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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribute,_journey_and_resettlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Tribute, journey and resettlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribute,_journey_and_resettlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacifist_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacifist_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Pacifist activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacifist_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Opium_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Opium_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Second Opium War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Opium_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cobden–Chevalier_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cobden–Chevalier_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Cobden–Chevalier Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cobden–Chevalier_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_and_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_and_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Character and motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_and_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Statues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Bust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Cobden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ريتشارد كوبدن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد كوبدن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Рычард Кобдэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Кобдэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ռիչարդ Կոբդեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիչարդ Կոբդեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%9F" title="ריצ'רד קובדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד קובדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ಕಾಬ್ಡೆನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ಕಾಬ್ಡೆನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ريتشارد كوبدين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد كوبدين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="リチャード・コブデン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・コブデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%89%D9%86" title="ریچارډ کوبډن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ریچارډ کوبډن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Кобден, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кобден, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ричард Кобден – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ричард Кобден" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Cobden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333072#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="View 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Richard+Cobden%22">"Richard Cobden"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Richard+Cobden%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Richard+Cobden%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Richard+Cobden%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Richard+Cobden%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Richard+Cobden%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Richard Cobden</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hon._Richard_Corden,_M.P_-_NARA_-_528678.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hon._Richard_Corden%2C_M.P_-_NARA_-_528678.jpg/220px-Hon._Richard_Corden%2C_M.P_-_NARA_-_528678.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hon._Richard_Corden%2C_M.P_-_NARA_-_528678.jpg/330px-Hon._Richard_Corden%2C_M.P_-_NARA_-_528678.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hon._Richard_Corden%2C_M.P_-_NARA_-_528678.jpg/440px-Hon._Richard_Corden%2C_M.P_-_NARA_-_528678.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Cobden <i>c.</i> early 1860s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Parliamentary offices</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">1841–1847</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stockport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockport (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockport</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1847–1857</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">West Riding of Yorkshire</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1859–1865</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Rochdale (UK Parliament constituency)">Rochdale</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1804-06-03</span>)</span>3 June 1804<br />Dunford, <a href="/wiki/Heyshott" title="Heyshott">Heyshott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 1865<span style="display:none">(1865-04-02)</span> (aged 60)<br />Suffolk Street, Westminster, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/West_Lavington,_West_Sussex" title="West Lavington, West Sussex">West Lavington</a>, Sussex</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Manufacturer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Campaigner</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Cobden</b> (3 June 1804 – 2 April 1865) was an English <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> politician, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturer</a>, and a campaigner for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and peace. He was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cobden%E2%80%93Chevalier_Treaty" title="Cobden–Chevalier Treaty">Cobden–Chevalier Treaty</a>. </p><p>As a young man, Cobden was a successful commercial traveller who became co-owner of a highly profitable calico printing factory in <a href="/wiki/Sabden" title="Sabden">Sabden</a> but lived in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, a city with which he would become strongly identified. However, he soon found himself more engaged in politics, and his travels convinced him of the virtues of free trade (anti-protection) as the key to better international relations. </p><p>In 1838, he and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a>, aimed at abolishing the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>, which protected landowners' interests by levying taxes on imported wheat, thus raising the price of bread. As a Member of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> from 1841, he fought against opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peel_ministry" title="Second Peel ministry">Peel ministry</a>, and abolition was achieved in 1846. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Cobden_MP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Richard_Cobden_MP.jpg/220px-Richard_Cobden_MP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Richard_Cobden_MP.jpg/330px-Richard_Cobden_MP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Richard_Cobden_MP.jpg/440px-Richard_Cobden_MP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3332" data-file-height="4046" /></a><figcaption>Richard Cobden wearing an Ambassodors badge reading "La Loi", "The Law". Painted by <a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Ary Scheffer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another free trade initiative was the <a href="/wiki/Cobden-Chevalier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobden-Chevalier Treaty">Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860</a>, promoting closer interdependence between <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. This campaign was conducted in collaboration with John Bright and French economist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chevalier" title="Michel Chevalier">Michel Chevalier</a>, and succeeded despite Parliament's endemic mistrust of the French. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cobden was born at a farmhouse called Dunford, in <a href="/wiki/Heyshott" title="Heyshott">Heyshott</a> near <a href="/wiki/Midhurst" title="Midhurst">Midhurst</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>. He was the fourth of 11 children<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley19052_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley19052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born to Millicent (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Amber) and William Cobden. His family had been resident in that neighbourhood for many generations, occupied in trade and agriculture. His grandfather, Richard Cobden, owned Bex Mill in Heyshott and was a prosperous <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">maltster</a> who served as <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a> and chief <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a> at Midhurst. His father William however forsook malting in favour of farming, taking over the running of Dunford Farm when Richard died in 1809. A poor business man, he sold the property when the farm failed and moved the family to a smaller farm at nearby Gullard's Oak.<sup id="cite_ref-hurley_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditions did not improve and by 1814, after several more moves, the family eventually settled as tenant farmers in <a href="/wiki/West_Meon" title="West Meon">West Meon</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire" title="Alton, Hampshire">Alton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley19053_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley19053-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cobden attended a <a href="/wiki/Dame_school" title="Dame school">dame school</a> and then Bowes Hall School in the <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding of Yorkshire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_business_career">Early business career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early business career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When fifteen years of age he went to London to the warehouse business of his uncle Richard Ware Cole where he became a commercial traveller in <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calico_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (fabric)">calico</a>. His relative, noting the lad's passionate addiction to study, solemnly warned him against indulging such a taste, as likely to prove a fatal obstacle to his success in commercial life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley19055_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley19055-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cobden was undeterred and made good use of the library of the <a href="/wiki/London_Institution" title="London Institution">London Institution</a>. When his uncle's business failed, he joined that of Partridge & Price, in <a href="/wiki/Eastcheap" title="Eastcheap">Eastcheap</a>, one of the partners being his uncle's former partner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1828, Cobden set up his own business with Sheriff and Gillet, partly with capital from John Lewis, acting as London agents for Fort Brothers, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> calico printers. In 1831, the partners sought to lease a factory from Fort's at <a href="/wiki/Sabden" title="Sabden">Sabden</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Clitheroe" title="Clitheroe">Clitheroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. They had, however, insufficient <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> between them. Cobden and his colleagues so impressed Fort's that they consented to retain a substantial proportion of the equity. The new firm prospered and soon had three establishments – the printing works at Sabden and sales outlets in London and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. The Manchester outlet came under the direct management of Cobden, who settled there in 1832, beginning a long association with the city. He lived in a house on <a href="/wiki/Quay_Street" title="Quay Street">Quay Street</a>, which is now called <a href="/wiki/County_Court,_Manchester" title="County Court, Manchester">Cobden House</a>. A plaque commemorates his residency. The success of the enterprise was decisive and rapid, and the "Cobden prints" soon became well known for their quality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Had Cobden devoted all his energies to the business, he might soon have become very wealthy. His earnings in the business were typically £8,000 to £10,000 a year. However, his lifelong habit of learning and inquiry absorbed much of his time. Writing under the byname <i>Libra</i>, he published many letters