C9%B9%C9%99fi" title="Rhymes:English/ɒɡɹəfi">-ɒɡɹəfi</a></li> <li>Hyphenation: or‧tho‧gra‧phy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun">Noun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Noun">edit</a>]</div> orthography (<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#countable" title="Appendix:Glossary">countable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#uncountable" title="Appendix:Glossary">uncountable</a>, plural <a href="/wiki/orthographies#English" title="orthographies">orthographies</a>) <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="English:_linguistics" data-lang="en" data-id="linguistics"> (<a href="/wiki/linguistics" title="linguistics">linguistics</a>) <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#countable" title="Appendix:Glossary">countable</a>) A <a href="/wiki/method#Noun" title="method">method</a> of representing a <a href="/wiki/language" title="language">language</a> or the <a href="/wiki/sound#Noun" title="sound">sounds</a> of language by <a href="/wiki/written#Adjective" title="written">written</a> <a href="/wiki/symbol#Noun" title="symbol">symbols</a>; <a href="/wiki/spelling#Noun" title="spelling">spelling</a>. <ul><li><div class="citation-whole">1645 March 14 (Gregorian calendar), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" class="extiw" title="w:John Milton">J[ohn] M[ilton]</a>, <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colasterion" class="extiw" title="w:Colasterion">Colasterion: A Reply to a Nameles Answer against The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce. […]</a></cite>, [London?]: [<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#s.n." title="Appendix:Glossary">s.n.</a>], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/63957123">→OCLC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=57JDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3">page 3</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">The Licencer indeed, as his autority novv ſtands, may licence much; but if theſe Greek Orthographies vvere of his licencing; the boyes at School might reck'n vvith him at his Grammar.</div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole">1726 October 28, [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" class="extiw" title="w:Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>], “The Author Sets out as Captain of a Ship. [<span title="His Men Conspire against Him, Confine Him a Long Time to His Cabbin, Set Him on Shore in an Unknown Land. He Travels up in the Country. The ''Yahoos'' a Strange Sort of Animal Described. The Author Meets two ''Houyhnhnms''.">…]”, in <cite>Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" class="extiw" title="w:Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver’s Travels</a>]</cite>, volume II, London: […] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Motte" class="extiw" title="w:Benjamin Motte">Benj[amin] Motte</a>, […], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/995220039">→OCLC</a>, part IV (A Voyage to the Houyhnhnms), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsintosever02swif/page/170/mode/1up">page 170</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">Then the Bay tried me vvith a ſecond VVord, much harder to be pronounced; but reducing it to the Engliſh Orthography, may be ſpelt thus, Houyhnhnms.</div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole">1829, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Tegid" class="extiw" title="w:Ioan Tegid">John Jones</a>, <cite>A Defence of the Reformed System of Welsh Orthography: […]</cite>, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] S. Collingwood, printer to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford" class="extiw" title="w:University of Oxford">University</a>, for the author, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1162666751">→OCLC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCcGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA4">page 4</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">The Eisteddvod has not, however, been altogether inactive,—we are indebted to it for presenting us with several excellent prize compositions, both in poetry and prose; and as the subject of one of its essays, viz. that on Welsh orthography, is of peculiar interest to the Welsh writers of the present day, I have thought proper to select it for my present treatise, that I might offer a few observations upon it, and so become instrumental, if possible, in establishing the orthography of our language.</div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole">2018, James Lambert, “Setting the Record Straight: An In-depth Examination of Hobson-Jobson”, in <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Lexicography" class="extiw" title="w:International Journal of Lexicography">International Journal of Lexicography</a></cite>‎<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/36686827/James_Lambert_Setting_the_Record_Straight_2018_prepress_pdf">[1]</a>, volume 31, number 4, Oxford, Oxfordshire: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fijl%2Fecy010">→DOI</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3846">→ISSN</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/18409655">→OCLC</a>, page 491:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">In the colonial era there were two major competing orthographies for rendering words from Indian languages, the ‘Jones system,’ based on the spelling in the original language and requiring a substantial application of diacritics, and the ‘Gilchrist system,’ based on pronunciation and requiring less diacritics.</div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#countable" title="Appendix:Glossary">countable</a>, more broadly) A <a href="/wiki/set#Noun" title="set">set</a> of <a href="/wiki/convention#Noun" title="convention">conventions</a> for <a href="/wiki/write#Verb" title="write">writing</a> a language, including <a href="/wiki/norm#Noun" title="norm">norms</a> of spelling, <a href="/wiki/capitalization" title="capitalization">capitalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/emphasis" title="emphasis">emphasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/hyphenation" title="hyphenation">hyphenation</a>, <a href="/wiki/punctuation" title="punctuation">punctuation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/word_break" title="word break">word breaks</a>.</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#uncountable" title="Appendix:Glossary">uncountable</a>) The <a href="/wiki/aspect#Noun" title="aspect">aspect</a> of language <a href="/wiki/study#Noun" title="study">study</a> <a href="/wiki/concern" title="concern">concerned</a> with <a href="/wiki/letter#Noun" title="letter">letters</a> and their <a href="/wiki/sequence#Noun" title="sequence">sequences</a> in <a href="/wiki/word#Noun" title="word">words</a>; the study of spelling. <ul><li><div class="citation-whole">1712 March 4 (date written; Gregorian calendar), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" class="extiw" title="w:Jonathan Swift">J[onathan] Swift</a>, <cite>A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue; […]</cite>, 2nd edition, London: […] Benj[amin] Tooke, […], published 1712, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1102741209">→OCLC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5FMJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA4823">page 23</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">Not only the ſeveral Towns and Countries[<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#sic" title="Appendix:Glossary">sic</a> – meaning Counties] of England, have a different way of pronouncing, but even here in London they clip their Words after one Manner about the Court, another in the City, and a third in the Suburbs; and in a few Years, it is probable, will all differ from themſelves, as Fancy or Faſhion ſhall direct: All which, reduced to Writing, would entirely confound Orthography.</div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#uncountable" title="Appendix:Glossary">uncountable</a>) <a href="/wiki/correct#Adjective" title="correct">Correct</a> spelling according to <a href="/wiki/established#Adjective" title="established">established</a> <a href="/wiki/usage" title="usage">usage</a>; also (<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#obsolete" title="Appendix:Glossary">obsolete</a>) <a href="/wiki/pronunciation" title="pronunciation">pronunciation</a> according to the spelling of a word. <dl><dd>Antonym: <a href="/wiki/cacography#English" title="cacography">cacography</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#c." title="Appendix:Glossary"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr></a> 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" class="extiw" title="w:Love's Labour's Lost">Loues Labour’s Lost</a>”, in <cite>Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […]</cite> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio" class="extiw" title="w:First Folio">First Folio</a>), London: […] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jaggard" class="extiw" title="w:William Jaggard">Isaac Iaggard</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blount" class="extiw" title="w:Edward Blount">Ed[ward] Blount</a>, published 1623, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/606515358">→OCLC</a>, [Act V, scene i], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrvvilliamshakes00shak/page/n159/mode/1up">page 136</a>, column 1:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">I abhor ſuch phanaticall phantaſims, ſuch inſociable and poynt deuiſe companions, ſuch rackers of ortagriphie, as to ſpeake dout ſine, when he ſhould ſay doubt; […]<dl><dd>Used to refer to pronunciation according to the spelling of a word.