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id="toc-Etymology_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate_on_the_term_and_its_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_on_the_term_and_its_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Debate on the term and its limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_on_the_term_and_its_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrational_fear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrational_fear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Irrational fear </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrational_fear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Origins and causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins and causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 History of the term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increase_in_Islamophobia_during_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_in_Islamophobia_during_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Increase in Islamophobia during 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_in_Islamophobia_during_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrasting_views_on_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrasting_views_on_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Contrasting views on Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrasting_views_on_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Identity politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_to_ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_to_ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Links to ideologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_to_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_multiculturalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_multiculturalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Opposition to multiculturalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_multiculturalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Manifestations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manifestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Manifestations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Movies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internalized_Islamophobia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internalized_Islamophobia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Internalized Islamophobia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internalized_Islamophobia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Trends </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trends subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-Islamic_hate_crimes_data_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Islamic_hate_crimes_data_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Anti-Islamic hate crimes data in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Islamic_hate_crimes_data_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Islamic_hate_crimes_in_the_European_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Islamic_hate_crimes_in_the_European_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Anti-Islamic hate crimes in the European countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Islamic_hate_crimes_in_the_European_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_Islamophobia_and_its_correlates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_Islamophobia_and_its_correlates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Research on Islamophobia and its correlates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_on_Islamophobia_and_its_correlates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Regional trends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-Muslim_sentiment_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Muslim_sentiment_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Anti-Muslim sentiment in Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Muslim_sentiment_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Muslim_sentiment_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Muslim_sentiment_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Anti-Muslim sentiment elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Muslim_sentiment_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countering_Islamophobia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countering_Islamophobia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Countering Islamophobia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countering_Islamophobia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Countering Islamophobia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Countering_Islamophobia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Islamophobia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobie" title="Islamofobie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Islamofobie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="رهاب الإسلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رهاب الإسلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slamofobiya" title="İslamofobiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslamofobiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7" title="ইসলামবিদ্বেষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামবিদ্বেষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ісламафобія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісламафобія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антыісламізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антыісламізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ислямофобия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ислямофобия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobija" title="Islamofobija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Islamofobija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamof%C3%B2bia" title="Islamofòbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Islamofòbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobie" title="Islamofobie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islamofobie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamoffobia" title="Islamoffobia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Islamoffobia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobi" title="Islamofobi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Islamofobi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamfeindlichkeit" title="Islamfeindlichkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islamfeindlichkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofoobia" title="Islamofoobia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Islamofoobia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισλαμοφοβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισλαμοφοβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobio" title="Islamofobio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islamofobio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اسلام‌هراسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام‌هراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobie" title="Islamophobie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islamophobie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioslamaf%C3%B3ibe" title="Ioslamafóibe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ioslamafóibe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C_%EA%B3%B5%ED%8F%AC%EC%A6%9D" title="이슬람 공포증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슬람 공포증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իսլամաֆոբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսլամաֆոբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्लामोफ़ोबिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लामोफ़ोबिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAslimahatur" title="Múslimahatur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Múslimahatur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="אסלאמופוביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסלאמופוביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ისლამოფობია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისლამოფობია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исламофобия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Исламофобия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eslamofob%C3%AE" title="Îslamofobî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îslamofobî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Islamophobia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C4%81mfobija" title="Islāmfobija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islāmfobija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobija" title="Islamofobija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Islamofobija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iszlamof%C3%B3bia" title="Iszlamofóbia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iszlamofóbia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഇസ്ലാമോഫോബിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്ലാമോഫോബിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्लामोफोबिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्लामोफोबिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اسلاموفوبيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسلاموفوبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobie" title="Islamofobie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islamofobie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E7%97%87" title="イスラム恐怖症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラム恐怖症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobi" title="Islamofobi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Islamofobi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobi" title="Islamofobi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Islamofobi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islomofobiya" title="Islomofobiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Islomofobiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਇਸਲਾਮੋਫ਼ੋਬੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਲਾਮੋਫ਼ੋਬੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اسلاموفوبيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسلاموفوبيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobie" title="Islamofobie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islamofobie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исламофобия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исламофобия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඉස්ලාම් භීතිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්ලාම් භීතිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islamophobia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamof%C3%B3bia" title="Islamofóbia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Islamofóbia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaamofoobiya" title="Islaamofoobiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Islaamofoobiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%86%D9%81%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیسلامۆفۆبیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیسلامۆفۆبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobija" title="Islamofobija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Islamofobija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobija" title="Islamofobija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Islamofobija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islamofobia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofobi" title="Islamofobi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Islamofobi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="இஸ்லாமிய வெறுப்பு மனநிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இஸ்லாமிய வெறுப்பு மனநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఇస్లామోఫోబియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇస్లామోఫోబియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="อาการกลัวอิสลาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาการกลัวอิสลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slamofobi" title="İslamofobi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslamofobi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ісламофобія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісламофобія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسلاموفوبیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسلاموفوبیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%86%DB%95%D9%BE%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ئىسلام نەپىرەتچىلىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسلام نەپىرەتچىلىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0i_H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Bài Hồi giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bài Hồi giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" title="伊斯兰恐惧症 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊斯兰恐惧症" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" title="伊斯兰恐惧症 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯兰恐惧症" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q486296#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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For the historic persecution of Muslims, see <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamophobia" title="Category:Islamophobia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamophobia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:1em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:No-mosque.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No mosque"><img alt="No mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/No-mosque.svg/100px-No-mosque.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/No-mosque.svg/150px-No-mosque.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/No-mosque.svg/200px-No-mosque.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_while_Muslim" title="Flying while Muslim">Airport profiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_racial_profiling_in_the_United_States" title="Airport racial profiling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conspiracy theories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal-related</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijabophobia" title="Hijabophobia">Hijabophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_rag_tax" title="Head rag tax">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_scarf_controversy_in_France" title="Islamic scarf controversy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Karnataka_hijab_row" title="2022 Karnataka hijab row">Karnataka, India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_media" title="Islamophobia in the media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_immigration_ban" title="Muslim immigration ban">Muslim immigration bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_desecration" title="Quran desecration">Quran desecration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Status by country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Australia" title="Islamophobia in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia–Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Canada" title="Islamophobia in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_France" title="Islamophobia in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Germany" title="Islamophobia in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">India</a></li> <li>Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Italy" title="Islamophobia in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_in_Myanmar" title="Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Norway" title="Islamophobia in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Poland" title="Islamophobia in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamophobia_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamophobia in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Исламофобия в России">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Sweden" title="Islamophobia in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamophobia in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Arabs_and_Muslims_in_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">Attacks on mosques: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hidaya_Mosque_massacre" title="Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre">Al-Hidaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Al-Nurayn_Mosque_attack" title="2011 Al-Nurayn Mosque attack">Al-Nurayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6rum_mosque_shooting" title="Bærum mosque shooting">Bærum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_clashes" title="Banya Bashi Mosque clashes">Banya Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonne_mosque_shooting" title="Bayonne mosque shooting">Bayonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Maqadma_Mosque_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque missile strike">Beit Lahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Al-Farooq_Islamic_Center" title="Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center">Bloomington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Corsican_protests" title="2015 Corsican protests">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escondido_mosque_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Escondido mosque fire">Escondido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondar_funeral_attack" title="Gondar funeral attack">Gondar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Masjid_blast" title="Mecca Masjid blast">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Maqadma_Mosque_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque missile strike">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattankudy_mosque_massacre" title="Kattankudy mosque massacre">Kattankudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manili_massacre" title="Manili massacre">Manili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malegaon_bombings" title="2006 Malegaon bombings">Malegaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Mosque#Attacks" title="Malmö Mosque">Malmö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Malm%C3%B6_shootings" title="2009–10 Malmö shootings">2009–10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimbang_massacre" title="Palimbang massacre">Palimbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_mosque_shooting" title="Quebec City mosque shooting">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_mosque_arson_attacks_in_Sweden" title="2014 mosque arson attacks in Sweden">Sweden (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Islamic_center_shooting" title="Zürich Islamic center shooting">Zürich</a></li> <li>Planned attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Jewish_Defense_League_plot_in_California" title="2001 Jewish Defense League plot in California">California (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_mosque_attacks_plot" title="Singapore