in the <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Times" title="Manchester Times">Manchester Times</a></i> discussing commercial and economic questions. Some of his ideas were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilchrist186517_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilchrist186517-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_publications">First publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_County_Court,_Quay_Street,_Manchester_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Former_County_Court%2C_Quay_Street%2C_Manchester_3.JPG/220px-Former_County_Court%2C_Quay_Street%2C_Manchester_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Former_County_Court%2C_Quay_Street%2C_Manchester_3.JPG/330px-Former_County_Court%2C_Quay_Street%2C_Manchester_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Former_County_Court%2C_Quay_Street%2C_Manchester_3.JPG/440px-Former_County_Court%2C_Quay_Street%2C_Manchester_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Cobden's Manchester home on <a href="/wiki/Quay_Street" title="Quay Street">Quay Street</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1835, he published his first pamphlet, entitled <i>England, Ireland and America, by a Manchester Manufacturer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cobden advocated the principles of peace, non-intervention, retrenchment and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> to which he continued faithfully to abide. He paid a visit to the United States, landing in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> on 7 June 1835. He devoted about three months to this tour, passing rapidly through the seaboard states and the adjacent portion of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and collecting as he went large stores of information respecting the condition, resources and prospects of the nation. Another work appeared towards the end of 1836, under the title of <i>Russia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed to combat a wild outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Russophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophobia">Russophobia</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/David_Urquhart" title="David Urquhart">David Urquhart</a>. It contained also a bold indictment of the whole system of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> founded on ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> and the necessity of large armaments for the protection of commerce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bad health obliged him to leave Britain, and for several months, at the end of 1836 and the beginning of 1837, he travelled in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. During his visit to Egypt he had an interview with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, of whose character as a reforming monarch he did not bring away a very favourable impression. He returned to Britain in April 1837.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He also visited the United States in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_steps_in_politics">First steps in politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First steps in politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobden1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cobden1.jpg/220px-Cobden1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cobden1.jpg/330px-Cobden1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cobden1.jpg/440px-Cobden1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Richard Cobden outside St Ann's Church, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Of_Richard_Cobden-Camden_High_Street-London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Statue_Of_Richard_Cobden-Camden_High_Street-London.jpg/220px-Statue_Of_Richard_Cobden-Camden_High_Street-London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Statue_Of_Richard_Cobden-Camden_High_Street-London.jpg/330px-Statue_Of_Richard_Cobden-Camden_High_Street-London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Statue_Of_Richard_Cobden-Camden_High_Street-London.jpg/440px-Statue_Of_Richard_Cobden-Camden_High_Street-London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Richard Cobden on <a href="/wiki/Camden_High_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden High Street">Camden High Street</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cobden soon became a conspicuous figure in Manchester political and intellectual life. He championed the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Athenaeum" title="Manchester Athenaeum">Manchester Athenaeum</a> and delivered its inaugural address. He was a member of the chamber of commerce and was part of the campaign for the <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(municipal_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporation (municipal government)">incorporation</a> of the city, being elected one of its first <a href="/wiki/Alderman" title="Alderman">aldermen</a>. He began also to take a warm interest in the cause of popular education. Some of his first attempts in public speaking were at meetings which he convened at Manchester, <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a> and other adjacent towns, to advocate the establishment of British schools. It was while on a mission for this purpose to Rochdale that he first formed the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>. In 1837, the death of <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV</a> and the accession of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a> led to a general election. Cobden was candidate for <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, but was narrowly defeated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other interests included his friendship with <a href="/wiki/George_Combe" title="George Combe">George Combe</a> and his involvement with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Phrenological_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manchester Phrenological Society (page does not exist)">Manchester Phrenological Society</a> in the 1830s and 1840s. In 1850, he asked Combe to provide a phrenological reading of his son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStack201747–49_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStack201747–49-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corn_Laws">Corn Laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Corn Laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a></div> <p>The <i>Corn Laws</i> were taxes on imported grain designed to keep prices high for cereal producers in Great Britain. The laws indeed did raise food prices and became the focus of opposition from urban areas, which then had far less political representation than rural Britain. The corn laws imposed steep import duties, reducing the quantity of grain imported from other countries, even when food supplies were short. The laws were supported by Conservative landowners and opposed by Whig industrialists and workers. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a> was responsible for turning public and ruling-class opinion against the laws. It was a large, nationwide, middle-class moral crusade with a utopian vision. Its leading advocate was Richard Cobden. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Asa Briggs</a>, Cobden repeatedly promised that repeal would settle four great problems simultaneously: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>First, it would guarantee the prosperity of the manufacturer by affording him outlets for his products. Second, it would relieve the 'condition of England question' by cheapening the price of food and ensuring more regular employment. Third, it would make English agriculture more efficient by stimulating demand for its products in urban and industrial areas. Fourth, it would introduce through mutually advantageous international trade a new era of international fellowship and peace. The only barrier to these four beneficent solutions was the ignorant self-interest of the landlords, the 'bread-taxing oligarchy, unprincipled, unfeeling, rapacious and plundering.'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1838, the league was formed in Manchester; on Cobden's suggestion, it became a national association, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a>. During the league's seven years, Cobden was its chief spokesman and animating spirit. He was not afraid to take his challenge in person to the agricultural landlords or to confront the working class <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartists</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Feargus_O%27Connor" title="Feargus O'Connor">Feargus O'Connor</a>. </p><p>In 1841, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> having defeated the <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a> ministry in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliament</a>, there was a <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">general election</a>, and Cobden was returned as the new member for <a href="/wiki/Stockport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockport (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockport</a>. His opponents had confidently predicted that he would fail utterly in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. He did not wait long after his admission into that assembly in bringing their predictions to the test. Parliament met on 19 August. On the 24th, during the debate on the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Speech">Queen's Speech</a>, Cobden delivered his first address. "It was remarked," reported <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a> in her <i>History of the Peace</i>, "that he was not treated in the House with the courtesy usually accorded to a new member, and it was perceived that he did not need such observance." Undeterred, he gave a simple and forceful exposition of his position on the Corn Laws. This marked the start of his reputation as a master of the issues. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg/200px-1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg/300px-1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg/400px-1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Hall" title="Exeter Hall">Exeter Hall</a> in 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 April 1842, with 67 other MPs, Cobden voted for the motion of <a href="/wiki/William_Sharman_Crawford" title="William Sharman Crawford">William Sharman Crawford</a> (a fellow Anti-Corn Law Leaguer) to form a committee to consider the demands of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Charter_of_1838" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Charter of 1838">People's Charter</a> (1838): votes for working men, protected by secret ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 February 1843, Cobden launched an attack on Peel, holding him responsible for the miserable and disaffected state of the nation's workers. Peel did not respond in the debate but the speech was made at a time of heightened political feelings. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Drummond" title="Edward Drummond">Edward Drummond</a>, Peel's private secretary, had recently been mistaken for the prime minister and shot dead in the street by a lunatic. However, later in the evening, Peel referred in excited and agitated tones to the remark, as an incitement to violence against his person. Peel's Tory party, catching at this hint, threw themselves into a frantic state of excitement, and when Cobden attempted to explain that he meant official, not personal responsibility, he was drowned out. </p><p>Peel reversed his position and in 1846 called for the repeal of the Corn Laws. Cobden and the League had prepared the moment for years but they played little role in 1846. After Peel's aggressive politicking, the repeal of the Corn Laws passed the House of Commons on 16 May 1846 by 98 votes. Peel had formed a coalition of the Conservative leadership and a third of its MPs joining with the Whigs, with two-thirds of the Conservatives voting against him. That split Peel's Tory party and led to the fall of his government. </p><p>In Peels resignation speech he credited Cobden, more than anyone else, with the repeal of the Corn Laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905388–389_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905388–389-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribute,_journey_and_resettlement"><span id="Tribute.2C_journey_and_resettlement"></span>Tribute, journey and resettlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tribute, journey and resettlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_(8096466406).