</dd></dl></div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole">1604 (date written), Iohn Marston [i.e., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marston_(poet)" class="extiw" title="w:John Marston (poet)">John Marston</a>], <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitaster,_or_The_Fawn" class="extiw" title="w:Parasitaster, or The Fawn">Parasitaster, or The Fawne, […]</a></cite>, London: […] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Purfoot" class="extiw" title="w:Thomas Purfoot">T[homas] P[urfoot]</a> for W[illiam] C[otton], published 1606, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1203241927">→OCLC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parasitasterorfa00mars_1/page/n56/mode/1up">Act IV, scene i</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">[A]nother [critic] has vovvde to get the conſumption of the lungues, or to leue to poſteritie the true orthography and pronunciation of laughing: […]</div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole">1621 May 15 (Gregorian calendar), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Howell" class="extiw" title="w:James Howell">James Howell</a>, “XXVII. To My Brother Dr. Howel, from a Shipboard before Venice.”, in <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolae_Ho-Elianae" class="extiw" title="w:Epistolae Ho-Elianae">Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ. Familiar Letters Domestic and Forren. […]</a></cite>, 3rd edition, volume I, London: […] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Moseley" class="extiw" title="w:Humphrey Moseley">Humphrey Mos[e]ley</a>, […], published 1655, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/84295516">→OCLC</a>, section I, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049862587;view=1up;seq=59">page 37</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">If this Letter fail either in point of Orthography or Style, you muſt impute the firſt to the tumbling potſure my Body vvas in at the vvriting hereof, being a Shipboard, the ſecond the muddineſs of my Brain, vvhich like Lees in a narrovv Veſſel, hath been ſhaken at Sea in divers Tempeſts near upon forty days, […]</div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole">1742, [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" class="extiw" title="w:Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>], “Letter VI. Containing a Description of the County of Dorset, Part of Somersetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, &c.”, in <cite>A Tour thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain. [<span title="Divided into Circuits or Journeys. Giving a Particular and Entertaining Account of whatever is Curious, and Worth Observation; viz. I. A Description of the Principal Cities and Towns, Their Situation, Government, and Commerce. II. The Customs, Manners, Exercises, Diversions, and Imployment of the People. III. The Produce and Improvement of the Lands, the Trade, and Manufactures. IV. The Sea Ports and Fortifications, the Course of Rivers and the Inland Navigation. V. The Publick Edifices, Seats, and Palaces of the Nobility and Gentry. VI. The Isles of Wight, Portland, Jersey, Guernsey, and the other English and Scotish Isles of Most Note. Interspersed with Useful Observations. Particularly Fitted for the Perusal of Such as Desire to Travel over the Island. By a Gentleman. The Third Edition. With Very Great Additions, Improvements, and Corrections; which Bring It Down to the Year 1742. In Four Volumes. With a Copious Index to Each Volume.">…]</cite>, 3rd edition, volume I, London: […] J[ohn] Osborn, […], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/741691793">→OCLC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010870141/page/n314/mode/1up">page 303</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">As this VVay of booriſh Speech is in Ireland called the Brogue upon the Tongue, ſo here 'tis named Jouring, It is not poſſible to explain this fully by VVriting, becauſe the Difference is not ſo much in the Orthography, as in the Tone and Accent; […]</div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole">1807, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron" class="extiw" title="w:Lord Byron">George Gordon, Lord Byron</a>, “[Fugitive Pieces.] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachin_y_Gair" class="extiw" title="w:Lachin y Gair">Lachin y. Gair</a>.”, in <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hours_of_Idleness" class="extiw" title="w:Hours of Idleness">Hours of Idleness, a Series of Poems, Original and Translated</a></cite>, Newark [Nottinghamshire?]: […] S. and J. Ridge;  […], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/960053824">→OCLC</a>, footnote *, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hoursofidlenesss00byro/page/130/mode/1up">page 130</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">This word [plaid] is erroneously pronounced plad, the proper pronunciation (according to the Scotch) is shewn by the Orthography.</div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li></ol></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#countable" title="Appendix:Glossary">countable</a>, <a href="/wiki/architecture" title="architecture">architecture</a>) A <a href="/wiki/form#Noun" title="form">form</a> of <a href="/wiki/projection" title="projection">projection</a> <a href="/wiki/use#Verb" title="use">used</a> to <a href="/wiki/represent" title="represent">represent</a> <a href="/wiki/three-dimensional" title="three-dimensional">three-dimensional</a> <a href="/wiki/object#Noun" title="object">objects</a> in <a href="/wiki/two" title="two">two</a> <a href="/wiki/dimension#Noun" title="dimension">dimensions</a>, in which all the projection <a href="/wiki/line#Noun" title="line">lines</a> are <a href="/wiki/orthogonal#Adjective" title="orthogonal">orthogonal</a> or <a href="/wiki/perpendicular#Adjective" title="perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the projection <a href="/wiki/plane#Noun" title="plane">plane</a>; an <a href="/wiki/orthographic" title="orthographic">orthographic</a> projection, especially when used to <a href="/wiki/draw#Verb" title="draw">draw</a> an <a href="/wiki/elevation" title="elevation">elevation</a>, <a href="/wiki/vertical#Adjective" title="vertical">vertical</a> projection, etc., of a <a href="/wiki/building#Noun" title="building">building</a>; also (<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#obsolete" title="Appendix:Glossary">obsolete</a>) a <a href="/wiki/drawing#Noun" title="drawing">drawing</a> <a href="/wiki/make#Verb" title="make">made</a> in this way. <dl><dd>Antonym: <a href="/wiki/oblique_projection#English" title="oblique projection">oblique projection</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole">1664, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evelyn" class="extiw" title="w:John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>, “An Account of Architects & Architecture, together with an Historical, and Etymological Explanation of Certain Tearms Particularly Affected by Architects”, in Roland Freart [i.e., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Fr%C3%A9art_de_Chambray" class="extiw" title="w:Roland Fréart de Chambray">Roland Fréart de Chambray</a>], translated by John Evelyn, <cite>A Parallel of the Antient Architecture with the Modern, [<span title="in a Collection of Ten Principal Authors who have Written upon the Five Orders, viz. Palladio and Scamozzi, Serlio and Vignola, D. Barbaro and Cataneo, L. B. Alberti and Viola, Bulland and De Lorme, Compared with One Another. The Three Greek Orders, Dorique, Ionique, and Corinthian, Comprise the First Part of This Treatise. And the Two Latine, Tuscan and Composita the Latter. Written in French by Roland Freart, Sieur de Chambray; Made English for the Benefit of Builders. To which is Added an Account of Architects and Architecture, in an Historical, and Etymological Explanation of Certain Tearms Particularly Affected by Architects. With Leon Baptista Alberti’s Treatise of Statues.">…]</cite>, London: […] Tho[mas] Roycroft, for John Place, […], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/172987164">→OCLC</a>, part, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parallelofantien00frea/page/122/mode/1up">page 122</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">Ichnography, by vvhich vve are to underſtand the very firſt Deſign and Ordinance of a VVork or Edifice, […] To this ſucceeds Orthography, or the erect elevation of the ſame in