mosque attacks plot">Singapore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> Genocide: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechen and Ingush</a> / <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_allegation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian genocide allegation">Palestinian genocide allegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div> Massacres, torture, expulsion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib (2000s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians (1912–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_Assam_violence" title="May 2014 Assam violence">Assam (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Ayyadieh (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad (1258)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossempt%C3%A9l%C3%A9_massacre" title="Bossemptélé massacre">Bossemptélé (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovica_massacre" title="Bukovica massacre">Bukovica (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Beirut_bus_massacre" title="1975 Beirut bus massacre">Beirut (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Boyo_killings" title="2021 Boyo killings">Boyo (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada (1482–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">Gujarat (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_massacre" title="Guangzhou massacre">Guangzhou (878–79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmanli_massacre" title="Harmanli massacre">Harmanli (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878">İşkodra and Niş (1877–78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War#Japanese_atrocities_committed_against_Hui_Muslims" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Japan (1937–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem (1099)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">Karantina (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulen_Vakuf_massacre" title="Kulen Vakuf massacre">Kulen Vakuf (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasithi_massacres" title="Lasithi massacres">Lasithi (1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_by_Meccans" title="Persecution of Muslims by Meccans">Mecca (600s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Moriscos (1609)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rohingya_refugee_crisis" title="2015 Rohingya refugee crisis">Myanmar (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_massacre" title="Nellie massacre">Nellie (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">Northern Sri Lanka (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">Norway (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961" title="Paris massacre of 1961">Paris (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Sohmor_massacre" title="1984 Sohmor massacre">Sohmor (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Spain (1500–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo (2000)</a></li></ul> </div> Other incidents: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almondbury_Community_School_bullying_incident" title="Almondbury Community School bullying incident">Almondbury bullying incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendigo_mosque_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendigo mosque protests">Bendigo mosque protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulli_Bai_case" title="Bulli Bai case">Bulli Bai case</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sulli_Deals" title="Sulli Deals">Sulli Deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">CAA, 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018">Erklärung 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_imams_incident" title="Flying imams incident">Flying imams incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Klein%27s_2006_radio_experiment" title="Jerry Klein's 2006 radio experiment">Jerry Klein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_hate_speeches" title="Haridwar hate speeches">Haridwar hate speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Terror_(graphic_novel)" title="Holy Terror (graphic novel)">Holy Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Innocence of Muslims">Innocence of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Jyllands-Posten cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathua_rape_case" title="Kathua rape case">Kathua rape case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Massacre_(video_game)" title="Muslim Massacre (video game)">Muslim Massacre (video game)</a></li> <li>Quran desecrations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Quran_desecration_controversy" title="2005 Quran desecration controversy">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dove_World_Outreach_Center_Quran-burning_controversy" title="Dove World Outreach Center Quran-burning controversy">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_by_Westboro_Baptist_Church#2010s" title="Protests by Westboro Baptist Church">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Paludan#Quran_incidents" title="Rasmus Paludan">2019–23</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_Strong" title="Serbia Strong">Serbia Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Swiss_minaret_referendum" title="2009 Swiss minaret referendum">Swiss minaret ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan Horse affair">Trojan Horse affair</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_media" title="Islamophobia in the media">Media</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Document.no" title="Document.no">Document.no</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia" title="OpIndia">OpIndia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiIslam" title="WikiIslam">WikiIslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Journal">Brussels Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Vienna" title="Gates of Vienna">Gates of Vienna</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations" title="Council on American–Islamic Relations">CAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Against_Islamophobia_and_Racism" title="Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism">Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_Watch" title="Islamophobia Watch">Islamophobia Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_American_Society" title="Muslim American Society">Muslim American Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_Condemn" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims Condemn">Muslims Condemn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_MAMA" title="Tell MAMA">Tell MAMA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Islamophobia is the irrational fear of, hostility towards, or hatred against the <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Islamophobia is primarily a form of religious or cultural bigotry;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and people who harbour such sentiments often stereotype Muslims as a geopolitical threat or a source of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003166-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-egorova-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew3-9">[9]</a> Muslims, with diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, are often inaccurately portrayed by Islamophobes as a single homogenous racial group.<a href="#cite_note-becker23-10">[10]</a> The causes of increase in Islamophobia across the world since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> are many. These include the quasi-racialist stereotypes against Muslims that proliferated through the Western media since the 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003164-168-11">[11]</a> the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>" campaign launched by the United States after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the Iraq War">aftermath of the Iraq War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> terrorist attacks carried out by <a href="/wiki/Islamist_militant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist militant">Islamist militants</a> in the United States and Europe, anti-Muslim rhetoric disseminated by <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalist</a> organizations through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and the radicalization of <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalist</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and far-right groups with growing hostility towards <a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims in the United States">Muslims in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims in the European Union">the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A study conducted in 2013 revealed that Muslim women, especially those wearing headscarves or face veils, are more vulnerable to suffer from Islamophobic attacks than Muslim men.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Due to the racialized nature of Islamophobic discrimination and attacks suffered by numerous Muslims in their daily lives, several scholars have asserted that Islamophobia has explicit <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> On 15 March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted a resolution by consensus which was introduced by Pakistan on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> that proclaimed March 15 as '<a href="/wiki/International_Day_to_Combat_Islamophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Day to Combat Islamophobia">International Day to Combat Islamophobia</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The exact definition of the term "Islamophobia" has been a subject of debate amongst Western analysts. Detractors of the term have proposed alternative terms, such as "anti-Muslim", to denote prejudice or discrimination against Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2014377-25">[25]</a> It has been alleged, often by <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> commentators,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> that the term is sometimes used to avoid <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">criticism of Islam</a>, by removing the distinction between racism and criticism of religious doctrine or practice.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2014377-25">[25]</a> However, academics, activists and experts who support the terminology have denounced such characterizations as attempts to deny the existence of Islamophobia.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2></div> There are a number of other possible terms which are also used in order to refer to negative feelings and attitudes towards Islam and Muslims, such as anti-Muslimism, intolerance against Muslims, anti-Muslim prejudice, anti-Muslim bigotry, hatred of Muslims, anti-Islamism, Muslimophobia, demonisation of Islam, or demonisation of Muslims. In German, Islamophobie (fear) and Islamfeindlichkeit (hostility) are used. The Scandinavian term Muslimhat literally means "hatred of Muslims".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> When discrimination towards Muslims has placed an emphasis on their religious affiliation and adherence, it has been termed Muslimphobia, the alternative form of Muslimophobia,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Islamophobism,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> antimuslimness and antimuslimism.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Individuals who discriminate against Muslims in general have been termed Islamophobes, Islamophobists,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> anti-Muslimists,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> antimuslimists,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> islamophobiacs,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> anti-Muhammadan,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Muslimphobes or its alternative spelling of Muslimophobes,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> while individuals motivated by a specific anti-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_agenda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslim agenda (page does not exist)">Muslim agenda</a> or bigotry have been described as being anti-mosque,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> anti-Shiites<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> (or Shiaphobes<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>), anti-Sufism<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> (or Sufi-phobia)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and anti-Sunni (or Sunniphobes).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definitions">Etymology and definitions</h2></div> The word Islamophobia is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> formed from Islam and -phobia, a Greek <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> used in English to form "nouns with the sense 'fear of – – ', 'aversion to – – '."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, the word means "Intense dislike or fear of Islam, esp. as a political force; hostility or prejudice towards Muslims". It is <a href="/wiki/Attested_language" title="Attested language">attested</a> in English as early as 1923<a href="#cite_note-OED-54">[54]</a> to quote the French word islamophobie, found in a thesis published by Alain Quellien in 1910 to describe "a prejudice against Islam that is widespread among the peoples of Western and <a href="/wiki/Christian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian civilization">Christian civilization</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[55]</a> The expression did not immediately turn into the vocabulary of the English-speaking world though, which preferred the expression "feelings inimical to Islam", until its re-appearance in an article by Georges Chahati Anawati in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The term did not exist in the Muslim world,<a href="#cite_note-57">[a]</a> and was later translated in the 1990s as ruhāb al-islām (رُهاب الإسلام) in Arabic, literally "phobia of Islam".<a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamophobia_Research_%26_Documentation_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamophobia Research & Documentation Project (page does not exist)">Islamophobia Research & Documentation Project</a> suggested this working definition: "Islamophobia is a contrived fear or prejudice fomented by the existing Eurocentric and Orientalist global power structure. It is directed at a perceived or real Muslim threat through the maintenance and extension of existing disparities in economic, political, social and cultural relations, while rationalizing the necessity to deploy violence as a tool to achieve 'civilizational rehab' of the target communities (Muslim or otherwise). Islamophobia reintroduces and reaffirms a global racial structure through which resource distribution disparities are maintained and extended."<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_on_the_term_and_its_limitations">Debate on the term and its limitations</h3></div> In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Runnymede_Trust" title="Runnymede Trust">Runnymede Trust</a> established the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia (CBMI), chaired by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Conway" title="Gordon Conway">Gordon Conway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vice-chancellor_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-chancellor (education)">vice-chancellor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a>. The Commission's report, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, was published in November 1997 by the Home Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a>. In the Runnymede report, Islamophobia was defined as "an outlook or world-view involving an unfounded dread and dislike of Muslims, which results in practices of exclusion and discrimination."<a href="#cite_note-:5-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoRE215-60">[59]</a> The introduction of the term was justified by the report's assessment that "anti-Muslim prejudice has grown so considerably and so rapidly in recent years that a new item in the vocabulary is needed".<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-59">[58]</a> In 2008, a workshop on 'Thinking Thru Islamophobia' was held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, organized by the Centre for Ethnicity and Racism Studies, the participants included S. Sayyid, Abdoolkarim Vakil, <a href="/wiki/Liz_Fekete" title="Liz Fekete">Liz Fekete</a>, and Gabrielle Maranci among others. The symposium proposed a definition of Islamophobia which rejected the idea of Islamophobia as being the product of closed and open views of Islam and focused on Islamophobia as performative which problematized Muslim agency and identity. The symposium was an early attempt to bring insights from <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial">postcolonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">decolonial</a> thought to bear on the question of Islamophobia.<a href="#cite_note-Sayyid&Vakil-62">[61]</a> At a 2009 symposium on "Islamophobia and Religious Discrimination", Robin Richardson, a former director of the Runnymede Trust<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] and the editor of Islamophobia: a challenge for us all,<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> said that "the disadvantages of the term Islamophobia are significant" on seven different grounds, including that it implies it is merely a "severe mental illness" affecting "only a tiny minority of people"; that use of the term makes those to whom it is applied "defensive and defiant" and absolves the user of "the responsibility of trying to understand them" or trying to change their views; that it implies that hostility to Muslims is divorced from factors such as skin color, immigrant status, fear of fundamentalism, or political or economic conflicts; that it conflates prejudice against Muslims in one's own country with dislike of Muslims in countries with which the West is in conflict; that it fails to distinguish between people who are against all religion from people who dislike Islam specifically; and that the actual issue being described is hostility to Muslims, "an ethno-religious identity within European countries", rather than hostility to Islam. Nonetheless, he argued that the term is here to stay, and that it is important to define it precisely.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson2009-65">[64]</a> The exact definition of Islamophobia continues to be discussed, with academics such as <a href="/wiki/Chris_Allen_(academic)" title="Chris Allen (academic)">Chris Allen</a> saying that it lacks a clear definition.<a href="#cite_note-termlimits-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> According to Erik Bleich, in his article "Defining and Researching Islamophobia", even when definitions are more specific, there is still significant variation in the precise formulations of Islamophobia. As with parallel concepts like homophobia or xenophobia, Islamophobia connotes a broader set of negative attitudes or emotions directed at individuals of groups because of perceived membership in a defined category.