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466406%29.jpg/220px-Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466406%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466406%29.jpg/330px-Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466406%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466406%29.jpg/440px-Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466406%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland Lustreware">Sunderland Lustreware</a> "splash" plaque.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cobden had sacrificed his business, his domestic comforts and for a time his health to the campaign. His friends therefore felt that the nation owed him some substantial token of gratitude and admiration for those sacrifices. Public subscription raised the sum of £80,000. Had he been inspired with personal ambition, he might have entered upon the race of political advancement with the prospect of attaining the highest office. <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a>, who, soon after the repeal of the Corn Laws, succeeded Peel as prime minister, invited Cobden to join his government but Cobden declined the invitation. </p><p> Cobden had hoped to find some restorative privacy abroad but his fame had spread throughout Europe and he found himself lionised by the radical movement. In July 1846, he wrote to a friend "I am going to tell you of a fresh project that has been brewing in my brain. I have given up all idea of burying myself in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. I am going on an agitating tour through the continent of Europe." He referred to invitations he had received from France, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and Spain and added, </p><blockquote><p>Well, I will, with God's assistance during the next twelve months, visit all the large states of Europe, see their potentates or statesmen, and endeavour to enforce those truths which have been irresistible at home. Why should I rust in inactivity? If the public spirit of my countrymen affords me the means of travelling as their missionary, I will be the first ambassador from the people of this country to the nations of the continent. I am impelled to this by an instinctive emotion such as has never deceived me. I feel that I could succeed in making out a stronger case for the prohibitive nations of Europe to compel them to adopt a freer system than I had here to overturn our protection policy.</p></blockquote> <p>He visited in succession France, Spain, Italy, Germany and Russia, and was honoured everywhere he went. He not only addressed public demonstrations but also had several private audiences with leading statesmen. During his absence there was a general election, and he was returned (1847) for Stockport and for the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>. He chose to sit for the latter. </p><p>In June 1848 Richard Cobden moved his family from Manchester to Paddington, London, taking a house at 103 Westbourne Terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847 he had also repurchased the old family home at Dunford and in 1852 or 1853 rebuilt the house there, which he then continued to occupy until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-BritListedBldgs_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritListedBldgs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacifist_activism">Pacifist activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pacifist activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Richard_Cobden" title="Special:EditPage/Richard Cobden">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When Cobden returned from abroad, he addressed himself to what seemed to him the logical complement of free trade, namely, the promotion of peace and the reduction of naval and military armaments. He was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his abhorrence of war amounted to a passion and, in fact, his campaigns against the Corn Laws were motivated by his belief that free trade was a powerful force for peace and defence against war. He knowingly exposed himself to the risk of ridicule and the reproach of <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopianism</a>. In 1849, he brought forward a proposal in parliament in favour of international arbitration, and, in 1851, a motion for mutual reduction of armaments. He was not successful in either case, nor did he expect to be. In pursuance of the same object, he identified himself with a series of <a href="/wiki/Peace_congress#Friends_of_Peace" title="Peace congress">peace congresses</a> which from 1848 to 1851 were held successively in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, London, Manchester and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. </p><p>In his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Wars" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a>, Cobden argued that just as "in the slave trade we [the British] had surpassed in guilt the world, so in foreign wars we have the most aggressive, quarelsome, warlike and bloody nation under the sun." In October 1850 he wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sturge" title="Joseph Sturge">Joseph Sturge</a>, claiming that in the last 25 years "you will find that we have been incomparably the most sanguinary nation on earth... in China, in Burma, in India, New Zealand, the Cape, Syria, Spain, Portugal, Greece, etc, there is hardly a country, however remote, in which we have not been waging war or dictating our terms at the point of a bayonet." Cobden believed that the British, "the greatest blood-shedders of all", had been then involved in more wars than the rest of Europe put together. In this, Cobden blamed the <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom#Upper_class" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">British aristocracy</a>, which he claimed had "converted the combativeness of the English race to its own ends".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1852, when the British <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">declared war</a> on <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a> for the mistreatment of two British sea captains by the Burmese government, Cobden was "amazed" at the <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i> for the war: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I blush for my country, and the very blood in my veins tingled with indignation at the wanton disregard of all justice and decency without our proceedings towards that country exhibited. The violence and wrongs perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Pizarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizarro">Pizarro</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortez</a> were scarcely veiled in a more transparent pretence of right than our own." The Burmese, Cobden continued, had "no more chance against our 64 pound red-hot shot and other infernal improvement in the art of war than they would in running a race on their roads against our railways... the day on which we commenced the war with a bombardment of shot, shell and rockets...that the natives must have thought it an onslaught of devils, was Easter Sunday!"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Cobden published <i>How Wars are got up in India: The Origins of the Burmese War</i> in 1853. In the work he theorized why similar disputes with the United States never culminated in war. According to Cobden, the reason was "that America is powerful and Burma weak... Britain would not have acted in this manner towards a power capable of defending itself."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> in 1851–1852, a violent panic, fuelled by the press, gripped the public. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Napoleon">Louis Napoleon</a> was represented as contemplating a sudden and piratical descent upon the British coast without pretext or provocation. By a series of speeches and pamphlets, in and out of parliament, Cobden sought to calm the passions of his countrymen. In doing so, he sacrificed the great popularity he had won as the champion of free trade, and became for a time the best-abused man in Britain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, owing to the quarrel about the religious sites of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, which arose in the east of Europe, public opinion suddenly veered round, and all the suspicion and hatred which had been directed against the emperor of the French were diverted from him to the emperor of Russia. Louis Napoleon was taken into favour as Britain's faithful ally, and in a whirlwind of popular excitement the nation was swept into the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> Again confronting public sentiment, Cobden, who had travelled in Turkey, and had studied its politics, was dismissive of the outcry about maintaining the independence and integrity of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. He denied that it was possible to maintain them, and no less strenuously denied that it was desirable. He believed that the jealousy of Russian aggrandisement and the dread of Russian power were absurd exaggerations. He maintained that the future of European Turkey was in the hands of the Christian population, and that it would have been wiser for Britain to ally herself with them rather than with what he saw as the doomed and decaying <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> power. He said in the House of Commons </p><blockquote><p>You must address yourselves as men of sense and men of energy, to the question – what are you to do with the Christian population? For Mahommedanism [Islam] cannot be maintained, and I should be sorry to see this country fighting for the maintenance of Mahommedanism ... You may keep Turkey on the map of Europe, you may call the country by the name of Turkey if you like, but do not think you can keep up the Mahommedan rule in the country.</p></blockquote><p> The torrent of popular sentiment in favour of war was, however, irresistible; and both Cobden and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> were overwhelmed with obloquy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> wrote "And without total abandonment of the law of the Koran [argues opposition MP Cobden], it was impossible to put the Christians of Turkey upon an equality with the Turks. We may as well ask Mr Cobden whether, with the existing State Church and laws of England, it is possible to put her working-men upon an equality with the Cobdens and the Brights?"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Opium_War">Second Opium War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Opium War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of 1857 tidings from China reached Britain of <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">a rupture</a> between the British <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> in that country and the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Canton province</a> in reference to a small vessel or <a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">lorcha</a> called the <i>Arrow</i>, which had resulted in the British admiral destroying the river forts, burning 23 ships belonging to the Qing Navy and bombarding the city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>. After a careful investigation of the official documents, Cobden became convinced that those were utterly unrighteous proceedings. He brought forward a motion in parliament to this effect, which led to a long and memorable debate, lasting over four nights, in which he was supported by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Lea" title="Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea">Sidney Herbert</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Robert_George_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="James Robert George Graham">James Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, Lord John Russell and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, and which ended in the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> by a majority of sixteen. </p><p>But this triumph cost him his seat in parliament. On the dissolution which followed Lord Palmerston's defeat, Cobden became candidate for <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)">Huddersfield</a>, but the voters of that town gave the preference to his opponent, who had supported the Russian war and approved of the proceedings at Canton. Cobden was thus relegated to private life, and retiring to his country house at Dunford, he