face or front deſcrib'd in meaſure upon the former Idea […]</div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#countable" title="Appendix:Glossary">countable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#obsolete" title="Appendix:Glossary">obsolete</a>) Synonym of <a href="/wiki/orthographer#English" title="orthographer">orthographer</a> (“someone <a href="/wiki/knowledgeable" title="knowledgeable">knowledgeable</a> in spelling <a href="/wiki/rule#Noun" title="rule">rules</a>”) <ul><li><div class="citation-whole">1598–1599 (first performance), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" class="extiw" title="w:William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" class="extiw" title="w:Much Ado About Nothing">Much Adoe about Nothing. […]</a></cite>, quarto edition, London: […] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Simmes" class="extiw" title="w:Valentine Simmes">V[alentine] S[immes]</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wise" class="extiw" title="w:Andrew Wise">Andrew Wise</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aspley" class="extiw" title="w:William Aspley">William Aspley</a>, published 1600, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/932921146">→OCLC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespearemuchadoeaboutnothing/page/n27/mode/1up">[Act II, scene iii]</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">[H]e vvas vvoont to ſpeake plaine, and novv is he turnd ortography, his vvords are a very fantaſticall banquet, iuſt ſo many ſtrange diſhes: […]</div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coordinate_terms">Coordinate terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coordinate terms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/orthoepy#English" title="orthoepy">orthoepy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derived_terms">Derived terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Derived terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="list-switcher-wrapper"><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="term-list columns-bg ul-column-count" data-column-count="3"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/orthographer#English" title="orthographer">orthographer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/orthographic#English" title="orthographic">orthographic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/orthographical#English" title="orthographical">orthographical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/orthographically#English" title="orthographically">orthographically</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/orthographise#English" title="orthographise">orthographise</a>, <a href="/wiki/orthographize#English" title="orthographize">orthographize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/orthographist#English" title="orthographist">orthographist</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related terms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/orthograph#English" title="orthograph">orthograph</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translations">Translations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="NavFrame" id="Translations-form_of_projection_used_to_represent_three-dimensional_objects_in_two_dimensions,_in_which_all_the_projection_lines_are_orthogonal_or_perpendicular_to_the_projection_plane"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">form of projection used to represent three-dimensional objects in two dimensions, in which all the projection lines are orthogonal or perpendicular to the projection plane</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="form of projection used to represent three-dimensional objects in two dimensions, in which all the projection lines are orthogonal or perpendicular to the projection plane"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81584270">.mw-parser-output .translations{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .translations-cell{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lightyellow,#FFFFe0);vertical-align:top;text-align:left}</style> <ul><li>Hebrew: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="אורתוגרפיה (page does not exist)">אוֹרְתּוֹגְרַפְיָה</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (ortográfia)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="NavFrame" id="Translations-method_of_representing_a_language_or_the_sounds_of_language_by_written_symbols"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">method of representing a language or the sounds of language by written symbols — see also <a href="/wiki/spelling#Translations" title="spelling">spelling</a></div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="method of representing a language or the sounds of language by written symbols"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81584270"> <ul><li>Albanian: <a href="/wiki/drejtshkrim#Albanian" title="drejtshkrim">drejtshkrim</a> <a href="https://sq.wiktionary.org/wiki/drejtshkrim" class="extiw" title="sq:drejtshkrim">(sq)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></li> <li>Armenian: <a href="/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6#Armenian" title="ուղղագրություն">ուղղագրություն</a> <a href="https://hy.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:ուղղագրություն">(hy)</a> (uġġagrutʻyun)</li> <li>Burmese: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ရေးထုံး (page does not exist)">ရေးထုံး</a> <a href="https://my.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" class="extiw" title="my:ရေးထုံး">(my)</a> (re:htum:), <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8#Burmese" title="စာလုံးပေါင်း">စာလုံးပေါင်း</a> <a href="https://my.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" class="extiw" title="my:စာလုံးပေါင်း">(my)</a> (calum:paung:), <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA#Burmese" title="အသတ်">အသတ်</a> <a href="https://my.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" class="extiw" title="my:အသတ်">(my)</a> (a.sat)</li> <li>Catalan: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Catalan" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="ca:ortografia">(ca)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Cebuano: <a href="/wiki/ortograpiya#Cebuano" title="ortograpiya">ortograpiya</a></li> <li>Chinese: <dl><dd>Mandarin: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正寫法 (page does not exist)">正寫法</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%86%99%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正写法 (page does not exist)">正写法</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:正寫法">(zh)</a> (zhèngxiěfǎ)</dd></dl></li> <li>Danish: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Danish" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <abbr title="common gender">c</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/retskrivning#Danish" title="retskrivning">retskrivning</a> <abbr title="common gender">c</abbr></li> <li>Dutch: <a href="/wiki/spelling#Dutch" title="spelling">spelling</a> <a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/spelling" class="extiw" title="nl:spelling">(nl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Esperanto: <a href="/wiki/ortografio#Esperanto" title="ortografio">ortografio</a></li> <li>Finnish: <a href="/wiki/oikeinkirjoitus#Finnish" title="oikeinkirjoitus">oikeinkirjoitus</a> <a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/oikeinkirjoitus" class="extiw" title="fi:oikeinkirjoitus">(fi)</a>, <a href="/wiki/oikeinkirjoitusj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4#Finnish" title="oikeinkirjoitusjärjestelmä">oikeinkirjoitusjärjestelmä</a></li> <li>French: <a href="/wiki/orthographe#French" title="orthographe">orthographe</a> <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthographe" class="extiw" title="fr:orthographe">(fr)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Galician: <a href="/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa#Galician" title="ortografía">ortografía</a> <a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="gl:ortografía">(gl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Georgian: <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90#Georgian" title="ორთოგრაფია">ორთოგრაფია</a> (ortograpia), <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90#Georgian" title="მართლწერა">მართლწერა</a> (martlc̣era)</li> <li>German: <a href="/wiki/Orthographie#German" title="Orthographie">Orthographie</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Orthographie" class="extiw" title="de:Orthographie">(de)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/Orthografie#German" title="Orthografie">Orthografie</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Orthografie" class="extiw" title="de:Orthografie">(de)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Ingrian: <a href="/wiki/orfografia#Ingrian" title="orfografia">orfografia</a></li> <li>Irish: <a href="/wiki/ortagrafa%C3%ADocht#Irish" title="ortagrafaíocht">ortagrafaíocht</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Korean: <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95#Korean" title="표기법">표기법(表記法)</a> (pyogibeop)</li> <li>Latvian: <a href="/wiki/ortogr%C4%81fija#Latvian" title="ortogrāfija">ortogrāfija</a></li> <li>Macedonian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81#Macedonian" title="правопис">правопис</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (pravopis), <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0#Macedonian" title="ортографија">ортографија</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (ortografija)</li> <li>Polish: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Polish" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="pl:ortografia">(pl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Portuguese: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Portuguese" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="pt:ortografia">(pt)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Russian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F#Russian" title="орфография">орфогра́фия</a> <a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:орфография">(ru)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (orfográfija)</li> <li>Scottish Gaelic: <a href="/wiki/litreachadh#Scottish_Gaelic" title="litreachadh">litreachadh</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian: <dl><dd>Cyrillic: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81#Serbo-Croatian" title="правопис">пра̏вопӣс</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0#Serbo-Croatian" title="ортографија">ортогра̀фија</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd> <dd>Roman: <a href="/wiki/pravopis#Serbo-Croatian" title="pravopis">prȁvopīs</a> <a href="https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/pravopis" class="extiw" title="sh:pravopis">(sh)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ortografija#Serbo-Croatian" title="ortografija">ortogràfija</a> <a href="https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografija" class="extiw" title="sh:ortografija">(sh)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd></dl></li> <li>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa#Spanish" title="ortografía">ortografía</a> <a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:ortografía">(es)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Thai: <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5#Thai" title="อักขรวิธี">อักขรวิธี</a> <a href="https://th.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5" class="extiw" title="th:อักขรวิธี">(th)</a> (àk-kà-rà-wí-tii)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="NavFrame" id="Translations-set_of_conventions_for_writing_a_language,_including_norms_of_spelling,_capitalization,_emphasis,_hyphenation,_punctuation,_and_word_breaks"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, capitalization, emphasis, hyphenation, punctuation, and word breaks</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, capitalization, emphasis, hyphenation, punctuation, and word breaks"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81584270"> <ul><li>Bulgarian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81#Bulgarian" title="правопис">правопи́с</a> <a href="https://bg.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" class="extiw" title="bg:правопис">(bg)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (pravopís)</li> <li>German: <a href="/wiki/Rechtschreibung#German" title="Rechtschreibung">Rechtschreibung</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rechtschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Rechtschreibung">(de)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/Schreibweise#German" title="Schreibweise">Schreibweise</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schreibweise" class="extiw" title="de:Schreibweise">(de)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="NavFrame" id="Translations-aspect_of_language_study_concerned_with_letters_and_their_sequences_in_words"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">aspect of language study concerned with letters and their sequences in words</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="aspect of language study concerned with letters and their sequences in words"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81584270"> <ul><li>Arabic: <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1#Arabic" title="إملاء">إِمْلَاء</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (ʔimlāʔ)</li> <li>Armenian: <a href="/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6#Armenian" title="ուղղագրություն">ուղղագրություն</a> <a href="https://hy.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:ուղղագրություն">(hy)</a> (uġġagrutʻyun)</li> <li>Catalan: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Catalan" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="ca:ortografia">(ca)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Cebuano: <a href="/wiki/ortograpiya#Cebuano" title="ortograpiya">ortograpiya</a></li> <li>Chinese: <dl><dd>Mandarin: <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AD%97#Mandarin" title="拼字">拼字</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AD%97" class="extiw" title="zh:拼字">(zh)</a> (pīnzì), <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95#Mandarin" title="拼寫法">拼寫法</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%86%99%E6%B3%95#Mandarin" title="拼写法">拼写法</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:拼寫法">(zh)</a> (pīnxiěfǎ)</dd></dl></li> <li>Danish: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Danish" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <abbr title="common gender">c</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/retskrivning#Danish" title="retskrivning">retskrivning</a> <abbr title="common gender">c</abbr></li> <li>Dutch: <a href="/wiki/spelling#Dutch" title="spelling">spelling</a> <a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/spelling" class="extiw" title="nl:spelling">(nl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Finnish: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Finnish" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="fi:ortografia">(fi)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=oikeinkirjoitusoppi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="oikeinkirjoitusoppi (page does not exist)">oikeinkirjoitusoppi</a></li> <li>French: <a href="/wiki/orthographe#French" title="orthographe">orthographe</a> <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthographe" class="extiw" title="fr:orthographe">(fr)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Galician: <a href="/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa#Galician" title="ortografía">ortografía</a> <a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="gl:ortografía">(gl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Georgian: <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90#Georgian" title="მართლწერა">მართლწერა</a> (martlc̣era), <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90#Georgian" title="ორთოგრაფია">ორთოგრაფია</a> (ortograpia)</li> <li>German: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rechtschreibkunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rechtschreibkunde (page does not exist)">Rechtschreibkunde</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Greek: <a href="/wiki/%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1#Greek" title="ορθογραφία">ορθογραφία</a> <a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="el:ορθογραφία">(el)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (orthografía)</li> <li>Icelandic: <a href="/w/index.php?title=staffr%C3%A6%C3%B0i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="staffræði (page does not exist)">staffræði</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Irish: <a href="/wiki/ortagrafa%C3%ADocht#Irish" title="ortagrafaíocht">ortagrafaíocht</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Latvian: <a href="/wiki/ortogr%C4%81fija#Latvian" title="ortogrāfija">ortogrāfija</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/pareizrakst%C4%ABba#Latvian" title="pareizrakstība">pareizrakstība</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Macedonian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81#Macedonian" title="правопис">правопис</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (pravopis), <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0#Macedonian" title="ортографија">ортографија</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (ortografija)</li> <li>Norwegian: <dl><dd>Bokmål: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Norwegian_Bokmål" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografi" class="extiw" title="no:ortografi">(no)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/rettskriving#Norwegian_Bokmål" title="rettskriving">rettskriving</a> <a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/rettskriving" class="extiw" title="no:rettskriving">(no)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/rettskrivning#Norwegian_Bokmål" title="rettskrivning">rettskrivning</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd> <dd>Nynorsk: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Norwegian_Nynorsk" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/rettskriving#Norwegian_Nynorsk" title="rettskriving">rettskriving</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd></dl></li> <li>Polish: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Polish" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="pl:ortografia">(pl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Portuguese: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Portuguese" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="pt:ortografia">(pt)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Russian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F#Russian" title="орфография">орфогра́фия</a> <a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:орфография">(ru)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (orfográfija), <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5#Russian" title="правописание">правописа́ние</a> <a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:правописание">(ru)</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> (pravopisánije), <a href="/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3#Russian" title="спеллинг">спе́ллинг</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (spélling) (of English)</li> <li>Scottish Gaelic: <a href="/wiki/litreachadh#Scottish_Gaelic" title="litreachadh">litreachadh</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian: <dl><dd>Cyrillic: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81#Serbo-Croatian" title="правопис">пра̏вопӣс</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0#Serbo-Croatian" title="ортографија">ортогра̀фија</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd> <dd>Roman: <a href="/wiki/pravopis#Serbo-Croatian" title="pravopis">prȁvopīs</a> <a href="https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/pravopis" class="extiw" title="sh:pravopis">(sh)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ortografija#Serbo-Croatian" title="ortografija">ortogràfija</a> <a href="https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografija" class="extiw" title="sh:ortografija">(sh)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd></dl></li> <li>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa#Spanish" title="ortografía">ortografía</a> <a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:ortografía">(es)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Swedish: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Swedish" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografi" class="extiw" title="sv:ortografi">(sv)</a> <abbr title="common gender">c</abbr></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="NavFrame" id="Translations-correct_spelling_according_to_established_usage"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">correct spelling according to established usage</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="correct spelling according to established usage"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81584270"> <ul><li>Albanian: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Albanian" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <a href="https://sq.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografi" class="extiw" title="sq:ortografi">(sq)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Arabic: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="علم الإملاء (page does not exist)">عِلْم الْإِمْلَاء</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (ʕilm al-ʔimlāʔ), <a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1#Arabic" title="هجاء">هِجَاء</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (hijāʔ), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A6%D8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="تهجئة (page does not exist)">تَهْجِئَة</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (tahjiʔa), <a href="/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1#Arabic" title="إملاء">إِمْلَاء</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (ʔimlāʔ)</li> <li>Armenian: <a href="/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6#Armenian" title="ուղղագրություն">ուղղագրություն</a> <a href="https://hy.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:ուղղագրություն">(hy)</a> (uġġagrutʻyun)</li> <li>Azerbaijani: <a href="/w/index.php?title=orfoqrafiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="orfoqrafiya (page does not exist)">orfoqrafiya</a> <a href="https://az.wiktionary.org/wiki/orfoqrafiya" class="extiw" title="az:orfoqrafiya">(az)</a>, <a href="/wiki/imla#Azerbaijani" title="imla">imla</a></li> <li>Belarusian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81#Belarusian" title="правапіс">пра́вапіс</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (právapis), <a href="/wiki/%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F#Belarusian" title="арфаграфія">арфагра́фія</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (arfahráfija), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="артаграфія (page does not exist)">артагра́фія</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (artahráfija)</li> <li>Bengali: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="লিখনবিধি (page does not exist)">লিখনবিধি</a> (likhonbidhi)</li> <li>Bulgarian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81#Bulgarian" title="правопис">правопи́с</a> <a href="https://bg.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" class="extiw" title="bg:правопис">(bg)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (pravopís), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ортография (page does not exist)">ортогра́фия</a> <a href="https://bg.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="bg:ортография">(bg)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (ortográfija)</li> <li>Burmese: <a href="/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6#Burmese" title="စာလုံးပေါင်းသတ်ပုံ">စာလုံးပေါင်းသတ်ပုံ</a> <a href="https://my.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" class="extiw" title="my:စာလုံးပေါင်းသတ်ပုံ">(my)</a> (calum:paung:satpum)</li> <li>Catalan: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Catalan" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="ca:ortografia">(ca)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Cebuano: <a href="/wiki/ortograpiya#Cebuano" title="ortograpiya">ortograpiya</a></li> <li>Chinese: <dl><dd>Mandarin: <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95#Mandarin" title="正字法">正字法</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:正字法">(zh)</a> (zhèngzìfǎ), <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AD%97#Mandarin" title="拼字">拼字</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AD%97" class="extiw" title="zh:拼字">(zh)</a> (pīnzì), <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95#Mandarin" title="拼寫法">拼寫法</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%86%99%E6%B3%95#Mandarin" title="拼写法">拼写法</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:拼寫法">(zh)</a> (pīnxiěfǎ), <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E8%A9%9E%E6%B3%95#Mandarin" title="正詞法">正詞法</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95#Mandarin" title="正词法">正词法</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E8%A9%9E%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:正詞法">(zh)</a> (zhèngcífǎ), <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB#Mandarin" title="拼寫">拼寫</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%86%99#Mandarin" title="拼写">拼写</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:拼寫">(zh)</a> (pīnxiě), <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95#Mandarin" title="寫法">寫法</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%99%E6%B3%95#Mandarin" title="写法">写法</a> <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:寫法">(zh)</a> (xiěfǎ), <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%B8#Mandarin" title="正字學">正字學</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6#Mandarin" title="正字学">正字学</a> (zhèngzìxué)</dd></dl></li> <li>Czech: <a href="/wiki/pravopis#Czech" title="pravopis">pravopis</a> <a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/pravopis" class="extiw" title="cs:pravopis">(cs)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ortografie#Czech" title="ortografie">ortografie</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Danish: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Danish" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <abbr title="common gender">c</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/retskrivning#Danish" title="retskrivning">retskrivning</a> <abbr title="common gender">c</abbr></li> <li>Dutch: <a href="/wiki/spelling#Dutch" title="spelling">spelling</a> <a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/spelling" class="extiw" title="nl:spelling">(nl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ortografie#Dutch" title="ortografie">ortografie</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Estonian: <a href="/wiki/ortograafia#Estonian" title="ortograafia">ortograafia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%B5igekiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="õigekiri (page does not exist)">õigekiri</a> <a href="https://et.