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mattias_Gardell" title="Mattias Gardell">Mattias Gardell</a> defined Islamophobia as "socially reproduced prejudices and aversion to Islam and Muslims, as well as actions and practices that attack, exclude or discriminate against persons on the basis that they are or perceived to be Muslim and be associated with Islam".<a href="#cite_note-levandedefinitioner-70">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IV%C4%8CRN_14-03-2015_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IV%C4%8CRN_14-03-2015_2.JPG/220px-IV%C4%8CRN_14-03-2015_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IV%C4%8CRN_14-03-2015_2.JPG/330px-IV%C4%8CRN_14-03-2015_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IV%C4%8CRN_14-03-2015_2.JPG/440px-IV%C4%8CRN_14-03-2015_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Speaker at a demonstration of the initiative <a href="/wiki/We_do_not_want_Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="We do not want Islam in the Czech Republic">We do not want Islam in the Czech Republic</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrational_fear">Irrational fear</h3></div> As opposed to being a psychological or individualistic phobia, according to professors of religion Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, "Islamophobia" connotes a <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">social anxiety</a> about Islam and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Some social scientists have adopted this definition and developed instruments to measure Islamophobia in form of fearful attitudes towards, and avoidance of, Muslims and Islam,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-kunst2012b-74">[73]</a> arguing that Islamophobia should "essentially be understood as an affective part of <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> towards Islam and Muslims, namely fear".<a href="#cite_note-kunst2012b-74">[73]</a>: 2  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism">Racism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></div> Several scholars consider Islamophobia to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>. A 2007 article in Journal of Sociology defines Islamophobia as anti-Muslim racism and a continuation of anti-<a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Turkism">anti-Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arabism">anti-Arab</a> racism.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In their books, <a href="/wiki/Deepa_Kumar" title="Deepa Kumar">Deepa Kumar</a> and Junaid Rana have argued that formation of Islamophobic discourses has paralleled the development of other forms of racial bigotry.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/John_Denham_(politician)" title="John Denham (politician)">John Denham</a> has drawn parallels between modern Islamophobia and the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> of the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> as have <a href="/wiki/Maud_Olofsson" title="Maud Olofsson">Maud Olofsson</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hj%C3%A4rpe" title="Jan Hjärpe">Jan Hjärpe</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Others have questioned the relationship between Islamophobia and racism. Jocelyne Cesari writes that "academics are still debating the legitimacy of the term and questioning how it differs from other terms such as racism, anti-Islamism, anti-Muslimness, and anti-Semitism."<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-cesariA-85">[84]</a> Erdenir finds that "there is no consensus on the scope and content of the term and its relationship with concepts such as racism ..."<a href="#cite_note-Triandafyllidou-86">[85]</a> and Shryock, reviewing the use of the term across national boundaries, comes to the same conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-ShryockA-87">[86]</a> Some scholars view Islamophobia and racism as partially overlapping phenomena. Diane Frost defines Islamophobia as anti-Muslim feeling and violence based on "race" or religion.<a href="#cite_note-DianeFrost-88">[87]</a> Islamophobia may also target people who have Muslim names, or have a look that is associated with Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-levandehistoria-89">[88]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Alan Johnson</a>, Islamophobia sometimes can be nothing more than xenophobia or racism "wrapped in religious terms".<a href="#cite_note-Johnson20110306-90">[89]</a> Sociologists Yasmin Hussain and Paul Bagguley stated that racism and Islamophobia are "analytically distinct", but "empirically inter-related".<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">European Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a> (ECRI) defines Islamophobia as "the fear of or prejudiced viewpoint towards Islam, Muslims and matters pertaining to them", adding that whether "it takes the shape of daily forms of racism and discrimination or more violent forms, Islamophobia is a violation of human rights and a threat to social cohesion".<a href="#cite_note-levandedefinitioner-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_causes">Origins and causes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</h3></div> One early use cited as the term's first use is by the painter <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Dinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Dinet">Alphonse Étienne Dinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> intellectual Sliman ben Ibrahim in their 1918 biography of Islam's prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen2010pp5-6-93">[92]</a> Writing in French, they used the term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/islamophobie#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:islamophobie">islamophobie</a>. Robin Richardson writes that in the English version of the book the word was not translated as "Islamophobia" but rather as "feelings inimical to Islam". Dahou Ezzerhouni has cited several other uses in French as early as 1910, and from 1912 to 1918.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> These early uses of the term did not, according to <a href="/wiki/Chris_Allen_(academic)" title="Chris Allen (academic)">Christopher Allen</a>, have the same meaning as in contemporary usage, as they described a fear of Islam by <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">liberal Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Muslim feminists</a>, rather than a fear or dislike/hatred of Muslims by non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Allen2010pp5-6-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen2007-95">[94]</a> On the other hand, Fernando Bravo López argues that Dinet and ibn Sliman's use of the term was as a criticism of overly hostile attitudes to Islam by a Belgian orientalist, Henri Lammens, whose project they saw as a "'pseudo-scientific crusade in the hope of bringing Islam down once and for all.'" He also notes that an early definition of Islamophobia appears in the 1910 Ph.D. thesis of Alain Quellien, a French colonial bureaucrat: <blockquote>For some, the Muslim is the natural and irreconcilable enemy of the Christian and the European; Islam is the negation of civilization, and barbarism, bad faith and cruelty are the best one can expect from the Mohammedans.</blockquote> Furthermore, he notes that Quellien's work draws heavily on the work of the French colonial department's 1902–06 administrator, who published a work in 1906, which to a great extent mirrors <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a>'s The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The first recorded use of the term in English, according to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, was in 1923 in an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Theological_Studies" title="The Journal of Theological Studies">The Journal of Theological Studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OED-54">[54]</a> The term entered into common usage with the publication of the Runnymede Trust's report in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> "Kofi Annan asserted at a 2004 conference entitled "Confronting Islamophobia" that the word Islamophobia had to be coined in order to "take account of increasingly widespread bigotry".<a href="#cite_note-Annan-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increase_in_Islamophobia_during_1990s">Increase in Islamophobia during 1990s</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> in the 1990s, far-right Serbian Orthodox Christian militants who were heavily indoctrinated with Islamophobic sentiments, perpetrated a genocide against <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniak Muslims</a>. Since 1989, Serbian leader <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> publicly disseminated Islamophobic rhetoric throughout <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, inciting <a href="/wiki/Far_right_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right in Serbia">Serbian far-right</a> militants to massacre Bosniak Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The stereotyping of Bosniak Muslims as a hostile force threatening Europe with "terrorism" in Serbian propaganda was closely linked to the rise of Islamophobic narratives in <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="European politics">European political</a> discourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003164,_165-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrasting_views_on_Islam">Contrasting views on Islam</h3></div> The Runnymede report contrasted "open" and "closed" views of Islam, and stated that the following "closed" views are equated with Islamophobia:<a href="#cite_note-Runnymede1997-103">[102]</a> <dl><dd><ol><li>Islam is seen as a monolithic bloc, static and unresponsive to change.</li> <li>It is seen as separate and "other". It does not have values in common with other cultures, is not affected by them and does not influence them.</li> <li>It is seen as inferior to the West. It is seen as barbaric, irrational, primitive, and <a href="/wiki/Sexist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist">sexist</a>.</li> <li>It is seen as violent, aggressive, threatening, supportive of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, and engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Clash of civilizations">clash of civilizations</a>.</li> <li>It is seen as a political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, used for political or military advantage.</li> <li>Criticisms made of "the West" by Muslims are rejected out of hand.</li> <li>Hostility towards Islam is used to justify discriminatory practices towards Muslims and exclusion of Muslims from mainstream society.</li> <li>Anti-Muslim hostility is seen as natural and normal.</li></ol></dd></dl> These "closed" views are contrasted, in the report, with "open" views on Islam which, while founded on respect for Islam, permit legitimate disagreement, dialogue and critique.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennJawad2003162-104">[103]</a> According to Benn and Jawad, The Runnymede Trust notes that anti-Muslim discourse is increasingly seen as respectable, providing examples on how hostility towards Islam and Muslims is accepted as normal, even among those who may actively challenge other prevalent forms of discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennJawad2003165-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity_politics">Identity politics</h3></div> It has been suggested that Islamophobia is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a>, and gives its adherents the perceived benefit of constructing their identity in opposition to a negative, essentialized image of Muslims. This occurs in the form of self-righteousness, assignment of blame and key identity markers.<a href="#cite_note-doving1-106">[105]</a> Davina Bhandar writes that:<a href="#cite_note-Bhandar-107">[106]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[...] the term 'cultural' has become synonymous with the category of the ethnic or minority [...]. It views culture as an entity that is highly abstracted from the practices of daily life and therefore represents the illusion that there exists a spirit of the people. This formulation leads to the homogenisation of cultural identity and the ascription of particular values and proclivities onto minority cultural groups.</blockquote> She views this as an <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> trap that hinders the perception of culture as something "materially situated in the living practices of the everyday, situated in time-space and not based in abstract projections of what constitutes either a particular tradition or culture." In some societies, Islamophobia has materialized due to the portrayal of Islam and Muslims as the national "<a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a>", where exclusion and discrimination occurs on the basis of their religion and civilization which differs with national tradition and identity. Examples include Pakistani and Algerian migrants in Britain and France respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2003216-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003163-109">[108]</a> This sentiment, according to Malcolm Brown and Robert Miles, significantly interacts with <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, although Islamophobia itself is not racism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003163-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003164-110">[109]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Doug_Saunders" title="Doug Saunders">Doug Saunders</a> has drawn parallels between <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia in the United States</a> and its older <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">discrimination and hate against Roman Catholics</a>, saying that Catholicism was seen as backwards and imperial, while Catholic immigrants had poorer education and some were responsible for crime and terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaddad200219-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Brown and Miles write that another feature of Islamophobic discourse is to amalgamate nationality (e.g. Saudi), religion (Islam), and politics (terrorism, fundamentalism) – while most other religions are not associated with terrorism, or even "ethnic or national distinctiveness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003163-109">[108]</a> They feel that "many of the stereotypes and misinformation that contribute to the articulation of Islamophobia are rooted in a particular perception of Islam", such as the notion that Islam promotes terrorism – especially prevalent after the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003166-7">[7]</a> The two-way stereotyping resulting from Islamophobia has in some instances resulted in mainstreaming of earlier controversial discourses, such as liberal attitudes towards gender equality<a href="#cite_note-doving1-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhandar-107">[106]</a> and homosexuals.<a href="#cite_note-Mepschen2010-114">[113]</a> Christina Ho has warned against framing of such mainstreaming of gender equality in a <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternal</a> discourse, arguing that this may undermine minority women's ability to speak out about their concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Ho2007-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Salaita" title="Steven Salaita">Steven Salaita</a> contends that, since 9/11, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> have evolved from what Nadine Naber described as an invisible group in the United States into a highly visible community that directly or indirectly has an effect on the United States' culture wars, foreign policy, presidential elections and legislative tradition.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The academics S. Sayyid and Abdoolkarim Vakil maintain that Islamophobia is a response to the emergence of a distinct Muslim public identity globally, the presence of Muslims in itself not being an indicator of the degree of Islamophobia in a society. Sayyid and Vakil maintain that there are societies where virtually no Muslims live but many institutionalized forms of Islamophobia still exist in them.<a href="#cite_note-Sayyid&Vakil-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_to_ideologies">Links to ideologies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CPA_DSC05617_(14603953826).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/CPA_DSC05617_%2814603953826%29.jpg/220px-CPA_DSC05617_%2814603953826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/CPA_DSC05617_%2814603953826%29.jpg/330px-CPA_DSC05617_%2814603953826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/CPA_DSC05617_%2814603953826%29.jpg/440px-CPA_DSC05617_%2814603953826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2014_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a> followed rallies by <a href="/wiki/Bodu_Bala_Sena" title="Bodu Bala Sena">Bodu Bala Sena</a> (BBS), a hard-line Buddhist group.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastor_Terry_Jones_Marching_in_DC_(5497386725).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pastor_Terry_Jones_Marching_in_DC_%285497386725%29.jpg/220px-Pastor_Terry_Jones_Marching_in_DC_%285497386725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pastor_Terry_Jones_Marching_in_DC_%285497386725%29.jpg/330px-Pastor_Terry_Jones_Marching_in_DC_%285497386725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pastor_Terry_Jones_Marching_in_DC_%285497386725%29.jpg/440px-Pastor_Terry_Jones_Marching_in_DC_%285497386725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Islam protest in the United States</figcaption></figure> Cora Alexa Døving, a senior scientist at the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Studies_of_the_Holocaust_and_Religious_Minorities_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities (Norway)">Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities</a>, argues that there are significant similarities between Islamophobic discourse and European pre-Nazi antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-doving1-106">[105]</a> Among the concerns are imagined threats of minority growth and domination, threats to traditional institutions and customs, skepticism of integration, threats to <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, fears of sexual crimes, fears of <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a>, fears based on historical cultural inferiority, hostility to modern Western <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> values, etc. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matti_Bunzl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matti Bunzl (page does not exist)">Matti Bunzl</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Bunzl" class="extiw" title="de:Matti Bunzl">de</a>] has argued that there are important differences between Islamophobia and antisemitism. While antisemitism was a phenomenon closely connected to European <a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a> processes, he sees Islamophobia as having the concern of European civilization as its focal point.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Døving, on the other hand, maintains that, at least in Norway, the Islamophobic discourse has a clear national element.<a href="#cite_note-doving1-106">[105]</a> In a reply to Bunzl, French scholar of Jewish history, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Benbassa" title="Esther Benbassa">Esther Benbassa</a>, agrees with him in that he draws a clear connection between modern hostile and essentializing sentiments towards Muslims and historical antisemitism. However, she argues against the use of the term Islamophobia, since, in her opinion, it attracts unwarranted attention to an underlying racist current.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The head of the Media Responsibility Institute in <a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a>, Sabine Schiffer, and researcher Constantin Wagner, who also define Islamophobia as anti-Muslim racism, outline additional similarities and differences between Islamophobia and antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-schiffer-119">[118]</a> They point out the existence of equivalent notions such as "Judaisation/Islamisation", and metaphors such as "a state within a state" are used in relation to both Jews and Muslims. In addition, both discourses make use of, among other rhetorical instruments, "religious imperatives" supposedly "proven" by religious sources, and conspiracy theories. The differences between Islamophobia and antisemitism consist of the nature of the perceived threats to the "<a href="/wiki/Christian_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian West">Christian West</a>". Muslims are perceived as "inferior" and as a visible "external threat", while on the other hand, Jews are perceived as "omnipotent" and as an invisible "internal threat". However, Schiffer and Wagner also note that there is a growing tendency to view Muslims as a privileged group that constitute an "internal threat" and that this convergence between the two discources makes "it more and more necessary to use findings from the study of anti-Semitism to analyse Islamophobia". Schiffer and Wagner conclude, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The achievement in the study of anti-Semitism of examining Jewry and anti-Semitism separately must also be transferred to other racisms, such as Islamophobia. We do not need more information about Islam, but more information about the making of racist stereotypes in general.</blockquote> The publication Social Work and Minorities: European Perspectives describes Islamophobia as the new form of racism in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsSoydanJohnson1998182-120">[119]</a> arguing that "Islamophobia is as much a form of racism as <a href="/wiki/Anti-semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-semitism">anti-semitism</a>, a term more commonly encountered in Europe as a sibling of racism, xenophobia and intolerance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsSoydanJohnson199822-121">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> considers Islamophobia as it is evinced in <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> to be a trend in a more general antisemitic Western tradition.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Others note that there has been a transition from anti-Asian and anti-Arab racism to anti-Muslim racism,<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> while some note a racialization of religion.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> According to a 2012 report by a UK anti-racism group, <a href="/wiki/Counterjihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterjihad">counter-jihadist</a> outfits in Europe and North America are becoming more cohesive by forging alliances, with 190 groups now identified as promoting an Islamophobic agenda.<a href="#cite_note-MaTo_14Apr2012-126">[125]</a> In Islamophobia and its consequences on young people (p. 6) Ingrid Ramberg writes "Whether it takes the shape of daily forms of racism and discrimination or more violent forms, Islamophobia is a violation of human rights and a threat to social cohesion." Professor <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> calls Islamophobia "the new anti-Semitism".<a href="#cite_note-thestar.com-127">[126]</a> In their 2018 American Muslim Poll, the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that when it came to their Islamophobia index (see Public Opinion), they found that those who scored higher on the index, (i.e. more islamophobic) were, "associated with 1) greater acceptance of targeting civilians, whether it is a military or individual/small group that is doling out the violence, 2) greater acquiescence to limiting both press freedoms and institutional checks following a hypothetical terror attack, and 3) greater support for the so-called "Muslim ban" and the surveillance of American mosques (or their outright building prohibition)."<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[127]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Nimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Nimer (page does not exist)">Mohamed Nimer</a> compares Islamophobia with anti-Americanism. He argues that while both Islam and America can be subject to legitimate criticisms without detesting a people as a whole, bigotry against both are on the rise.<a href="#cite_note-NimerA-129">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Rachman" title="Gideon Rachman">Gideon Rachman</a> wrote in 2019 of a "<a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">clash of civilizations</a>" between Muslim and non-Muslim nations, linking anti-Islam <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalisation</a> outside the Muslim world to the rise of intolerant <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> in some Muslim countries that used to be relatively free from that ideology.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy of Islam</a> has been described as Islamophobia, while some countries consider <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> legal as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-n746-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_multiculturalism">Opposition to multiculturalism</h3></div> According to Gabrielle Maranci, the increasing Islamophobia in the West is related to a rising <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">repudiation of multiculturalism</a>. Maranci concludes that "Islamophobia is a 'phobia' of multiculturalism and the transruptive effect that Islam can have in Europe and the West through transcultural processes."<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manifestations">Manifestations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christchurch_mosque_shootings_memorial_flower_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Christchurch_mosque_shootings_memorial_flower_wall.jpg/220px-Christchurch_mosque_shootings_memorial_flower_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Christchurch_mosque_shootings_memorial_flower_wall.jpg/330px-Christchurch_mosque_shootings_memorial_flower_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Christchurch_mosque_shootings_memorial_flower_wall.jpg/440px-Christchurch_mosque_shootings_memorial_flower_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Flower wall memorial erected after mass-shootings in March 2019 targeting <a href="/wiki/Al_Noor_Mosque,_Christchurch" title="Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch">Al-Noor Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linwood_Islamic_Centre" title="Linwood Islamic Centre">Linwood Islamic Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> attack was motivated by <a href="/wiki/Far-right_extremism" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right extremism">far-right extremism</a> and resulted in 51 deaths.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_media" title="Islamophobia in the media">Islamophobia in the media</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Poole" title="Elizabeth Poole">Elizabeth Poole</a> in the Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, the media have been criticized for perpetrating Islamophobia. She cites a case study examining a sample of articles in the <a href="/wiki/British_press" class="mw-redirect" title="British press">British press</a> from between 1994 and 2004, which concluded that Muslim viewpoints were underrepresented and that issues involving Muslims usually depicted them in a negative light. Such portrayals, according to Poole, include the depiction of Islam and Muslims as a threat to Western security and <a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">values</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2003217-133">[132]</a> Benn and Jawad write that hostility towards Islam and Muslims are "closely linked to media portrayals of Islam as barbaric, irrational, primitive and sexist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennJawad2003165-105">[104]</a> Egorova and Tudor cite European researchers in suggesting that expressions used in the media such as "Islamic terrorism", "Islamic bombs" and "violent Islam" have resulted in a negative perception of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-egorova-8">[8]</a> John E. Richardson's 2004 book (Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers, criticized the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">British media</a> for propagating negative <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Arabs_and_Muslims_in_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States">stereotypes of Muslims</a> and fueling <a href="/wiki/Anti-Muslim_prejudice_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Muslim prejudice in the United Kingdom">anti-Muslim prejudice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> In another study conducted by John E. Richardson, he found that 85% of mainstream newspaper articles treated Muslims as a homogeneous mass and portrayed them as a threat to British society.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">Universities of Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">Alabama</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> conducted a study comparing media coverage of "terrorist attacks" committed by Islamist militants with those of non-Muslims in the United States.  Researchers found that "terrorist attacks" by Islamist militants receive 357% more <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> attention than attacks committed by non-Muslims or whites. Terrorist attacks committed by non-Muslims (or where the religion was unknown) received an average of 15 headlines, while those committed by Muslim extremists received 105 headlines. The study was based on an analysis of news reports covering <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">terrorist attacks</a> in the United States between 2005 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> This was despite the fact that <a href="/wiki/Far_right_extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right extremists">far-right extremists</a> were responsible for almost double the number of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic terrorist attacks in the United States">terrorist acts in US</a> attributed to Muslim individuals between 2008 and 2016. In spite of this disparity, US and UK governments have been negligent in confronting <a href="/wiki/Far-right_terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right terrorist">far-right terrorists</a>, instead focusing almost all their <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counter-terrorism</a> resources on imposing surveillance measures on Muslim population and censoring Muslim activists. Many right-wing politicians have also engaged in anti-Muslim rhetoric, indirectly motivating far-right groups to intensify violent hate crimes against Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Hasan" title="Mehdi Hasan">Mehdi Hasan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> criticized <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a> for over-reporting a few <a href="/wiki/Islamist_terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist terrorist">Islamist terrorist</a> incidents but under-reporting the much larger number of planned non-Islamist terrorist attacks carried out by "non-Irish <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> folks".<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> A 2012 study indicates that Muslims across different European countries, such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom, experience the highest degree of Islamophobia in the media.<a href="#cite_note-kunst2012b-74">[73]</a> Media personalities have been accused of Islamophobia. The obituary in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> for the Italian journalist <a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a> described her as "notorious for her Islamaphobia" [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>].<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding published a report in 2018 where they stated, "In terms of print media coverage, Muslim-perceived perpetrators received twice the absolute quantity of media coverage as their non-Muslim counterparts in the cases of violent completed acts. For "foiled" plots, they received seven and half times the media coverage as their counterparts."<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Nathan Lean used the term "Islamophobia industry" in the 2012 book The Islamophobia Industry: How the Right Manufactures Fear of Muslims to describe how certain ideologies and political proclivities have converged to advance the same agenda.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The "Islamophobia industry" has since been discussed by other scholars including Joseph Kaminski,<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Hatem Bazian,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Arlene Stein, Zakia Salime, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Erdoan A. Shipoli, and <a href="/wiki/Deepa_Kumar" title="Deepa Kumar">Deepa Kumar</a>, the latter drawing a comparison between the "Islamophobia industry" and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Some media outlets are working explicitly against Islamophobia. In 2008 <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a> ("FAIR") published a study "Smearcasting, How Islamophobes Spread Bigotry, Fear and Misinformation". The report cites several instances where mainstream or close to mainstream journalists, authors and academics have made analyses that essentialize negative traits as an inherent part of Muslims' moral makeup.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> FAIR also established the "<a href="/wiki/Forum_Against_Islamophobia_and_Racism" title="Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism">Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism</a>", designed to monitor coverage in the media and establish dialogue with media organizations. Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">attacks of 11 September 2001</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_Britain" title="Islamic Society of Britain">Islamic Society of Britain</a>'s "Islam Awareness Week" and the "Best of British Islam Festival" were introduced to improve community relations and raise awareness about Islam.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Silva and Meaux et al both theorized that one of the main causes of negative interactions, <a href="/wiki/Stigmatization" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigmatization">stigma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalization</a> toward the Arabic community is due to the fact that many media framing from news outlets tend to associate <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab-Muslims</a> with <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadist</a>-inspired motivations when it came to mass violence incidents.<a href="#cite_note-:2-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-152">[151]</a> Silva noted in their research looking through <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> articles about gun violence and noted that over the sixteen-year period of 2000 until 2016 this media framing would only increase through the time period.<a href="#cite_note-:3-152">[151]</a> Silva compared his results to find out that Arabic <a href="/wiki/Suspect" title="Suspect">perpetrators</a> were significantly more like to be framed as terrorists than their White counterparts. Meaux et al note back to research conducted by Park et al that indicated that the most salient association that Americans held on to was Arab-Muslims to terrorism with the notion that people that believed in this association the strongest were more likely to hold implicit bias.<a href="#cite_note-:2-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_Say_No_to_Genocide-Hollywood_Protest_for_a_Ceasefire_in_Gaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jews_Say_No_to_Genocide-Hollywood_Protest_for_a_Ceasefire_in_Gaza.jpg/220px-Jews_Say_No_to_Genocide-Hollywood_Protest_for_a_Ceasefire_in_Gaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jews_Say_No_to_Genocide-Hollywood_Protest_for_a_Ceasefire_in_Gaza.jpg/330px-Jews_Say_No_to_Genocide-Hollywood_Protest_for_a_Ceasefire_in_Gaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jews_Say_No_to_Genocide-Hollywood_Protest_for_a_Ceasefire_in_Gaza.jpg/440px-Jews_Say_No_to_Genocide-Hollywood_Protest_for_a_Ceasefire_in_Gaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Palestinian protest in Los Angeles against the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">war in Gaza</a> and Hollywood's role in dehumanizing Muslims, November 2023</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3></div> Throughout the twentieth century, Muslim characters were portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> often negatively and with <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> stereotypes visualising them as being "uncivilised". Since the <a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">Post-9/11</a> era, in addition to these tropes, a securitization of Muslims; portraying them as a threat to the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, have drastically increased in movie depictions.