spent his time in perfect contentment in cultivating his land and feeding his pigs. </p><p>He took advantage of this season of leisure to pay another visit to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his absence the <a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1859</a> occurred, when he was returned unopposed for <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Rochdale (UK Parliament constituency)">Rochdale</a>. Lord Palmerston was again prime minister, and having discovered that the advanced liberal party was not so easily "crushed" as he had apprehended, he made overtures of reconciliation, and invited Cobden and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Milner_Gibson" title="Thomas Milner Gibson">Thomas Milner Gibson</a> to become members of his government. In a frank, cordial letter which was delivered to Cobden on his landing in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, Lord Palmerston offered him the role of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>, with a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a>. Many of his friends urgently pressed him to accept but without a moment's hesitation he determined to decline the proposed honour. On his arrival in London he called on Lord Palmerston, and with the utmost frankness told him that he had opposed and denounced him so frequently in public, and that he still differed so widely from his views, especially on questions of foreign policy, that he could not, without doing violence to his own sense of duty and consistency, serve under him as minister. Lord Palmerston tried good-humouredly to combat his objections, but without success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cobden–Chevalier_Treaty"><span id="Cobden.E2.80.93Chevalier_Treaty"></span>Cobden–Chevalier Treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cobden–Chevalier Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Cobden declined to share the responsibility of Lord Palmerston's administration, he was willing to act as its representative in promoting <a href="/wiki/Cobden-Chevalier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobden-Chevalier Treaty">freer commercial intercourse between Britain and France</a>. But the negotiations for this purpose originated with himself in conjunction with Bright and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chevalier" title="Michel Chevalier">Michel Chevalier</a>. Towards the close of 1859 he called upon Lord Palmerston, Lord John Russell and Gladstone, and signified his intention to visit France and get into communication with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III of France</a> and his ministers, with a view to promoting this object. These statesmen expressed in general terms their approval of his purpose, but he went entirely on his own account, clothed at first with no official authority. On his arrival in Paris he had a long audience with Napoleon, in which he urged many arguments in favour of removing those obstacles which prevented the two countries from being brought into closer dependence on one another, and he succeeded in making a considerable impression on his mind in favour of free trade. He then addressed himself to the French ministers, and had much earnest conversation, especially with <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a>, whom he found well inclined to the economical and commercial principles which he advocated. After a good deal of time spent in these preliminary and unofficial negotiations, the question of a treaty of commerce between the two countries having entered into the arena of diplomacy, Cobden was requested by the British government to act as their plenipotentiary in the matter in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellesley,_1st_Earl_Cowley" title="Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley">Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley</a>, their ambassador in France. But it proved a very long and laborious undertaking. He had to contend with the bitter hostility of the French <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionists</a>, which occasioned a good deal of vacillation on the part of the emperor and his ministers. There were also delays, hesitations and cavils at home, which were more inexplicable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Cobden.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Richard_Cobden.gif" decoding="async" width="189" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>He was, moreover, assailed with great violence by a powerful section of the British press, while the large number of minute details with which he had to deal in connection with proposed changes in the French tariff, involved a tax on his patience and industry which would have daunted a less resolute man. But there was one source of embarrassment greater than all the rest. One strong motive which had impelled him to engage in this enterprise was his anxious desire to establish more friendly relations between Britain and France, and to dispel those feelings of mutual jealousy and alarm which were so frequently breaking forth and jeopardizing peace between the two countries. This was the most powerful argument with which he had plied the emperor and the members of the French government, and which he had found most efficacious with them. But while he was in the midst of the negotiations, Lord Palmerston brought forward in the House of Commons a measure for fortifying the naval arsenals of Britain, which he introduced in a warlike speech pointedly directed against France, as the source of danger of invasion and attack, against which it was necessary to guard. This produced irritation and resentment in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and but for the influence which Cobden had acquired, and the perfect trust reposed in his sincerity, the negotiations would probably have been altogether wrecked. At last, however, after nearly twelve months' incessant labour, the work was completed in November 1860. "Rare," said Mr Gladstone, "is the privilege of any man who, having fourteen years ago rendered to his country one signal service, now again, within the same brief span of life, decorated neither by land nor title, bearing no mark to distinguish him from the people he loves, has been permitted to perform another great and memorable service to his sovereign and his country." </p><p>On the conclusion of this work honours were offered to Cobden by the governments of both the countries which he had so greatly benefited. Lord Palmerston offered him a <a href="/wiki/Baronetcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baronetcy">baronetcy</a> and a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy council</a>, and the emperor of the French would gladly have conferred upon him some distinguished mark of his favour. But with characteristic disinterestedness and modesty he declined all such honours. </p><p>Cobden's efforts in furtherance of free trade were always subordinated to what he deemed the highest moral purposes: the promotion of peace on earth and goodwill among men. This was his desire and hope as respects the commercial treaty with France. He was therefore deeply disappointed and distressed to find the old feeling of distrust still actively fomented by the press and some of the leading politicians of the country. In 1862 he published his pamphlet entitled <i>The Three Panics</i>, the object of which was to trace the history and expose the folly of those periodical visitations of alarm as to French designs with which Britain had been afflicted for the preceding fifteen or sixteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> threatened to break out in the United States, Cobden was deeply distressed, but after the conflict became inevitable his sympathies were wholly with the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> because the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> was fighting for <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Immediate_Causes_Which_Induce_and_Justify_the_Secession_of_South_Carolina_from_the_Federal_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union">slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, his great anxiety was that the British nation should not be committed to any unworthy course during the progress of that struggle. When relations with the United States were becoming critical and menacing as a consequence of depredations committed against the United States by aid to the Confederacy from <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners</a> and Confederate <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raider" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce raider">commerce raiders</a> issuing from British ports respectively, actions that would lead to the post-war <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a>, he brought the question before the House of Commons in a series of speeches of rare clearness and force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_and_motivations">Character and motivations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Character and motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cobden was characterised from his early years by energy and sociability, but also particularly by a desire to learn and understand the traits of the world, a characteristic that stayed with him throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley19057_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley19057-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had many friends from many walks of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905938_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905938-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Disraeli">Disraeli</a> commended Cobden on his careful art of avoiding to drive his arguments to an extremity, which was one secret of his singular persuasiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905919_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905919-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cobden may have been disappointed that improvements in material wealth did not bring moral improvements. He wrote towards the end of his life <i>"Nations have not yet learnt to bear prosperity, liberty, and peace. They will learn it in a higher state of civilization. We think we are the models for posterity, when we are little better than beacons to help it to avoid the rocks and quicksands. The world is sadly slow to learn..."</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905945_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905945-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Cobden%27s_Grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richard_Cobden%27s_Grave.JPG/170px-Richard_Cobden%27s_Grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richard_Cobden%27s_Grave.JPG/255px-Richard_Cobden%27s_Grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Richard_Cobden%27s_Grave.JPG/340px-Richard_Cobden%27s_Grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Cobden's grave in <a href="/wiki/West_Lavington,_West_Sussex" title="West Lavington, West Sussex">West Lavington</a> churchyard in <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For several years Cobden was unwell with bronchial irritation and difficulty of breathing. Owing to this he had spent the winter of 1860 in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and every subsequent winter he confined himself to the house, especially in damp and foggy weather. He remained intellectually engaged in seeking international peace and other themes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 April 1865 he died peacefully at his apartments in London. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/West_Lavington,_West_Sussex" title="West Lavington, West Sussex">West Lavington</a> church in <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a> on 7 April. A large funeral procession assembled at <a href="/wiki/Cocking_Causeway" title="Cocking Causeway">Cocking Causeway</a> to process to the church a mile away.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grave was surrounded by a large crowd of mourners, among whom were Gladstone, Bright, Milner Gibson, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pelham_Villiers" title="Charles Pelham Villiers">Charles Villiers</a> and a host besides from all parts of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tributes">Tributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the day after his death Lord Palmerston said "it was not possible for the House to proceed to business without every member recalling to his mind the great loss which the House and country had sustained by the event which took place yesterday morning." <a href="/wiki/Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Disraeli">Disraeli</a> said that the verdict of posterity would be that Cobden was the greatest political character that the pure middle class of this country had yet produced,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that he "was an ornament to the House of Commons and an honour to England."