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%B5igekiri" class="extiw" title="et:õigekiri">(et)</a></li> <li>Faroese: <a href="/w/index.php?title=r%C3%A6ttskriving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="rættskriving (page does not exist)">rættskriving</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Finnish: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Finnish" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="fi:ortografia">(fi)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=oikeinkirjoitusoppi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="oikeinkirjoitusoppi (page does not exist)">oikeinkirjoitusoppi</a>, <a href="/wiki/oikeinkirjoitus#Finnish" title="oikeinkirjoitus">oikeinkirjoitus</a> <a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/oikeinkirjoitus" class="extiw" title="fi:oikeinkirjoitus">(fi)</a></li> <li>French: <a href="/wiki/orthographe#French" title="orthographe">orthographe</a> <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthographe" class="extiw" title="fr:orthographe">(fr)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Galician: <a href="/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa#Galician" title="ortografía">ortografía</a> <a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="gl:ortografía">(gl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Georgian: <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90#Georgian" title="მართლწერა">მართლწერა</a> (martlc̣era), <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90#Georgian" title="ორთოგრაფია">ორთოგრაფია</a> (ortograpia)</li> <li>German: <a href="/wiki/Orthografie#German" title="Orthografie">Orthografie</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Orthografie" class="extiw" title="de:Orthografie">(de)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/Rechtschreibung#German" title="Rechtschreibung">Rechtschreibung</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rechtschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Rechtschreibung">(de)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/Orthographie#German" title="Orthographie">Orthographie</a> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Orthographie" class="extiw" title="de:Orthographie">(de)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Greek: <a href="/wiki/%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1#Greek" title="ορθογραφία">ορθογραφία</a> <a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="el:ορθογραφία">(el)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (orthografía)</li> <li>Hebrew: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="אורתוגרפיה (page does not exist)">אוֹרתוֹגְרָפִיָה</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (ortográfya)</li> <li>Hindi: <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE#Hindi" title="इमला">इमला</a> <a href="https://hi.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="hi:इमला">(hi)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (imlā), <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80#Hindi" title="वर्तनी">वर्तनी</a> <a href="https://hi.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="hi:वर्तनी">(hi)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (vartanī), <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87#Hindi" title="हिज्जे">हिज्जे</a> <a href="https://hi.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87" class="extiw" title="hi:हिज्जे">(hi)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (hijje)</li> <li>Hungarian: <a href="/wiki/helyes%C3%ADr%C3%A1s#Hungarian" title="helyesírás">helyesírás</a> <a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/helyes%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" class="extiw" title="hu:helyesírás">(hu)</a></li> <li>Icelandic: <a href="/wiki/r%C3%A9ttritun#Icelandic" title="réttritun">réttritun</a> <a href="https://is.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%A9ttritun" class="extiw" title="is:réttritun">(is)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Indonesian: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Indonesian" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografi" class="extiw" title="id:ortografi">(id)</a></li> <li>Interlingua: <a href="/wiki/orthographia#Interlingua" title="orthographia">orthographia</a> <a href="https://ia.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthographia" class="extiw" title="ia:orthographia">(ia)</a></li> <li>Irish: <a href="/wiki/ortagrafa%C3%ADocht#Irish" title="ortagrafaíocht">ortagrafaíocht</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Japanese: <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95#Japanese" title="正字法">正字法</a> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="ja:正字法">(ja)</a> (せいじほう, seijihō), <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B4%E3%82%8A#Japanese" title="綴り">綴り</a> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B4%E3%82%8A" class="extiw" title="ja:綴り">(ja)</a> (つづり, tsuzuri), <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95#Japanese" title="正書法">正書法</a> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="ja:正書法">(ja)</a> (せいしよほう, seishohō), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="オーソグラフィー (page does not exist)">オーソグラフィー</a> (ōsogurafī), <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0#Japanese" title="スペリング">スペリング</a> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" class="extiw" title="ja:スペリング">(ja)</a> (superingu), <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB#Japanese" title="スペル">スペル</a> <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:スペル">(ja)</a> (superu), <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B4%E3%82%8A%E5%AD%97#Japanese" title="綴り字">綴り字</a> (つづりじ, tsuzuriji)</li> <li>Kazakh: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F#Kazakh" title="орфография">орфография</a> (orfografiä), <a href="/wiki/%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5#Kazakh" title="емле">емле</a> (emle)</li> <li>Khmer: <a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92#Khmer" title="អក្ខរាវិរុទ្ធ">អក្ខរាវិរុទ្ធ</a> (ʼakkhaʼraavirut)</li> <li>Korean: <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%9E%EC%B6%A4%EB%B2%95#Korean" title="맞춤법">맞춤법</a> <a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9E%EC%B6%A4%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:맞춤법">(ko)</a> (matchumbeop), <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EC%9E%90%EB%B2%95#Korean" title="철자법">철자법(綴字法)</a> <a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EC%9E%90%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:철자법">(ko)</a> (cheoljabeop), <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9B%EC%B9%A8%EB%B2%95#Korean" title="받침법">받침법</a> (batchimbeop) (North Korea)</li> <li>Kurdish: <dl><dd>Northern Kurdish: <a href="/wiki/imla#Northern_Kurdish" title="imla">imla</a> <a href="https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/imla" class="extiw" title="ku:imla">(ku)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=vek%C3%AEt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="vekît (page does not exist)">vekît</a> <a href="https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/vek%C3%AEt" class="extiw" title="ku:vekît">(ku)</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Kyrgyz: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F#Kyrgyz" title="орфография">орфография</a> (orfografiya), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="тууражазым (page does not exist)">тууражазым</a> (tuurajazım)</li> <li>Lao: <a href="/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5#Lao" title="ອັກຂະລະວິທີ">ອັກຂະລະວິທີ</a> (ʼak kha la wi thī)</li> <li>Latvian: <a href="/wiki/ortogr%C4%81fija#Latvian" title="ortogrāfija">ortogrāfija</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/pareizrakst%C4%ABba#Latvian" title="pareizrakstība">pareizrakstība</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Lithuanian: <a href="/wiki/ortografija#Lithuanian" title="ortografija">ortografija</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ra%C5%A1yba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="rašyba (page does not exist)">rašyba</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Macedonian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81#Macedonian" title="правопис">правопис</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (pravopis), <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0#Macedonian" title="ортографија">ортографија</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (ortografija)</li> <li>Malay: <a href="/wiki/ejaan#Malay" title="ejaan">ejaan</a> <a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/ejaan" class="extiw" title="ms:ejaan">(ms)</a>, <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Malay" title="ortografi">ortografi</a>, <a href="/wiki/eja#Malay" title="eja">eja</a> <a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/eja" class="extiw" title="ms:eja">(ms)</a></li> <li>Middle English: <a href="/wiki/ortographie#Middle_English" title="ortographie">ortographie</a></li> <li>Mongolian: <dl><dd>Cyrillic: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%B7%D3%A9%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="зөв бичих зүй (page does not exist)">зөв бичих зүй</a> (zöv bičix züj)</dd></dl></li> <li>Norwegian: <dl><dd>Bokmål: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Norwegian_Bokmål" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografi" class="extiw" title="no:ortografi">(no)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/rettskriving#Norwegian_Bokmål" title="rettskriving">rettskriving</a> <a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/rettskriving" class="extiw" title="no:rettskriving">(no)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/rettskrivning#Norwegian_Bokmål" title="rettskrivning">rettskrivning</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd> <dd>Nynorsk: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Norwegian_Nynorsk" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/rettskriving#Norwegian_Nynorsk" title="rettskriving">rettskriving</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd></dl></li> <li>Pashto: <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7#Pashto" title="املا">املا</a> <a href="https://ps.