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> There are growing instances of Islamophobia in Hindi cinema, or <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>, in films such as <a href="/wiki/Aamir_(2008_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aamir (2008 film)">Aamir</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/New_York_(2009_film)" title="New York (2009 film)">New York</a> (2009) and <a href="/wiki/My_Name_is_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="My Name is Khan">My Name is Khan</a> (2010), which corresponds to a growing anti-minorities sentiment that followed the resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu right">Hindu right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Defence_League_protest_in_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/English_Defence_League_protest_in_Newcastle.jpg/220px-English_Defence_League_protest_in_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/English_Defence_League_protest_in_Newcastle.jpg/330px-English_Defence_League_protest_in_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/English_Defence_League_protest_in_Newcastle.jpg/440px-English_Defence_League_protest_in_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An English Defence League demonstration. The placard reads Shut down the mosque command and control centre.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_hate_groups#Anti-Muslim" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups">List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups § Anti-Muslim</a></div> A report from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Berkeley">University of California Berkeley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations" title="Council on American–Islamic Relations">Council on American–Islamic Relations</a> estimated that $206 million was funded to 33 groups whose primary purpose was "to promote prejudice against, or hatred of, Islam and Muslims" in the United States between 2008 and 2013, with a total of 74 groups contributing to <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia in the United States</a> during that period.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_Islamization_of_America" title="Stop Islamization of America">Stop Islamization of America</a> (SIOA) and the Freedom Defense Initiative are designated as <a href="/wiki/Hate_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate groups">hate groups</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydaily-161">[160]</a> In August 2012 SIOA generated media publicity by sponsoring billboards in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> stations claiming there had been 19,250 terrorist attacks by Muslims since 9/11 and stating "it's not Islamophobia, it's Islamorealism."<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> It later ran advertisements reading "In any war between the civilized man and the savage, support the civilized man. Support Israel. Defeat Jihad." Several groups condemned the advertisements as "hate speech" about all Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In early January 2013 the Freedom Defense Initiative put up advertisements next to 228 clocks in 39 New York subway stations showing the 2001 <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">attacks on the World Trade Center</a> with a quote attributed to the 151st verse of chapter 3 of the Quran: "Soon shall we cast terror into the hearts of the unbelievers."<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="New York City Transit Authority">New York City Transit Authority</a>, which said it would have to carry the advertisements on <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> grounds, insisted that 25% of the ad contain a Transit Authority disclaimer.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> These advertisements also were criticized.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> (EDL), an organization in the United Kingdom, has been described as anti-Muslim. It was formed in 2009 to oppose what it considers to be a spread of Islamism, Sharia law and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a> in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The EDL's former leader, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Tommy Robinson</a>, left the group in 2013 saying it had become too extreme and that street protests were ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a> and the resulting efforts of the British civil and law enforcement authorities to help seek British Muslims' help in identifying potential threats to create prevention is observed by Michael Lavalette as institutionalized Islamophobia. Lavalette alleges that there is a continuity between the former two British governments over prevention that aims to stop young Muslim people from being misled, misdirected and recruited by extremists who exploit grievances for their own "jihadist" endeavors. Asking and concentrating on Muslim communities and young Muslims to prevent future instances, by the authorities, is in itself Islamophobia as such since involvement of Muslim communities will highlight and endorse their compassion for Britain and negate the perceived threats from within their communities.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen.JPG/220px-02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen.JPG/330px-02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen.JPG/440px-02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4909" data-file-height="2958" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Islam rally in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> The extent of negative attitudes towards Muslims varies across different parts of Europe. Polls in Germany<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> and the Czech Republic<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> (as well as South Korea)<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> have suggested that most respondents do not welcome Muslim refugees in those countries. A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> poll of more than 10,000 people in 10 European countries had on average 55% agreeing that all further migration from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim-majority countries</a> should be stopped, with 20% disagreeing and 25% offered no opinion. By country, majority opposition was found in Poland (71%), Austria (65%), Belgium (64%), Hungary (64%), France (61%), Greece (58%), Germany (53%), and Italy (51%).<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:400px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Unfavorable views of Muslims, 2019<a href="#cite_note-auto-179">[178]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Country</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:66%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">66%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:64%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">64%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:58%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">58%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:57%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">57%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:56%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">56%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:55%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">55%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:42%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">42%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:28%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:22%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">22%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:19%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">19%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> In Canada, surveys have suggested that 55% of respondents think the problem of Islamophobia is "overblown" by politicians and media, 42% think discrimination against Muslims is 'mainly their fault', and 47% support banning headscarves in public.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> In the United States, a 2011 <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll found that 50% of respondents expressed an unfavorable view of Islam, compared to 23% expressing a favorable view.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Another YouGov poll done in 2015 had 55% of respondents expressing an unfavorable view.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> However, according to a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Policy_and_Understanding" title="Institute for Social Policy and Understanding">Institute for Social Policy and Understanding</a>, 86% of American respondents said they wanted to "live in a country where no one is targeted for their religious identity", 83% told ISPU they supported "protecting the civil rights of American Muslims", 66% believed negative political rhetoric toward Muslims was harmful to U.S., and 65% agreed that Islamophobia produced discriminatory consequences for Muslims in America.<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[127]</a> The chart below displays collected data from the ISPU 2018 American Muslim Poll <a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[127]</a> which surveyed six different faith populations in the United States. The statements featured in this chart were asked to participants who then responded on a scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The total percentage of those who answered agree and strongly agree are depicted as follows: Question 1: "I want to live in a country where no one is targeted for their religious identity." Question 2: "The negative things politicians say regarding Muslims is harmful to our country." Question 3: "Most Muslims living in the United States are no more responsible for violence carried out by a Muslim than anyone else." Question 4: "Most Muslims living in the United States are victims of discrimination because of their faith." <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:500px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:350px;min-width:500px;max-width:500px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:270px;min-width:400px;max-width:400px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:0px;top:24px;height:245px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:grey;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid grey;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 1 (% Net agree): 91"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:66px;top:13px;height:256px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:grey;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid grey;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 1 (% Net agree): 95"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:132px;top:40px;height:229px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:grey;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid grey;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 1 (% Net agree): 85"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:198px;top:32px;height:237px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:grey;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid grey;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 1 (% Net agree): 88"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:264px;top:59px;height:210px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:grey;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid grey;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 1 (% Net agree): 78"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:330px;top:32px;height:237px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:grey;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid grey;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 1 (% Net agree): 88"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:14px;top:59px;height:210px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:pink;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid pink;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 2 (% Net agree): 78"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:80px;top:84px;height:185px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:pink;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid pink;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 2 (% Net agree): 69"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:146px;top:105px;height:164px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:pink;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid pink;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 2 (% Net agree): 61"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:212px;top:105px;height:164px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:pink;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid pink;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 2 (% Net agree): 61"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:278px;top:148px;height:121px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:pink;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid pink;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 2 (% Net agree): 45"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:344px;top:59px;height:210px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:pink;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid pink;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 2 (% Net agree): 78"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:28px;top:70px;height:199px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:brown;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid brown;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 3 (% Net Agree): 74"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:94px;top:86px;height:183px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:brown;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid brown;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 3 (% Net Agree): 68"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:160px;top:81px;height:188px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:brown;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid brown;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 3 (% Net Agree): 70"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:226px;top:97px;height:172px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:brown;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid brown;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 3 (% Net Agree): 64"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:292px;top:92px;height:177px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:brown;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid brown;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 3 (% Net Agree): 66"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:358px;top:65px;height:204px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:brown;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid brown;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 3 (% Net Agree): 76"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:42px;top:86px;height:183px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:teal;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid teal;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 4 (% Net agree): 68"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:108px;top:89px;height:180px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:teal;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid teal;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 4 (% Net agree): 67"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:174px;top:103px;height:166px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:teal;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid teal;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 4 (% Net agree): 62"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:240px;top:119px;height:150px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:teal;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid teal;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 4 (% Net agree): 56"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:306px;top:140px;height:129px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:teal;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid teal;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 4 (% Net agree): 48"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:372px;top:62px;height:207px;min-width:8px;max-width:8px;background-color:teal;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid teal;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Question 4 (% Net agree): 77"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:270px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:233px;padding:0 2px">10</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:243px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:206px;padding:0 2px">20</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:216px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:179px;padding:0 2px">30</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:189px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:152px;padding:0 2px">40</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:162px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:125px;padding:0 2px">50</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:135px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:98px;padding:0 2px">60</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:108px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:71px;padding:0 2px">70</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:81px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:44px;padding:0 2px">80</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:54px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:17px;padding:0 2px">90</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:27px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">100</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:270px;left:100px;width:400px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:64px;max-width:64px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Muslim</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:33px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:67px;top:10px;min-width:64px;max-width:64px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Jewish</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:99px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:133px;top:10px;min-width:64px;max-width:64px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Catholic</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:165px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:199px;top:10px;min-width:64px;max-width:64px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Protestant</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:231px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:265px;top:10px;min-width:64px;max-width:64px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">White Evangelical</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:297px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:10px;min-width:64px;max-width:64px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Unaffiliated</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:363px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li>  Question 1 (% Net agree)</li> <li>  Question 2 (% Net agree)</li> <li>  Question 3 (% Net Agree)</li> <li>  Question 4 (% Net agree)</li></ul> </div> </div> The table below represents the Islamophobia Index, also from the 2018 ISPU poll.