<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the French Corps Législatif, also, the vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Forcade La Roquette</a>, referred to his death, and warm expressions of esteem were repeated and applauded on every side. "The death of Richard Cobden," said M. la Roquette, "is not alone a misfortune for England (UK), but a cause of mourning for France and humanity." <a href="/wiki/Drouyn_de_Lhuys" class="mw-redirect" title="Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_minister_of_foreign_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="French minister of foreign affairs">French minister of foreign affairs</a>, made his death the subject of a special despatch, desiring the French ambassador to express to the government "the mournful sympathy and truly national regret which the death, as lamented as premature, of Richard Cobden had excited on that side of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> ... He is above all", he added, "in our eyes the representative of those sentiments and those cosmopolitan principles before which national frontiers and rivalries disappear; whilst essentially of his country, he was still more of his time; he knew what mutual relations could accomplish in our day for the prosperity of peoples. Cobden, if I may be permitted to say so, was an international man."<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cobden has been called "the greatest <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical-liberal</a> thinker on international affairs" by the libertarian and historian <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Raico" title="Ralph Raico">Ralph Raico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1840, Cobden married Catherine Anne Williams, a Welsh woman. They had five surviving daughters. Of these, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Cobden" title="Jane Cobden">Jane</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> politician, married the publisher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fisher_Unwin" title="Thomas Fisher Unwin">Thomas Fisher Unwin</a> and was known as Mrs Cobden Unwin;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Melicent_Cobden" title="Ellen Melicent Cobden">Ellen</a> was a published writer and the first of the painter <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sickert" title="Walter Sickert">Walter Sickert</a>'s three wives;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Cobden-Sanderson" title="Anne Cobden-Sanderson">Anne</a> married the bookbinder <a href="/wiki/T._J._Cobden-Sanderson" title="T. J. Cobden-Sanderson">T. J. Sanderson</a> and he added her surname to his.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1856, their only son died aged 15 after a short scarlet fever illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905644_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905644-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other children died in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cobden was committed to his family, although his public life was absorbing.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cobden, and what was called "<a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a>" and later identified with <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i>, was subjected to much criticism from the school of British economists who advocated <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a>. However, during much of what remained of the nineteenth century, his success with the free-trade movement was unchallenged, and protectionism came to be heterodox. The <a href="/wiki/Tariff_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff reform">tariff reform</a> movement in Britain started by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> brought new opponents of <a href="/wiki/Manchesterism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchesterism">Manchesterism</a>, and the whole subject once more became controversial. The years of reconstruction following World War II saw a renewed fashion for government intervention in international trade but, starting in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> in the UK (under the influence of Enoch Powell via Keith Joseph) and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the U.S. led a revival of <i>laissez-faire</i> that, as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, holds some sway in mainstream economic thinking. </p><p>Cobden left a deep mark on British history. Although he was not a "scientific economist", many of his ideas and prophecies prefigured arguments and perspectives that would later appear in academic economics. He considered that it was "natural" for Britain to manufacture for the world and exchange for agricultural products of other countries. Modern economists call this <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>. He advocated the repeal of the Corn Laws, which not only made food cheaper, but helped develop industry and benefit labour. He correctly saw that other countries would be unable to compete with Britain in manufacture in the foreseeable future. "We advocate", he said, "nothing but what is agreeable to the highest behests of Christianity – to buy in the cheapest market, and sell in the dearest." After the repeal of the Corn Laws, British manufacturing did see significant productivity rises, while British agriculture ultimately went into decline due to import competition. He perceived that the rest of the world should follow Britain's example: "if you abolish the corn-laws honestly, and adopt free trade in its simplicity, there will not be a tariff in Europe that will not be changed in less than five years" (January 1846). His <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>, which led to the perception among Cobden's rivals that he was a <a href="/wiki/Little_Englander" title="Little Englander">Little Englander</a>" – led him to develop an <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">opposition to colonialism</a>. Cobden also saw the connection between peace and free trade. "Peace will come to earth when the people have more to do with each other and governments less." "The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is – in extending our commercial relations – to have with them as little political connection as possible." </p><p>His biography, <i>Richard Cobden's Life</i> by John Morley, written with the input of contemporaries such as John Bright and Sir Louis Mallet, was published in 1881 (Roberts Brothers: Boston). </p><p>In 1866, the <a href="/wiki/Cobden_Club" title="Cobden Club">Cobden Club</a> was founded to promote "Peace, Free Trade and Goodwill Among Nations". This was due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bayley_Potter" title="Thomas Bayley Potter">Thomas Bayley Potter</a>, Cobden's successor at his Rochdale seat, who wanted an institution which would support Cobden's principles.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 May 1866 the inaugural meeting of the club was held at the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Club" title="Reform Club">Reform Club</a> in London and the first club dinner was held on 21 July 1866 at the Star and Garter Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_London" title="Richmond, London">Richmond</a>, presided over by Gladstone.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club energetically diffused free trade literature for propaganda purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prizes were instituted in Cobdens name at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>'s proposal for Tariff Reform, launched in 1903, reignited the free trade versus protectionism debate in Britain. For the centenary of Cobden's birth 10,000 people assembled at <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a> in London in June 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cobden "symbolized the liberal vision of a peaceful, prosperous global order held together by the benign forces of Free Trade" like no other nineteenth century figure.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addressing the meeting, the Liberal leader Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> said: </p> <blockquote><p>The motive which inspired those who composed the assemblage was twofold. They wished to show their admiration of, and their gratitude towards, a great Englishman whose sympathetic heart, wisdom, intuition, courage and praise-worthy eloquence wrought for them a great deliverance in the days of their fathers. They also wished to declare their adherence to the doctrines which he taught, and their determination that the power of those doctrines should not, God helping them, be impaired. What they owed to him and to themselves was to make it clear in the sight of all men that they meant to hold fast to the heritage which he, perhaps more than any other individual, won for them; and that the fruits of the battle which he waged against tremendous odds should not be lightly wrested from them. They were not there to acclaim Cobden as an inspired prophet, but they saw in him a great citizen, a great statesman, a great patriot, and a great and popular leader... Cobden spent his life in pulling down those artificial restrictions and obstructions which at the present time rash and reckless men were seeking to set up again – obstructions not merely to commerce, but also to peace and good will, and mutual understanding; yes, and obstructions to liberty and good government at home. Those who expressed astonishment that the intelligent workman did not look askance at the manufacturer, Cobden, had overlooked the fact that he gave the people cheap food and abundant employment, and did far more; that he exploded the economic basis of class government and class subjection.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> said in December 1930, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression</a>, that the Conservatives were "a national party of all those who believe that any improvement in the industrial and economic position of this country can only be achieved by cutting loose from the Cobdenism of the last generation and putting this country on what is and must be a protectionist basis".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two weeks later Baldwin attacked the Labour government's handling of the Imperial Conference: "At that Conference the Government had a splendid opportunity of doing something practical to help British industry and to bind the Empire together in a close partnership of trade. They failed to seize this opportunity because the Dominion proposals could not be reconciled with the ancient and obsolete free-trade theories of Cobdenism".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain abandoned free trade in 1932 and adopted a general tariff. In 1932 the former Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a> said there was never a greater mistake than to say that Cobdenism was dead: "Cobdenism was never more alive throughout the world than it was to-day.... To-day the ideas of Cobden were in revolt against selfish nationalism. The need for the breaking down of trade restrictions, which took various forms, was universally recognized even by those who were unable to throw off those shackles".