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="ps:املا">(ps)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (emlā), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ليکدود (page does not exist)">ليکدود</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (likdod), <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7#Pashto" title="رسم الخط">رسم الخط</a> <a href="https://ps.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" class="extiw" title="ps:رسم الخط">(ps)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (rasm ol-xat)</li> <li>Persian: <dl><dd>Iranian Persian: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="رسم‌الخط (page does not exist)">رَسْم‌اُلْخَطّ</a> (rasm-olxatt), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="درست‌نویسی (page does not exist)">دُرُسْت‌نِویسی</a> (dorost-nevisi), <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7#Persian" title="املا">اِمْلا</a> (emlâ)</dd></dl></li> <li>Polish: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Polish" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="pl:ortografia">(pl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/pisownia#Polish" title="pisownia">pisownia</a> <a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/pisownia" class="extiw" title="pl:pisownia">(pl)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Portuguese: <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Portuguese" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="pt:ortografia">(pt)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Romanian: <a href="/wiki/ortografie#Romanian" title="ortografie">ortografie</a> <a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografie" class="extiw" title="ro:ortografie">(ro)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Russian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F#Russian" title="орфография">орфогра́фия</a> <a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:орфография">(ru)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (orfográfija), <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5#Russian" title="правописание">правописа́ние</a> <a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:правописание">(ru)</a> <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr> (pravopisánije), <a href="/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3#Russian" title="спеллинг">спе́ллинг</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (spélling) (of English)</li> <li>Scottish Gaelic: <a href="/wiki/litreachadh#Scottish_Gaelic" title="litreachadh">litreachadh</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian: <dl><dd>Cyrillic: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81#Serbo-Croatian" title="правопис">пра̏вопӣс</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0#Serbo-Croatian" title="ортографија">ортогра̀фија</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd> <dd>Roman: <a href="/wiki/pravopis#Serbo-Croatian" title="pravopis">prȁvopīs</a> <a href="https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/pravopis" class="extiw" title="sh:pravopis">(sh)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ortografija#Serbo-Croatian" title="ortografija">ortogràfija</a> <a href="https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografija" class="extiw" title="sh:ortografija">(sh)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></dd></dl></li> <li>Slovak: <a href="/wiki/pravopis#Slovak" title="pravopis">pravopis</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ortografia#Slovak" title="ortografia">ortografia</a> <a href="https://sk.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografia" class="extiw" title="sk:ortografia">(sk)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Slovene: <a href="/wiki/pravopis#Slovene" title="pravopis">pravopís</a> <a href="https://sl.wiktionary.org/wiki/pravopis" class="extiw" title="sl:pravopis">(sl)</a>, <a href="/wiki/ortografija#Slovene" title="ortografija">ortografija</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa#Spanish" title="ortografía">ortografía</a> <a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortograf%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:ortografía">(es)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></li> <li>Swahili: <a href="/wiki/tahajia#Swahili" title="tahajia">tahajia</a>, <a href="/wiki/otografia#Swahili" title="otografia">otografia</a></li> <li>Swedish: <a href="/wiki/r%C3%A4ttstavning#Swedish" title="rättstavning">rättstavning</a> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%A4ttstavning" class="extiw" title="sv:rättstavning">(sv)</a> <abbr title="common gender">c</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Swedish" title="ortografi">ortografi</a> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/ortografi" class="extiw" title="sv:ortografi">(sv)</a> <abbr title="common gender">c</abbr></li> <li>Tagalog: <a href="/w/index.php?title=palabaybayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="palabaybayan (page does not exist)">palabaybayan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=palatitikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="palatitikan (page does not exist)">palatitikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ortograpiya#Tagalog" title="ortograpiya">ortograpiya</a></li> <li>Tajik: <a href="/wiki/%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%BE#Tajik" title="имло">имло</a> (imlo), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="коидаҳои хат (page does not exist)">коидаҳои хат</a> (koyidaho-yi xat), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="расмулхат (page does not exist)">расмулхат</a> (rasmulxat)</li> <li>Thai: <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5#Thai" title="อักขรวิธี">อักขรวิธี</a> <a href="https://th.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5" class="extiw" title="th:อักขรวิธี">(th)</a> (àk-kà-rà-wí-tii)</li> <li>Turkish: <a href="/wiki/ortografi#Turkish" title="ortografi">ortografi</a>, <a href="/wiki/yaz%C4%B1m#Turkish" title="yazım">yazım</a> <a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/yaz%C4%B1m" class="extiw" title="tr:yazım">(tr)</a>, <a href="/wiki/imla#Turkish" title="imla">imla</a> <a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/imla" class="extiw" title="tr:imla">(tr)</a></li> <li>Turkmen: <a href="/w/index.php?title=orfografi%C3%BDa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="orfografiýa (page does not exist)">orfografiýa</a></li> <li>Ukrainian: <a href="/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81#Ukrainian" title="правопис">право́пис</a> <a href="https://uk.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" class="extiw" title="uk:правопис">(uk)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (pravópys), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="орфографія (page does not exist)">орфогра́фія</a> <a href="https://uk.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="uk:орфографія">(uk)</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (orfohráfija), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ортографія (page does not exist)">ортогра́фія</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (ortohráfija)</li> <li>Urdu: <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7#Urdu" title="املا">اِمْلا</a> <a href="https://ur.