<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[127]</a> This data displays an index of Islamophobia among faith populations in the United States. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>ISPU Islamophobia Index<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[127]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Most Muslims living in the United States... (% Net agree shown) </th> <th>Muslim </th> <th>Jewish </th> <th>Catholic </th> <th>Protestant </th> <th>White Evangelical </th> <th>Non-Affiliated </th> <th>General Public </th></tr> <tr> <td>Are more prone to violence </td> <td>18% </td> <td>15% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Discriminate against women </td> <td>12% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>29% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>18% </td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Are hostile to the United States </td> <td>12% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>14% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Are less civilized than other people </td> <td>8% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>10% </td> <td>1% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Are partially responsible for acts of violence carried out by other Muslims </td> <td>10% </td> <td>16% </td> <td>11% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>14% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Index (0 min- 100 max) </td> <td>17 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>24 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internalized_Islamophobia">Internalized Islamophobia</h3></div> ISPU also highlighted a particular trend in relation to anti-Muslim sentiment in the U.S. – internalized Islamophobia among Muslim populations themselves. When asked if they felt most people want them to be ashamed of their faith identity, 30% of Muslims agreed (a higher percentage than any other faith group). When asked if they believed that their faith community was more prone to negative behavior than other faith communities, 30% of Muslims agreed, again, a higher percentage than other faith groups.<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trends">Trends</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Excessive_citations plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">excessive number of citations</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill#How_to_trim_excessive_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">remove low-quality or irrelevant citations</a>. (September 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Islamophobia has become a topic of increasing sociological and political importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003163-109">[108]</a> According to Benn and Jawad, Islamophobia has increased since <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy#Fatwa_by_Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">1989 fatwa</a> inciting Muslims to attempt to murder <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a>, and since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September attacks</a> (in 2001).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennJawad2003111-183">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Vertovec" title="Steven Vertovec">Steven Vertovec</a> writes that the purported growth in Islamophobia may be associated with increased Muslim presence in society and successes.<a href="#cite_note-Vertovec-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaddad200232–33-185">[184]</a> He suggests a <a href="/wiki/Vicious_circle" title="Vicious circle">circular model</a>, where increased hostility towards Islam and Muslims results in governmental countermeasures such as institutional guidelines and changes to legislation, which itself may fuel further Islamophobia due to increased accommodation for Muslims in public life. Vertovec concludes: "As the public sphere shifts to provide a more prominent place for Muslims, Islamophobic tendencies may amplify."<a href="#cite_note-Vertovec-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaddad200232–33-185">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen_(2015)_-_KORWiN.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen_%282015%29_-_KORWiN.JPG/220px-02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen_%282015%29_-_KORWiN.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen_%282015%29_-_KORWiN.JPG/330px-02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen_%282015%29_-_KORWiN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen_%282015%29_-_KORWiN.JPG/440px-02015-10-02_Der_anti-islamische_Protest_in_Polen_%282015%29_-_KORWiN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4215" data-file-height="2526" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Islamic protest in Poland</figcaption></figure> Patel, Humphries, and Naik (1998) claim that "Islamophobia has always been present in Western countries and cultures. In the last two decades, it has become accentuated, explicit and extreme."<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsSoydanJohnson1998197–8-187">[186]</a> However, Vertovec states that some have observed that Islamophobia has not necessarily escalated in the past decades, but that there has been increased public scrutiny of it.<a href="#cite_note-Vertovec-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaddad200232–33-185">[184]</a> According to Abduljalil Sajid, one of the members of the Runnymede Trust's Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, "Islamophobias" have existed in varying strains throughout history, with each version possessing its own distinct features as well as similarities or adaptations from others.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> In 2005 <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Ziauddin Sardar</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic scholar">Islamic scholar</a>, wrote in the New Statesman that Islamophobia is a widespread European phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Sardar-189">[188]</a> He noted that each country has anti-Muslim political figures, citing <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> in France; <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a> in the Netherlands; and Philippe van der Sande of <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Blok" title="Vlaams Blok">Vlaams Blok</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> nationalist party in Belgium. Sardar argued that Europe is "post-colonial, but ambivalent". Minorities are regarded as acceptable as an underclass of menial workers, but if they want to be upwardly mobile anti-Muslim prejudice rises to the surface. Wolfram Richter, professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Dortmund" title="Technical University of Dortmund">Technical University of Dortmund</a>, told Sardar: "I am afraid we have not learned from our history. My main fear is that <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">what we did to Jews</a> we may now do to Muslims. The next holocaust would be against Muslims."<a href="#cite_note-Sardar-189">[188]</a> Similar fears, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Kenan_Malik" title="Kenan Malik">Kenan Malik</a> in his book From Fatwa to Jihad, had been previously expressed in the UK by Muslim philosopher <a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Akhtar" title="Shabbir Akhtar">Shabbir Akhtar</a> in 1989, and Massoud Shadjareh, chair of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Islamic Human Rights Commission">Islamic Human Rights Commission</a> in 2000. In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Salma_Yaqoob" title="Salma Yaqoob">Salma Yaqoob</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Respect_Party" title="Respect Party">Respect Party</a> Councillor, claimed that Muslims in Britain were "subject to attacks reminiscent of the gathering storm of anti-Semitism in the first decades of the last century."<a href="#cite_note-malik131-2-190">[189]</a> Malik, a senior visiting fellow in the Department of Political, International and Policy Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a>, has described these claims of a brewing holocaust as "hysterical to the point of delusion"; whereas Jews in Hitler's Germany were given the official designation of <a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a>, and were subject to escalating legislation which diminished and ultimately removed their rights as citizens, Malik noted that in cases where "Muslims are singled out in Britain, it is often for privileged treatment" such as the 2005 legislation banning "incitement to religious hatred", the special funding Muslim organizations and bodies receive from local and national government, the special provisions made by workplaces, school and leisure centres for Muslims, and even suggestions by the Archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> and the former Lord Chief Justice, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Phillips,_Baron_Phillips_of_Worth_Matravers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers">Lord Phillips</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law should be introduced into Britain. The fact is, wrote Malik, that such well-respected public figures as Akhtar, Shadjareh and Yaqoob need "a history lesson about the real Holocaust reveals how warped the Muslim grievance culture has become."<a href="#cite_note-malik132-191">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ground_Zero_Mosque_Protesters_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ground_Zero_Mosque_Protesters_11.jpg/220px-Ground_Zero_Mosque_Protesters_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ground_Zero_Mosque_Protesters_11.jpg/330px-Ground_Zero_Mosque_Protesters_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ground_Zero_Mosque_Protesters_11.jpg/440px-Ground_Zero_Mosque_Protesters_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>A protester opposing the <a href="/wiki/Park51" title="Park51">Park51</a> project carries an anti-sharia sign.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARUNPATHAK5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ARUNPATHAK5.JPG/220px-ARUNPATHAK5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ARUNPATHAK5.JPG/330px-ARUNPATHAK5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ARUNPATHAK5.JPG/440px-ARUNPATHAK5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu nationalist</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Arun_Pathak" title="Arun Pathak">Arun Pathak</a> organised a celebration in Varanasi to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Babri_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Demolition of Babri Masjid">1992 demolition of the Babri Masjid mosque</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2006 <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> reported that "public views of Islam are one casualty of the post-September 11, 2001 conflict: Nearly six in 10 Americans think the religion is prone to <a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">violent extremism</a>, nearly half regard it unfavorably, and a remarkable one in four admits to prejudicial feelings against Muslims and Arabs alike." They also report that 27 percent of Americans admit feelings of prejudice against Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-ABCMarch8-192">[191]</a> Gallup polls in 2006 found that 40 percent of Americans admit to prejudice against Muslims, and 39 percent believe Muslims should carry special identification.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> These trends have only worsened with the use of Islamophobia as a campaign tactic during the 2008 American presidential election (with several Republican politicians and pundits, including Donald Trump, asserting that Democratic candidate Barack Obama is secretly a Muslim), during the 2010 mid-term elections (during which a proposed Islamic community center was dubbed the "Ground Zero Mosque"<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a>), and the 2016 presidential election, during which Republican nominee Donald Trump proposed banning the entrance into the country of all Muslims. Associate Professor <a href="/wiki/Deepa_Kumar" title="Deepa Kumar">Deepa Kumar</a> writes that "Islamophobia is about politics rather than religion per se"<a href="#cite_note-Kumarbook-195">[194]</a> and that modern-day demonization of Arabs and Muslims by US politicians and others is racist and Islamophobic, and employed in support of what she describes as an unjust war. About the public impact of this rhetoric, she says that "One of the consequences of the relentless attacks on Islam and Muslims by politicians and the media is that Islamophobic sentiment is on the rise." She also chides some "people on the left" for using the same "Islamophobic logic as the Bush regime".<a href="#cite_note-Fighting_Islamophobia-196">[195]</a> In this regard, Kumar confirms the assertions of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sheehi" title="Stephen Sheehi">Stephen Sheehi</a>, who "conceptualises Islamophobia as an ideological formation within the context of the American empire. Doing so "allows us to remove it from the hands of 'culture' or from the myth of a single creator or progenitor, whether it be a person, organisation or community." An ideological formation, in this telling, is a constellation of networks that produce, proliferate, benefit from, and traffic in Islamophobic discourses."<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> The writer and scholar on religion <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a> has said that "Islamophobia has become so mainstream in this country that Americans have been trained to expect violence against Muslims – not excuse it, but expect it".<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> A January 2010 <a href="/wiki/British_Social_Attitudes_Survey" title="British Social Attitudes Survey">British Social Attitudes Survey</a> found that the British public "is far more likely to hold negative views of Muslims than of any other religious group," with "just one in four" feeling "positively about Islam", and a "majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area, while only 15 per cent expressed similar qualms about the opening of a church."<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> A 2016 report by <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations" title="Council on American–Islamic Relations">CAIR</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>'s Center for Race and Gender said that groups promoting islamophobia in the US had access to US$206 million between 2008 and 2013. The author of the report said that "The hate that these groups are funding and inciting is having real consequences like attacks on mosques all over the country and new laws discriminating against Muslims in America."<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In the United States, religious discrimination against Muslims has become a significant issue of concern. In 2018, The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that out of the groups studied, Muslims are the most likely faith community to experience religious discrimination, the data having been that way since 2015. Despite 61% of Muslims reporting experiencing religious discrimination at some level and 62% reporting that most Americans held negative stereotypes about their community,  23% reported that their faith made them feel "out of place in the world".<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[127]</a> There are intersections with racial identity and gender identity, with 73% of Arabs surveyed being more likely to experience religious discrimination, and Muslim women (75%) and youth (75%) being the most likely to report experiencing racial discrimination. The study also found that, although, "most Muslims (86%) express pride in their faith identity, they are the most likely group studied to agree that others want them to feel shame for that identity (30% of Muslims vs. 12% of Jews, 16% of non-affiliated, and 4–6% of Christian groups)."<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[127]</a> A 2021 survey affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> found that 83% of Muslims in Scotland said they experienced Islamophobia such as verbal or physical attacks. 75% of them said Islamophobia is a regular or everyday issue in Scottish society and 78% believed it was getting worse.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Islamic_hate_crimes_data_in_the_United_States">Anti-Islamic hate crimes data in the United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ground_Zero_Marine_Protest_Muslim_Bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ground_Zero_Marine_Protest_Muslim_Bomb.jpg/220px-Ground_Zero_Marine_Protest_Muslim_Bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ground_Zero_Marine_Protest_Muslim_Bomb.jpg/330px-Ground_Zero_Marine_Protest_Muslim_Bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ground_Zero_Marine_Protest_Muslim_Bomb.jpg/440px-Ground_Zero_Marine_Protest_Muslim_Bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption>A mannequin symbolizing a Muslim in a <a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">keffiyeh</a>, strapped to a "Made in the USA" bomb display at a protest of <a href="/wiki/Park51" title="Park51">Park51</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Muslim_protestors_(26713859273)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Anti-Muslim_protestors_%2826713859273%29_crop.jpg/220px-Anti-Muslim_protestors_%2826713859273%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Anti-Muslim_protestors_%2826713859273%29_crop.jpg/330px-Anti-Muslim_protestors_%2826713859273%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Anti-Muslim_protestors_%2826713859273%29_crop.jpg/440px-Anti-Muslim_protestors_%2826713859273%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>A protest in Cincinnati, Ohio</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Revolution_anniversary_2017_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Iranian_Revolution_anniversary_2017_21.jpg/220px-Iranian_Revolution_anniversary_2017_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Iranian_Revolution_anniversary_2017_21.jpg/330px-Iranian_Revolution_anniversary_2017_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Iranian_Revolution_anniversary_2017_21.jpg/440px-Iranian_Revolution_anniversary_2017_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769" title="Protests against Executive Order 13769">Protests against Executive Order 13769</a> in Tehran, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, 10 February 2017</figcaption></figure> Data on types of hate crimes have been collected by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> since 1992, to carry out the dictates of the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Hate_Crime_Statistics_Act" title="Hate Crime Statistics Act">Hate Crime Statistics Act</a>. Hate crime offenses include crimes against persons (such as assaults) and against property (such as <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>), and are classified by various race-based, religion-based, and other motivations. The data show that recorded anti-Islamic hate crimes in the United States jumped dramatically in 2001. Anti-Islamic hate crimes then subsided, but continued at a significantly higher pace than in pre-2001 years. The step up is in contrast to decreases in total hate crimes and to the <a href="/wiki/Crime_rates_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime rates in the United States">decline in overall crime in the U.S.