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wrigley_Hirst" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Wrigley Hirst">F. W. Hirst</a> said in 1941, during the Second World War, that Cobden's ideas "stand out in almost complete opposition to the 'gospel' according to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>": </p> <blockquote><p>Cobden's international ideas were based on patriotism and peace, the harmony of classes, reform by constitutional methods, goodwill among men and nations. Cobden... believed in individual liberty and enterprise, in free markets, freedom of opinion and freedom of trade. [His] whole creed was anathema to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. He had no sense of patriotism or love of country. He urged what he called "the proletariat" in all countries to overthrow society by a violent revolution, to destroy the middle classes and all employers of labour, whom he denounced as capitalists and slave drivers. He demanded the confiscation of private property and a new dictatorship, the dictatorship of the proletariat. Just as Cobden interpreted and practised the precepts of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, so <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> interpreted and practised the precepts of Karl Marx. These two great men though dead yet speak. They stand out before the civilised world as protagonists of two systems of political economy, political thought and human society... when this war is over, we in Britain will certainly have to choose whether our Press and Parliament are to be free, whether we are to be a conscript nation, whether private property and savings are to be secured or confiscated, whether we are to be imprisoned without trial; whether we are again to enjoy the right of buying and selling where and how we please – in short whether we are to be ruled as slaves by the bureaucracy of a police state or as free men by our chosen representatives. This conflict will be symbolised and personified by Richard Cobden and Karl Marx.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a>, Labour Foreign Secretary, said on 26 July 1947 that "We cannot go back to the Cobdenite economy".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966 the Labour Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> attacked Philip Snowden for holding the views of "Puritan Cobdenism" which "prevented any expansionist action to relieve unemployment" by the government during the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cobden's great-great-great- grandson, Nick Cobden-Wright, started a campaign to save his former home, Dunford House, <a href="/wiki/Midhurst" title="Midhurst">Midhurst</a> (also home to his daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_Cobden-Sanderson" title="Anne Cobden-Sanderson">Annie</a>, a socialist and <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragette movement">suffragette</a>) from sale in 2019 by its owners, the <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>. It contained her banner 'No Vote No Tax' which she had held at the Downing Street protest. His Cobden Foundation campaign was backed by <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a>'s great-granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Pankhurst" title="Helen Pankhurst">Helen Pankhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The communities of <a href="/wiki/Cobden,_Ontario" title="Cobden, Ontario">Cobden, Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobden,_Illinois" title="Cobden, Illinois">Cobden, Illinois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cobden,_Minnesota" title="Cobden, Minnesota">Cobden, Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobden,_Victoria" title="Cobden, Victoria">Cobden, Victoria</a> in Canada, the U.S. and Australia, respectively, were all named after Richard Cobden. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cob_Stenham" title="Cob Stenham">Cob Stenham</a> was also named after him. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cobden,_New_Zealand" title="Cobden, New Zealand">Cobden</a> in the South Island of New Zealand is named after him. </p><p>Richard Cobden Primary School in <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grade_II_listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade II listed">Grade II listed</a> Cobden Working Mens Club in Kensal Road, <a href="/wiki/North_Kensington" title="North Kensington">North Kensington</a>, London are named after him. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cobden_Bridge" title="Cobden Bridge">Cobden Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> was named after him. </p><p>Cobden Street in <a href="/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalton_in_Furness" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton in Furness">Dalton in Furness</a> Nottingham and <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_Lancashire" title="Nelson, Lancashire">Nelson, Lancashire</a> are all named after him. There is a Cobden Square in Bedford and a Cobden Road in <a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midhurst" title="Midhurst">Midhurst</a>. Next to Cobden Street in Nottingham there is also Bright Street. There are two Cobden Streets in Burnley, Lancashire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In Edinburgh there is a Cobden Street and a Cobden Terrace. </p><p>The Richard Cobden pub in <a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a> is named after him and the Cobden View pub in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> has his face above the door. There was a Richard Cobden pub in <a href="/wiki/Cocking,_West_Sussex" title="Cocking, West Sussex">Cocking, West Sussex</a> which closed and became a private residence in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Richard Cobden pub in <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham, Kent</a> is named after him and later became the subject of the song <i>The Richard Cobden</i> by the UK band <a href="/wiki/Vlks" title="Vlks">Vlks</a>. There is also a pub in Quarry Street, Woolton, Liverpool named The Cobden, with his image on the external sign board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statues">Statues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Statues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bronze statue of Cobden is in St Ann's Square in Manchester (pictured above) and his bust is in Manchester Town Hall. </p><p>There is a statue of him, funded by public subscription (to which <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a> contributed) in the square by <a href="/wiki/Mornington_Crescent_Underground_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Mornington Crescent Underground station">Mornington Crescent Underground station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a>, London. The Cobden pub on Camden High Street is in turn named after the statue. </p><p>The statue of Cobden in <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a> town centre was moved in 2006 as part of an urban regeneration scheme, but is now back in place. </p><p>Inside the <a href="/wiki/Wool_Exchange,_Bradford" title="Wool Exchange, Bradford">Bradford Wool Exchange</a>, West Yorkshire, there is a statue of Cobden.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the Wool Exchange, between the ground floor arches, are carved portraits of notable people, including Cobden (the others are <a href="/wiki/Titus_Salt" title="Titus Salt">Titus Salt</a>, Stephenson, Watt, Arkwright, Jacquard, Gladstone and Palmerston and (facing Bank Street) Raleigh, Drake, Columbus, Cook and Anson). Flanking the porched entrance below the tower are statues of Bishop Blaise, the patron saint of woolcombers, and King Edward III, who greatly promoted the wool trade. </p><p>An obelisk erected in Cobden's memory in 1868 is located at West Lavington in West Sussex. Upon the statue are the words "Free Trade. Peace Goodwill Among Nations".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bust">Bust</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bust of Cobden is located in the west aisle of the north transept of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cobden Press, an American <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> publisher of the 1980s, was named after him, and continues to this day as imprint of the Moorfield Storey Institute. Cobden was named by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a> as a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Cobden_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian Cobden Association (page does not exist)">Hungarian Cobden Association</a> was named after him in 1921. <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley19052-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley19052_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1905">Morley (1905)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hurley-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hurley_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHurley2007" class="citation web cs1">Hurley, Ann (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurleyskidmorehistory.com.au/hurley-and-box-families/the-father-and-mother-of.html">"The Father and Mother of Cobden"</a>. <i>Hurley and Skidmore Family History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurley+and+Skidmore+Family+History&rft.atitle=The+Father+and+Mother+of+Cobden&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurleyskidmorehistory.com.au%2Fhurley-and-box-families%2Fthe-father-and-mother-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley19053-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley19053_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1905">Morley (1905)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley19055-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley19055_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1905">Morley (1905)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilchrist186517-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilchrist186517_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGilchrist1865">McGilchrist (1865)</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209000359/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0503">"Cobden, England, Ireland, and America ToC: The Online Library of Liberty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0503">the original</a> on 9 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cobden%2C+England%2C+Ireland%2C+and+America+ToC%3A+The+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2FHome3%2FBook.php%3FrecordID%3D0503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060627024203/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0504">"Cobden, Russia, 1836 ToC: The Online Library of Liberty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0504">the original</a> on 27 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cobden%2C+Russia%2C+1836+ToC%3A+The+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2FHome3%2FBook.php%3FrecordID%3D0504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/groups-and-centres/modern-british-history-group/cobden-project/cobdens-biography">"Cobden's Biography - Groups and Centres"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cobden%27s+Biography+-+Groups+and+Centres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uea.ac.uk%2Fgroups-and-centres%2Fmodern-british-history-group%2Fcobden-project%2Fcobdens-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStack201747–49-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStack201747–49_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStack2017">Stack (2017)</a>, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asa Briggs, <i>The Making of Modern England 1783–1867: The Age of Improvement</i> (1959) p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1920" class="citation book cs1">West, Julius (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorvictorianwriters.org.uk/hovell/c_history_3.htm"><i>A History of Chartism, III</i></a>. London: Constable and Company. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chartism%2C+III&rft.place=London&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Constable+and+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorvictorianwriters.org.uk%2Fhovell%2Fc_history_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905388–389-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905388–389_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1905">Morley (1905)</a>, pp. 388–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In reference to our proposing these measures, I have no wish to rob any person of the credit which is justly due to him for them. But I may say that neither the gentlemen sitting on the benches opposite, nor myself, nor the gentlemen sitting round me—I say that neither of us are the parties who are strictly entitled to the merit. There has been a combination of parties, and that combination of parties together with the influence of the Government, has led to the ultimate success of the measures. But, Sir, there is a name which ought to be associated with the success of these measures: it is not the name of the noble Lord, the member for London, neither is it my name. Sir, the name which ought to be, and which will be associated with the success of these measures is the name of a man who, acting, I believe, from pure and disinterested motives, has advocated their cause with untiring energy, and by appeals to reason, expressed by an eloquence, the more to be admired because it was unaffected and unadorned—the name which ought to be and will be associated with the success of these measures is the name of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Cobden</a>. Without scruple, Sir, I attribute the success of these measures to him." Morley biography (see refs), p388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Gash, <i>Sir Robert Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel after 1830</i> (1971) pp. 562–615 on repeal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westsussexarchivessociety.webplus.net/page21.html">"Help for RO"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Help+for+RO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwestsussexarchivessociety.webplus.net%2Fpage21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritListedBldgs-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritListedBldgs_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-301880-dunford-house-west-lavington-ymca-dunfor">"Dunford House West Lavington (Ymca) Dunford House, Heyshott"</a>. <i>BritishListedBuildings.co.uk</i>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BritishListedBuildings.co.uk&rft.atitle=Dunford+House+West+Lavington+%28Ymca%29+Dunford+House%2C+Heyshott&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk%2Fen-301880-dunford-house-west-lavington-ymca-dunfor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cobden, Richard <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/nonintervention">[1]</a>, Libertarianism.org, In this essay, Richard Cobden argues that "no foreign State has a right by force to interfere with the domestic concerns of another State.", 1850</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.A. Hobson, <i>Richard Cobden: The International Man</i>, London 1919 p. 90; S. Hobhouse, <i>Joseph Sturge</i>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. Hobson, <i>Richard Cobden: The International Man</i>, London 1919, pp. 87, 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Blackburn, <i>The British Humiliation of Burma</i>, Bangkok 2000 p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Marx, <i>The Eastern Question: A Reprint of Letters Written 1853–1856 Dealing with the Events of the Crimean War</i>, ed. Edward and Eleanor Marx Aveling, New York: Burt Franklin (1968), p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Legends and Lore of Southern Illinois, John W. Allen, 1963, p. 355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060627024251/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0508">"Cobden, the Three Panics: An Historical Episode ToC: The Online Library of Liberty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0508">the original</a> on 27 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cobden%2C+the+Three+Panics%3A+An+Historical+Episode+ToC%3A+The+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2FHome3%2FBook.php%3FrecordID%3D0508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/primary-sources/declaration-causes-seceding-states">"The Declaration of Causes of Seceding States"</a>. 15 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Declaration+of+Causes+of+Seceding+States&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Fprimary-sources%2Fdeclaration-causes-seceding-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley19057-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley19057_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1905">Morley (1905)</a>, pp. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905938-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905938_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1905">Morley (1905)</a>, pp. 938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905919-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905919_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1905">Morley (1905)</a>, pp. 919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to William Hargreaves, 1862. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cobdenletters.org/letter/ecl_1862_01_21_4697?keyword=quicksands">https://www.cobdenletters.org/letter/ecl_1862_01_21_4697?keyword=quicksands</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905945-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905945_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1905">Morley (1905)</a>, pp. 945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cobdenletters.org/letter/ecl_1865_03_20_5603?keyword=">"The Letters of Richard Cobden"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Richard+Cobden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobdenletters.org%2Fletter%2Fecl_1865_03_20_5603%3Fkeyword%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cobdenletters.org/letter/ecl_1865_03_15_5595?keyword=">"The Letters of Richard Cobden"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Richard+Cobden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobdenletters.org%2Fletter%2Fecl_1865_03_15_5595%3Fkeyword%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midhurstsociety.org.uk/history/richard-cobdenand039s-funeral-1865/60/">"Illustrated London News"</a>. Midhurst Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Illustrated+London+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midhurstsociety.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Frichard-cobdenand039s-funeral-1865%2F60%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p367, Supplement to the London Review, &th Jan 1865, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_London_Review_of_Politics_Society_Li/0H9NAAAAYAAJ">https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_London_Review_of_Politics_Society_Li/0H9NAAAAYAAJ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p363, The Ackworth Reading Book, publ Alfred Bennett, 1865 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Ackworth_reading_book_being_selectio/kS8CAAAAQAAJ">https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Ackworth_reading_book_being_selectio/kS8CAAAAQAAJ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/C/COB/richard-cobden.html"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> (Ninth ed.). 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.date=1902&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1902encyclopedia.com%2FC%2FCOB%2Frichard-cobden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Raico" title="Ralph Raico">Raico, Ralph</a> (29 March 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/5088/Neither-the-Wars-Nor-the-Leaders-Were-Great">Neither the Wars Nor the Leaders Were Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. Accessed 22 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweMorgan2006" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Anthony; Morgan, Simon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eqp4Hae4bmUC"><i>Rethinking nineteenth-century liberalism: Richard Cobden bicentenary essays</i></a>. Ashgate. pp. 231, 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5572-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5572-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-5572-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+nineteenth-century+liberalism%3A+Richard+Cobden+bicentenary+essays&rft.pages=231%2C+239&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5572-5&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqp4Hae4bmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempMitchellTrotter2005" class="citation cs2">Kemp, Sandra; Mitchell, Charlotte; Trotter, David (1 January 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198117605.001.0001/acref-9780198117605-e-222">"Cobden, Ellen"</a>, <i>The Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198117605.001.0001%2Facref-9780198117605-e-222">10.1093/acref/9780198117605.001.0001/acref-9780198117605-e-222</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811760-5"><bdi>978-0-19-811760-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Edwardian+Fiction&rft.atitle=Cobden%2C+Ellen&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198117605.001.0001%2Facref-9780198117605-e-222&rft.isbn=978-0-19-811760-5&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Trotter%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198117605.001.0001%2Facref-9780198117605-e-222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hewit.com/sd19-cob.htm">SD19 – Cobden-Sanderson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725032911/http://www.hewit.com/sd19-cob.htm">Archived</a> 25 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley1905644-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley1905644_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1905">Morley (1905)</a>, pp. 644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cobdenletters.org/explanatory-essay/09-family-man">"The Letters of Richard Cobden"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Richard+Cobden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobdenletters.org%2Fexplanatory-essay%2F09-family-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cobdenletters.org/explanatory-essay/09-family-man">"The Letters of Richard Cobden"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Richard+Cobden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobdenletters.org%2Fexplanatory-essay%2F09-family-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[C. J. L. Brock], <i>The History of the Cobden Club. By Members of the Club</i> (London: Cobden-Sanderson, 1939), p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brock, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Howe, <i>Free Trade and Liberal England. 1846–1946</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Trentmann, <i>Free Trade Nation. 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Selected and Reprinted from The Times</i> (London: The Times, 1908), pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (18 December 1930), p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (31 December 1930), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (8 July 1932), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis W. Hirst, <i>Richard Cobden and John Morley. Being the Richard Cobden Lecture for 1941</i> (The Cobden Club, 1941), pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Jewkes, <i>Ordeal by Planning</i> (Macmillan, 1948), p. 112, n. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (13 October 1966), p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2019" class="citation news cs1">Hunt, Marianna (12 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=UKNB&docref=news/17365848D843B73B">"Meet the man trying to open a museum dedicated to his ancestor Richard Cobden"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph / The Sunday Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph+%2F+The+Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Meet+the+man+trying+to+open+a+museum+dedicated+to+his+ancestor+Richard+Cobden&rft.date=2019-05-12&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Marianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fdocument-view%3Fp%3DUKNB%26docref%3Dnews%2F17365848D843B73B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gravelroots.net/history/50.html">"Gravelroots: Old photographs of Cocking"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gravelroots%3A+Old+photographs+of+Cocking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gravelroots.net%2Fhistory%2F50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothwell2006" class="citation book cs1">Rothwell, David (2006). <i>Dictionary of Pub Names</i>. Wordsworth Reference Series. p. 325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Pub+Names&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Reference+Series&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SM-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SM_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8647028/cobdens-statue-interior-of-wool-exchange-bradford-photograph-silver-gelatin-print">"Cobden's Statue, Interior of Wool Exchange, Bradford"</a>. <i>Science Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Museum&rft.atitle=Cobden%27s+Statue%2C+Interior+of+Wool+Exchange%2C+Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk%2Fobjects%2Fco8647028%2Fcobdens-statue-interior-of-wool-exchange-bradford-photograph-silver-gelatin-print&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicsculpturesofsussex.co.uk/object?id=278">"Object Details – Public Sculptures of Sussex Database"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Object+Details+%E2%80%93+Public+Sculptures+of+Sussex+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicsculpturesofsussex.co.uk%2Fobject%3Fid%3D278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Stanley, A.P.