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="ur:املا">(ur)</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (imlā), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="علم التہجی (page does not exist)">عِلْمُ الْتَہَجّی</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> ('ilm ul-tahajjī), <a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%92#Urdu" title="ہجے">ہِجّے</a> <abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> (hijje)</li> <li>Uyghur: <a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7#Uyghur" title="ئىملا">ئىملا</a> (imla), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ئورفوگرافىيە (page does not exist)">ئورفوگرافىيە</a> (orfografiye)</li> <li>Uzbek: <a href="/wiki/orfografiya#Uzbek" title="orfografiya">orfografiya</a> <a href="https://uz.wiktionary.org/wiki/orfografiya" class="extiw" title="uz:orfografiya">(uz)</a>, <a href="/wiki/imlo#Uzbek" title="imlo">imlo</a> <a href="https://uz.wiktionary.org/wiki/imlo" class="extiw" title="uz:imlo">(uz)</a></li> <li>Vietnamese: <a href="/wiki/ch%C3%ADnh_t%E1%BA%A3#Vietnamese" title="chính tả">chính tả</a> <a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/ch%C3%ADnh_t%E1%BA%A3" class="extiw" title="vi:chính tả">(vi)</a>, <a href="/wiki/ph%C3%A9p#Vietnamese" title="phép">phép</a> <a href="/wiki/ch%C3%ADnh_t%E1%BA%A3#Vietnamese" title="chính tả">chính tả</a></li> <li>Yiddish: <a href="/wiki/%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%A4%D6%BF%D7%99%D7%A2#Yiddish" title="אָרטאָגראַפֿיע">אָרטאָגראַפֿיע</a> <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr> (ortografye)</li> <li>Yoruba: <a href="/wiki/ak%E1%BB%8Dt%E1%BB%8D#Yoruba" title="akọtọ">àkọtọ́</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="checktrans"> <dl><dd>The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Entry_layout#Translations" title="Wiktionary:Entry layout">Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations</a>.</dd></dl> </div> <div class="NavFrame"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">Translations to be checked</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="Translations to be checked"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81584270"> <ul><li>Interlingua: (please <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Translations#Translations_to_be_checked" title="Wiktionary:Translations">verify</a>) <a href="/wiki/orthographia#Interlingua" title="orthographia">orthographia</a> <a href="https://ia.wiktionary.org/wiki/orthographia" class="extiw" title="ia:orthographia">(ia)</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb">Verb</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verb">edit</a>]</div> orthography (third-person singular simple present <a href="/wiki/orthographies#English" title="orthographies">orthographies</a>, present participle <a href="/wiki/orthographying#English" title="orthographying">orthographying</a>, simple past and past participle <a href="/wiki/orthographied#English" title="orthographied">orthographied</a>) <ol><li>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#transitive" title="Appendix:Glossary">transitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#rare" title="Appendix:Glossary">rare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#archaic" title="Appendix:Glossary">archaic</a>) To <a href="/wiki/spell#Verb" title="spell">spell</a> (<a href="/wiki/word#Noun" title="word">words</a>) or <a href="/wiki/write#Verb" title="write">write</a> (<a href="/wiki/text#Noun" title="text">text</a>) according to <a href="/wiki/established#Adjective" title="established">established</a> <a href="/wiki/usage" title="usage">usage</a>. <ul><li><div class="citation-whole">1778, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shaw_(Gaelic_scholar)" class="extiw" title="w:William Shaw (Gaelic scholar)">William Shaw</a>, “Introduction”, in <cite>An Analysis of the Galic Language</cite>, 2nd edition, Edinburgh: […] <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ruddiman" class="extiw" title="w:Walter Ruddiman">W[alter] </a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ruddiman" class="extiw" title="w:Thomas Ruddiman">T[homas] Ruddiman</a>; for R. Jamieson, […], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1302630124">→OCLC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZ8RAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR10">page x</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">[T]here have appeared three collections of ſongs and poems, all of vvhich, though there be merit in the compoſition, are, hovvever, vvretchedly orthographied.</div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole">1809, Barnaby Sketchwell [probably a pseudonym], “Criticism Below-stairs”, in <cite>London Characters; or Fashions and Customs, of the Present Century. […]</cite>, volume I, London: [<span title="Printed for the booksellers in Bond-Street, Piccadilly, and Pall-Mall; sold also by all the booksellers at Brighton, Margate, Cheltenham, Bath, Worthing, Weymouth, and other fashionable places. And by">…] B. Crosby and Co. […], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/976581611">→OCLC</a>, footnote *, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ds2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA330">page 330</a>:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">As it would be unpleasant to the reader to see in print Mr. Dubois's English orthographied as he pronounced his words, we have followed the common way of spelling.</div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole">1849 June, “Singing School Scene”, in <cite>The School Journal and Vermont Agriculturist</cite>, volume III, number 2, Windsor, Vt.: Bishop & Tracy, published 1849–1850, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/28237277">→OCLC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ysw-AAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA23">page 23</a>, column 1:<dl><dd><div class="h-quotation">After this the whole class performed wonders in the spelling line, orthographying the different words, man, boy, cat, &c., with great precision, doing the whole, of course, in song. [From the Musical Gazette.]</div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translations_2">Translations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="NavFrame" id="Translations-to_spell_(words)_or_write_(text)_according_to_established_usage"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">to spell (words) or write (text) according to established usage</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="to spell (words) or write (text) according to established usage"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81584270"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"> ^ </a> “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED30956">ortografie, n.</a>”, in <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:Middle English Dictionary">MED Online</a></cite>, Ann Arbor, Mich.: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" class="extiw" title="w:University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"> ^ </a> “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132833">orthography, n.</a>”, in <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary#Electronic_versions" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford English Dictionary">OED Online</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lock-red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="Paid subscription required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lock-red.svg/8px-Lock-red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lock-red.svg/12px-Lock-red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lock-red.svg/16px-Lock-red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>⁠</cite>, Oxford: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, September 2022; “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/https://www.lexico.com/definition/orthography">orthography, n.</a>”, in <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico" class="extiw" title="w:Lexico">Lexico</a></cite>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com" class="extiw" title="w:Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2019–2022. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=orthography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orthography" title="w:orthography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/15px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/23px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/30px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orthography" class="extiw" title="w:orthography">orthography</a> on Wikipedia.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orthography" class="extiw" title="w:orthography">Wikipedia </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orthographic_projection" title="w:orthographic projection"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/15px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/23px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/30px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orthographic_projection" class="extiw" title="w:orthographic projection">orthographic projection</a> on Wikipedia.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orthographic_projection" class="extiw" title="w:orthographic projection">Wikipedia </a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=orthography&oldid=83588933">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=orthography&oldid=83588933</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_derived_from_Proto-Indo-European" title="Category:English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European">English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_terms_derived_from_the_Proto-Indo-European_root_*h%E2%82%83erd%CA%B0-" title="Category:English terms derived 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