</a> since the 1990s. Specifically, the FBI's annual hate crimes statistics reports from 1996 to 2013 document average numbers of anti-Islamic offenses at 31 per year before 2001, then a leap to 546 in 2001 (the year of <a href="/wiki/9-11" class="mw-redirect" title="9-11">9-11</a> attacks), and averaging 159 per since. Among those offenses are anti-Islamic arson incidents which have a similar pattern: arson incidents averaged 0.4 per year pre-2001, jumped to 18 in 2001, and averaged 1.5 annually since.<a href="#cite_note-fbiData-202">[201]</a> Year-by-year anti-Islamic hate crimes, all hate crimes, and arson subtotals are as follows: <table> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td colspan="2">Anti-Islamic hate crimes </td> <td colspan="2">All hate crimes </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f0f0;"> <td>Year</td> <td>Arson offenses</td> <td>Total offenses</td> <td>Arson offenses</td> <td>Total offenses </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>0</td> <td>33</td> <td>75</td> <td>10,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>1</td> <td>31</td> <td>60</td> <td>9,861 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>0</td> <td>22</td> <td>50</td> <td>9,235 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>1</td> <td>34</td> <td>48</td> <td>9,301 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>0</td> <td>33</td> <td>52</td> <td>9,430 </td></tr> <tr style="background:Gainsboro;"> <td>2001</td> <td>18</td> <td>546</td> <td>90</td> <td>11,451 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>0</td> <td>170</td> <td>38</td> <td>8,832 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>2</td> <td>155</td> <td>34</td> <td>8,715 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>2</td> <td>193</td> <td>44</td> <td>9,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>0</td> <td>146</td> <td>39</td> <td>8,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>0</td> <td>191</td> <td>41</td> <td>9,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>0</td> <td>133</td> <td>40</td> <td>9,006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>5</td> <td>123</td> <td>53</td> <td>9,168 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>1</td> <td>128</td> <td>41</td> <td>7,789 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>1</td> <td>186</td> <td>42</td> <td>7,699 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>2</td> <td>175</td> <td>42</td> <td>7,254 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>4</td> <td>149</td> <td>38</td> <td>6,718 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>1</td> <td>165</td> <td>36</td> <td>6,933 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f0f0;"> <td>Total</td> <td>38</td> <td>2,613</td> <td>863</td> <td>158,593 </td></tr> <tr style="background:Gainsboro;"> <td>Average</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>145.2</td> <td>47.9</td> <td>8810.7 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f0f0;"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f0f0;"> <td>1996–2000 avg</td> <td>.40</td> <td>30.6</td> <td>57.0</td> <td>9,707 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f0f0;"> <td>2001</td> <td>18</td> <td>546</td> <td>90</td> <td>11,451 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f0f0f0;"> <td>2002–2013 avg</td> <td>1.50</td> <td>159.5</td> <td>40.7</td> <td>8,217 </td></tr></tbody></table> In contrast, the overall numbers of arson and total offenses declined from pre-2001 to post-2001. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Islamic_hate_crimes_in_the_European_countries">Anti-Islamic hate crimes in the European countries</h3></div> There have also been reports of hate crimes targeting Muslims across Europe. These incidents have increased after terrorist attacks by extremist groups such as ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a> political parties and organizations have also been accused of fueling fear and hatred towards Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Hate crimes such as arson and physical violence have been attempted or have occurred in Norway,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Poland,<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> France,<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Spain,<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> Denmark,<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Germany<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> and Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> Politicians have also made anti-Muslim comments when discussing the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI</a>: The Islamophobia Industry in America is another related-issue; it mentions: "The industry is driven by neocon stars: Daniel Pipes, Robert Spencer, David Yerushalmi, Glenn Beck, Pamela Gellner, Paul Wolfowitz, David Horowitz, and Frank Gaffney as well as native informers Walid Shoebat, Walid Phares, Wafa Sultan, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Ibn Warraq, Brigitte Gabriel, Tawfik Hamid, and Zuhdi Jasser. They have been prolific, producing and re-circulating false or exaggerated information about Islam and Muslims in order to gain lucrative speaking engagements and increase their influence among neocons in government."<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_on_Islamophobia_and_its_correlates">Research on Islamophobia and its correlates</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estimated_Muslim_population_Vs_Negative_attitudes_towards_Muslims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Estimated_Muslim_population_Vs_Negative_attitudes_towards_Muslims.svg/330px-Estimated_Muslim_population_Vs_Negative_attitudes_towards_Muslims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Estimated_Muslim_population_Vs_Negative_attitudes_towards_Muslims.svg/495px-Estimated_Muslim_population_Vs_Negative_attitudes_towards_Muslims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Estimated_Muslim_population_Vs_Negative_attitudes_towards_Muslims.svg/660px-Estimated_Muslim_population_Vs_Negative_attitudes_towards_Muslims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>According to data by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> elaborated by VoxEurop, in European Union countries the negative attitude towards Muslims is inversely proportional to actual presence.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></figcaption></figure> Various studies have been conducted to investigate Islamophobia and its correlates among majority populations and among <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> minorities themselves. To start with, an experimental study showed that anti-Muslim attitudes may be stronger than more general <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Moreover, studies indicate that anti-Muslim prejudice among majority populations is primarily explained by the perception of Muslims as a cultural threat, rather than as a threat towards the respective nation's economy.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Studies focusing on the experience of Islamophobia among Muslims have shown that the experience of <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a> is associated with lower national identification and higher religious identification.<a href="#cite_note-kunst2012a-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> In other words, religious discrimination seems to lead Muslims to increase their identification with their religion and to decrease their identification with their nation of residence. Some studies further indicate that societal Islamophobia negatively influences Muslim minorities' health.<a href="#cite_note-kunst2012b-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> One of the studies showed that the perception of an Islamophobic society is associated with more <a href="/wiki/Psychological_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological problem">psychological problems</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">nervousness</a>, regardless whether the respective individual had personally experienced religious <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kunst2012b-74">[73]</a> As the authors of the study suggest, <a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">anti-discrimination laws</a> may therefore be insufficient to fully protect Muslim minorities from an environment which is hostile towards their religious group. <a href="/wiki/Farid_Hafez" title="Farid Hafez">Farid Hafez</a> and Enes Bayrakli publish an annual <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Islamophobia_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Islamophobia Report (page does not exist)">European Islamophobia Report</a> since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> The European Islamophobie Report aims to enable policymakers as well as the public to discuss the issue of Islamophobia with the help of qualitative data. It is the first report to cover a wide range of Eastern European countries like Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, and Latvia. Farid Hafez is also editor of the German-English <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamophobia_Studies_Yearbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamophobia Studies Yearbook (page does not exist)">Islamophobia Studies Yearbook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_trends">Regional trends</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-Muslim_sentiment_in_Europe">Anti-Muslim sentiment in Europe</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia conspiracy theory</a></div> Muslim immigration into Europe has led some critics to label Islam incompatible with secular Western society.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> This criticism has been partly influenced by a stance against <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> advocated by recent philosophers, closely linked to the heritage of <a href="/wiki/New_Philosophers" title="New Philosophers">New Philosophers</a>, including the likes of <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Pascal Bruckner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-mnali-236">[235]</a> Jocelyne Cesari, in her study of discrimination against Muslims in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-CesariStudy-237">[236]</a> finds that anti-Islamic sentiment may be difficult to separate from other drivers of discrimination. Because Muslims are mainly from immigrant backgrounds and the largest group of immigrants in many Western European countries, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> overlaps with Islamophobia, and a person may have one, the other, or both. So, for example, some people who have a negative perception of and attitude toward Muslims may also show this toward non-Muslim immigrants, either as a whole or certain group (such as, for example, Eastern Europeans, sub-Saharan Africans, or Roma), whereas others would not. <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:400px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Unfavorable views of Muslims in Europe, 2019<a href="#cite_note-auto-179">[178]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Country</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:77%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">77%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:66%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">66%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:64%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">64%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:58%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">58%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:57%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">57%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:56%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">56%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:peru; width:55%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">55%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:42%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">42%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:28%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:28%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:24%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:22%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">22%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:19%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">19%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">European Network Against Racism</a> (ENAR) reports that Islamophobic crimes are on the increase in France, England and Wales. In Sweden crimes with an Islamophobic motive increased by 69% from 2009 to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> An increase of Islamophobia in Russia follows the growing influence of the strongly conservative sect of <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>, according to Nikolai Sintsov of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee.<a href="#cite_note-rbth130625-239">[238]</a> Various translations of the Qur'an have been banned by the Russian government for promoting extremism and <a href="/wiki/Supremacism#Islamic" title="Supremacism">Muslim supremacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian131008-240">[239]</a> <a href="#cite_note-:4-241">[240]</a> Akhmed Yarlikapov, an expert on Islam, said the Bible too could be banned just as easily for identical motives.<a href="#cite_note-:4-241">[240]</a> Anti-Muslim rhetoric is on the rise in Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> In Greece, Islamophobia accompanies anti-immigrant sentiment, as immigrants are now 15% of the country's population and 90% of the EU's illegal entries are through Greece.<a href="#cite_note-gm110103-243">[242]</a> In France Islamophobia is tied, in part, to the nation's long-standing tradition of secularism.<a href="#cite_note-local130215-244">[243]</a> With the popularization of the Bulgarian nationalist party <a href="/wiki/Attack_(political_party)" title="Attack (political party)">ATAKA</a>, Islamophobia in Bulgaria also showed an increase. The party itself participated in the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_clashes" title="Banya Bashi Mosque clashes">Banya Bashi Mosque clashes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> In Myanmar (Burma) the <a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a> has been accused of events such as the <a href="/wiki/2012_Rakhine_State_riots" title="2012 Rakhine State riots">2012 Rakhine State riots</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-Muslim_sentiment_elsewhere">Anti-Muslim sentiment elsewhere</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rohingya_displaced_Muslims_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rohingya_displaced_Muslims_010.jpg/250px-Rohingya_displaced_Muslims_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rohingya_displaced_Muslims_010.jpg/375px-Rohingya_displaced_Muslims_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rohingya_displaced_Muslims_010.jpg/500px-Rohingya_displaced_Muslims_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya Muslim</a> refugees fleeing violence in Buddhist-majority <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> in October 2017</figcaption></figure> A report from Australia has found that "except for Anglicans, all Christian groups have Islamophobia scores higher than the national average" and that "among the followers of non-Christian religious affiliations, <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> [also] have significantly higher Islamophobia scores."<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">San Bernardino attack</a> in 2015, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, then a candidate for President, proposed "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States, until we can figure out what the hell is going on".<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> Throughout the campaign, Trump repeatedly described Islam and Muslim immigrants and refugees as a threat to the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, and condemned current President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> for not referring to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> militants as "Islamic terrorists" or "radical Muslims", accusing Obama of cowardice in the face of radical Islam and claiming that Obama had "founded ISIS" through his foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Trump's rhetoric was condemned by his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, as well as numerous Muslim advocacy groups and activists, and became a focal issue in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand Insurgency</a>, having caused more than 6,500 deaths and purportedly fuelled in part by the Thai military's harsh tactics,<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> was reported to be increasing Islamophobia in the country.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mindanao_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindanao Conflict">Mindanao conflict</a> in the Philippines has also fuelled discrimination against Muslims by some Christian Filipinos.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2018_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a> was suggested to have been a possible trigger for the <a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Easter bombings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> Muslims in the country have reportedly faced increased harassment after the bombings, with some <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Buddhist_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala Buddhist nationalism">Sinhala Buddhist</a> groups calling for boycotts of Muslim businesses and trade.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Canada, Germany and France, signed a joint letter to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a> condemning China's mistreatment of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> as well as its mistreatment of other <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslim</a> minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> though ambassadors from 53 others, not including China, rejected said allegations.