</a>, <i>Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey</i> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>; 1882), p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabell2003" class="citation book cs1">Karabell, Zachary (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/81"><i>Parting the Desert: the Creation of the Suez Canal</i></a></span>. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/81">81–82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40883-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40883-0"><bdi>978-0-375-40883-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parting+the+Desert%3A+the+Creation+of+the+Suez+Canal&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-375-40883-0&rft.aulast=Karabell&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartingdesertcre00kara%2Fpage%2F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tti.abtk.hu/images/kiadvanyok/folyoiratok/tsz/tsz1976_3/l.%20nagy.pdf">https://tti.abtk.hu/images/kiadvanyok/folyoiratok/tsz/tsz1976_3/l.%20nagy.pdf</a> Retrieved: 2024.01.08</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGilchrist1865" class="citation book cs1">McGilchrist, John (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardcobdenapo00mcgi"><i>Richard Cobden. The Apostle of Free Trade</i></a>. Harper & Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Cobden.+The+Apostle+of+Free+Trade&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=McGilchrist&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardcobdenapo00mcgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1905" class="citation cs2">Morley, John (1905), <i>The Life of Richard Cobden</i>, T. Fisher Unwin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Richard+Cobden&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2017" class="citation cs2">Stack, David (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gokDwAAQBAJ">"Phrenological Friends"</a>, in Howe, Anthony; Morgan, Simon (eds.), <i>Rethinking Nineteenth-Century Liberalism: Richard Cobden Bicentenary Essays</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-35190-361-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-35190-361-5"><bdi>978-1-35190-361-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phrenological+Friends&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Nineteenth-Century+Liberalism%3A+Richard+Cobden+Bicentenary+Essays&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-35190-361-5&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1gokDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: 1878 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brady, John M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Cobden, Richard (1804–1865)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n49">10.4135/9781412965811.n49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobden%2C+Richard+%281804%E2%80%931865%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n49&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Briggs, Asa. "Cobden and Bright" <i>History Today</i> (Aug 1957) 7#8 pp 496–503.</li> <li>Brock, Christopher J.L. & Jackson, Sir Gilbert H.B. (1939). <i>A History of the Cobden Club. By Members of the Club</i>. London: Cobden-Sanderson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1063131060">1063131060</a>.</li> <li>Edsall, Nicholas C. (2014). <i>Richard Cobden, Independent Radical</i>. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674330801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674330801">978-0674330801</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1041898771">1041898771</a>.</li> <li>Hinde, Wendy (1987). <i>Richard Cobden: A Victorian Outsider</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300038804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300038804">978-0300038804</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/807249975">807249975</a>.</li> <li>Hirst, Francis W. (1941). <i>Richard Cobden and John Morley. Being the Richard Cobden Lecture for 1941</i>. The Cobden Club</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Howe_(historian)" title="Anthony Howe (historian)">Howe, Anthony</a> (1997). <i>Free Trade and Liberal England. 1846–1946</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press</li> <li>Jewkes, John (1948). <i>Ordeal by Planning</i>. Macmillan</li> <li>López, Rosario (2015). "Richard Cobden's European Tour: Three Unpublished Essays on Spain, Venice and Russia." <i>History of European Ideas</i> 41, no. 7. 948–965</li> <li>López, Rosario (2017). "Richard Cobden as a Middle-Class Hero: Public Speaking and Political Debate in Victorian Britain". <i>Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory</i> 20, no. 1. 49–67</li> <li>McCord, Norman (1958). <i>The Anti-Corn Law League: 1838–1846</i></li> <li>Pickering, Paul A. and Alex Tyrell (2001). <i>The People's Bread: a History of the Anti-Corn Law League</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing</li> <li>Trentmann, Frank (2008). <i>Free Trade Nation. Commerce, Consumption, and Civil Society in Modern Britain</i>. Oxford University Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">Loades, David Michael</a>, ed. (2003). <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i>. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 283–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579584276" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579584276"><bdi>978-1579584276</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51511190">51511190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+British+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=283-284&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51511190&rft.isbn=978-1579584276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cobden&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Richard_Cobden" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Cobden" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-richard-cobden">contributions in Parliament by Richard Cobden</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007681982">The Life of Richard Cobden</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn">John Morley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Cobden%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richard%20Cobden%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cobden%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richard%20Cobden%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cobden%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Richard%20Cobden%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cobden%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richard%20Cobden%22%29%20OR%20%28%221804-1865%22%20AND%20Cobden%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Richard Cobden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uea.ac.uk/his/research/projects/cobden/">The Cobden Letters Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051026080840/http://www.uea.ac.uk/his/research/projects/cobden/">Archived</a> 26 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F58013">"Archival material relating to Richard Cobden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Richard+Cobden&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF58013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333072#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risksandrewards.org.uk/source_113.html">Portrait of Cobden on the Baring Archive Moscow Railway sources page</a></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cobden,_Richard" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cobden, Richard">Cobden, Richard</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 607–611.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobden%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=607-611&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Cobden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003361">Newspaper clippings about Richard Cobden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marsland" title="Thomas Marsland">Thomas Marsland</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marsland" title="Henry Marsland">Henry Marsland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stockport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockport (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockport</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a>–1847 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marsland" title="Henry Marsland">Henry Marsland</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Heald" title="James Heald">James Heald</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/James_Kershaw" title="James Kershaw">James Kershaw</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Howard,_7th_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle">Viscount Morpeth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Beckett,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Edmund Beckett, 4th Baronet">Edmund Beckett Denison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">West Riding of Yorkshire</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a> – <a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">1857</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/George_Howard,_7th_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle">Viscount Morpeth</a> to 1848<br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Beckett,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Edmund Beckett, 4th Baronet">Edmund Beckett Denison</a> from 1848 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Viscount Goderich</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Beckett,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Edmund Beckett, 4th Baronet">Edmund Beckett Denison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Ramsay,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Alexander Ramsay, 3rd Baronet">Alexander Ramsay</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Rochdale (UK Parliament constituency)">Rochdale</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a>–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bayley_Potter" title="Thomas Bayley Potter">Thomas Potter</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333072#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333072#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333072#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119230011">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79040052">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123422224">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123422224">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00547595">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cobden, Richard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV107961">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35029229">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2010597128&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1449914">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070404623">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90721291">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=234846">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpplzt4hhntqk">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810609915405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/1855">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277751005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515168806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14351088">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14112232">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01427306?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/802471">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119230011.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119230011">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032381573">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61c20rj">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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{\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-ldj69","timestamp":"20241125134102","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Richard Cobden","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Cobden","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q333072","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q333072","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-15T20:59:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T00:22:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/70\/Hon._Richard_Corden%2C_M.P_-_NARA_-_528678.jpg","headline":"British Radical and Liberal statesman and manufacturer (1804-1865)"}</script> </body> </html>