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> According to a 2020 report by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a>, since 2017, Chinese authorities have destroyed or damaged 16,000 mosques in Xinjiang – 65% of the region's total.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> Emigrants from nearly every predominantly Muslim country have immigrated to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> According to a 2013 poll, 54% of Canadians had an unfavourable view of Islam, which was higher than for any other religion (Hinduism, Sikhism etc.).<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a>, which left more than 50 dead and hundreds injured,<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> were triggered by protests against a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">citizenship law</a> seen by many critics as anti-Muslim and part of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> agenda.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countering_Islamophobia">Countering Islamophobia</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prejudice_against_Roma,_Trans_and_Muslim_people_(EU,_2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Prejudice_against_Roma%2C_Trans_and_Muslim_people_%28EU%2C_2015%29.svg/440px-Prejudice_against_Roma%2C_Trans_and_Muslim_people_%28EU%2C_2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Prejudice_against_Roma%2C_Trans_and_Muslim_people_%28EU%2C_2015%29.svg/660px-Prejudice_against_Roma%2C_Trans_and_Muslim_people_%28EU%2C_2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Prejudice_against_Roma%2C_Trans_and_Muslim_people_%28EU%2C_2015%29.svg/880px-Prejudice_against_Roma%2C_Trans_and_Muslim_people_%28EU%2C_2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>According to a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> in 2015 13% of the respondents would be completely uncomfortable about working with a Muslim person (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  orange), compared with 17% with a <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexual</a> person (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  green) and 20% with a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> person (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  violet).<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, in its 5th report to Islamophobia Observatory of 2012, found an "institutionalization and legitimization of the phenomenon of Islamophobia" in the West over the previous five years.<a href="#cite_note-Arabnews121113-269">[268]</a> On 16 March 2022, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> designated March 15 as <a href="/wiki/International_Day_To_Combat_Islamophobia" title="International Day To Combat Islamophobia">International Day To Combat Islamophobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div> The largest project monitoring Islamophobia was undertaken following 9/11 by the EU watchdog, <a href="/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_on_Racism_and_Xenophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia">European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia</a> (EUMC). Their May 2002 report "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001", written by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Allen_(academic)" title="Chris Allen (academic)">Chris Allen</a> and Jorgen S. Nielsen of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, was based on 75 reports  – 15 from each EU member nation.<a href="#cite_note-EUMCNews-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUMC-272">[271]</a> The report highlighted the regularity with which ordinary Muslims became targets for abusive and sometimes violent retaliatory attacks after 9/11. Despite localized differences within each member nation, the recurrence of attacks on recognizable and visible traits of Islam and Muslims was the report's most significant finding. Incidents consisted of verbal abuse, blaming all Muslims for <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">terrorism</a>, forcibly removing women's <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijabs</a>, spitting on Muslims, calling children "<a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama</a>", and random assaults. A number of Muslims were hospitalized and in one instance paralyzed.<a href="#cite_note-EUMC-272">[271]</a> The report also discussed the portrayal of Muslims in the media. Inherent negativity, stereotypical images, fantastical representations, and exaggerated caricatures were all identified. The report concluded that "a greater receptivity towards anti-Muslim and other xenophobic ideas and sentiments has, and may well continue, to become more tolerated."<a href="#cite_note-EUMC-272">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Monitoring_Centre_on_Racism_and_Xenophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia">European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia</a> has since released a number of publications related to Islamophobia, including The Fight against Antisemitism and Islamophobia: Bringing Communities together (European Round Tables Meetings) (2003) and Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia (2006).<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> In 2016, the European Islamophobia Report (EIR) presented the "European Islamophobia Report 2015"<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> at <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> which analyzes the "trends in the spread of Islamophobia" in 25 European states in 2015. The EIR defines Islamophobia as anti-Muslim racism. While not every criticism of Muslims or Islam is necessarily Islamophobic, anti-Muslim sentiments expressed through the dominant group scapegoating and excluding Muslims for the sake of power is.<a href="#cite_note-eirquote-276">[275]</a> On 26 September 2018, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> launched the "Counter-Islamophobia Toolkit" (CIK), with the goal of combatting the growing Islamophobia across the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and to be distributed to national governments and other policy makers, civil society and the media. Based on the most comprehensive research in Europe, it examines patterns of Islamophobia and effective strategies against it in eight member states. It lists ten dominant narratives and ten effective counter-narratives.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> One of the authors of the CIK, Amina Easat-Daas, says that Muslim women are disproportionately affected by Islamophobia, based on both the "threat to the west" and "victims of...Islamic sexism" narratives. The approach taken in the CIK is a four-step one: defining the misinformed narratives based on flawed logic; documenting them; deconstructing these ideas to expose the flaws; and finally, reconstruction of mainstream ideas about Islam and Muslims, one closer to reality. The dominant ideas circulating in popular culture should reflect the diverse everyday experiences of Muslims and their faith.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4></div> Anne Sophie Roald stated that Islamophobia was recognized as a form of intolerance alongside <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> at the "Stockholm International Forum on Combating Intolerance",<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> held in January 2001.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> The conference adopted a declaration to combat "genocide, ethnic cleansing, racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia and xenophobia, and to combat all forms of racial discrimination and intolerance related to it."<a href="#cite_note-humanrights.gov.se-283">[282]</a> In 2014 Integrationsverket (the Swedish National Integration Board) defined Islamophobia as "racism and discrimination expressed towards Muslims."<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> Although the term "Islamophobia" is widely recognized and used,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole2003218''The_Runnymede_Trust_has_been_successful_in_that_the_term_Islamophobia_is_now_widely_recognized_and_used,_though_many_right-wing_commentators_reject_its_existence_or_argue_that_it_is_justified._However,_now_becoming_a_catch-all_label_for_any_harassment_involving_Muslims,_it_should_not_be_considered_unproblematic''_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2003218''The_Runnymede_Trust_has_been_successful_in_that_the_term_Islamophobia_is_now_widely_recognized_and_used,_though_many_right-wing_commentators_reject_its_existence_or_argue_that_it_is_justified._However,_now_becoming_a_catch-all_label_for_any_harassment_involving_Muslims,_it_should_not_be_considered_unproblematic''-285">[284]</a> its use, construction, and the concept itself, have been criticized.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> Additionally, the exact meaning of Islamophobia continues to be debated amongst academics and policymakers alike. The term has proven problematic and is viewed by some as an obstacle to constructive <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">criticism of Islam</a>. Its detractors fear that it can be applied to any critique of Islamic practices and beliefs, suggesting terms such as "anti-Muslim" instead.<a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Sociology-287">[286]</a> The classification of "closed" and "open" views set out in the Runnymede report has been criticized as an oversimplification of a complex issue by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Chris_Allen_(academic)" title="Chris Allen (academic)">Chris Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenan_Malik" title="Kenan Malik">Kenan Malik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> Professor Mohammad H. Tamdgidi of the University of Massachusetts, Boston, has generally endorsed the definition of Islamophobia as defined by the Runnymede Trust's Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All. However, he notes that the report's list of "open" views of Islam itself presents "an inadvertent definitional framework for Islamophilia": that is, it "falls in the trap of regarding Islam monolithically, in turn as being characterized by one or another trait, and does not adequately express the complex heterogeneity of a historical phenomenon whose contradictory interpretations, traditions, and sociopolitical trends have been shaped and has in turn been shaped, as in the case of any world tradition, by other world-historical forces."<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> Although a range of Western commentators have expressed objections to the term "Islamophobia", in his paper "A Measure of Islamophobia", British academic <a href="/wiki/Salman_Sayyid" title="Salman Sayyid">Salman Sayyid</a> (2014) argues that these criticisms are a form of etymological fundamentalism and echo earlier comments on racism and antisemitism. Racism and antisemitism were also accused of blocking free speech, of being conceptually weak and too nebulous for practical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> The French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Pascal Bruckner</a> calls the term "a clever invention because it amounts to making Islam a subject that one cannot touch without being accused of racism."<a href="#cite_note-Bruckner-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> is criticized for restricting <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> by describing <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> as Islamophobia.<a href="#cite_note-j971-294">[293]</a> The concept of Islamophobia as formulated by Runnymede was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a>. He writes that the target of hostility in the modern era is not Islam and its tenets as much as it is Muslims, suggesting that a more accurate term would be "Anti-Muslimism". He also states that strains and types of prejudice against Islam and Muslims vary across different nations and cultures, which is not recognized in the Runnymede analysis, as it was specifically about Muslims in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Aldridge1-295">[294]</a> Poole responds that many Islamophobic discourses attack what they perceive to be Islam's tenets, while Miles and Brown write that Islamophobia is usually based upon negative stereotypes about Islam which are then translated into attacks on Muslims. They also argue that "the existence of different 'Islamophobias' does not invalidate the concept of Islamophobia any more than the existence of different racisms invalidates the concept of racism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003166-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003165-296">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2003219-297">[296]</a> In a 2011 paper in American Behavioral Scientist, Erik Bleich stated "there is no widely accepted definition of Islamophobia that permits systematic comparative and causal analysis", and advances "indiscriminate negative attitudes or emotions directed at Islam or Muslims" as a possible solution to this issue.<a href="#cite_note-Bleich-298">[297]</a> In order to differentiate between prejudiced views of Islam and secularly motivated criticism of Islam, Roland Imhoff and Julia Recker formulated the concept "Islamoprejudice", which they subsequently operationalised in an experiment. The experiment showed that their definition provided a tool for accurate differentiation.<a href="#cite_note-Imhoff-299">[298]</a> Nevertheless, other researchers' experimental work indicates that, even when Westerners seem to make an effort to distinguish between criticizing (Muslim) ideas and values and respecting Muslims as persons, they still show prejudice and discrimination of Muslims—compared to non-Muslims—when these targets defend <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal</a> causes.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">Al-Baqara 256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arabism">Anti-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijabophobia" title="Hijabophobia">Hijabophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_To_Combat_Islamophobia" title="International Day To Combat Islamophobia">International Day To Combat Islamophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_media" title="Islamophobia in the media">Islamophobia in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_Watch" title="Islamophobia Watch">Islamophobia Watch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism#Islamic" title="Supremacism">Islamic supremacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativism (politics) in the United States">Nativism (politics) in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace in Islam">Peace in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7/7 Attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hijab_Day" title="World Hijab Day">World Hijab Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Persian had the expression islām harāsī (اسلام هراسی), "hostility to Islam", similar to ‛adā' al-islām (عَداء الإسلام) in Arabic. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6335453/islamophobia-mental-health-effects-essay/">"The Devastating Mental Health Effects of Islamophobia"</a>. TIME. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=The+Devastating+Mental+Health+Effects+of+Islamophobia&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6335453%2Fislamophobia-mental-health-effects-essay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegal" class="citation web cs1">Segal, Jody. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.greenriver.edu/IslamicStudies/islamophobia">"LibGuides: Islam and Muslim Americans: Islamophobia"</a>. libguides.greenriver.edu. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libguides.greenriver.edu&rft.atitle=LibGuides%3A+Islam+and+Muslim+Americans%3A+Islamophobia&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Jody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibguides.greenriver.edu%2FIslamicStudies%2Fislamophobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111060707/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/islamophobia">"Islamophobia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/islamophobia">the original</a> on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamophobia&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fislamophobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islamophobia">"islamophobia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=islamophobia&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fislamophobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/islamophobia">"Islamophobia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Collins Dictionary">Collins Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamophobia&rft.btitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fislamophobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedges2021" class="citation book cs1">Hedges, Paul (2021). Religious Hatred: Prejudice, Islamophobia and Antisemitism in Global Context. London: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3501-6287-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3501-6287-7"><bdi>978-1-3501-6287-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020041827">2020041827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Hatred%3A+Prejudice%2C+Islamophobia+and+Antisemitism+in+Global+Context&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2020041827&rft.isbn=978-1-3501-6287-7&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003166-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003166_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003166_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003166_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilesBrown2003">Miles & Brown 2003</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-egorova-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-egorova_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-egorova_8-1">b</a> See Egorova; Tudor (2003) pp. 2–3, which cites the conclusions of Marquina and Rebolledo in: "A. Marquina, V. G. Rebolledo, 'The Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic World' in Interreligious Dialogues: Christians, Jews, Muslims, Annals of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, v. 24, no. 10, Austria, 2000, pp. 166–68. " </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew3-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew3_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikeStokesSimmons2016" class="citation report cs1">Wike, Richard; Stokes, Bruce; Simmons, Katie (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220309/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/07/Pew-Research-Center-EU-Refugees-and-National-Identity-Report-FINAL-July-11-2016.pdf">Europeans Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs</a> (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/07/Pew-Research-Center-EU-Refugees-and-National-Identity-Report-FINAL-July-11-2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Europeans+Fear+Wave+of+Refugees+Will+Mean+More+Terrorism%2C+Fewer+Jobs&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-07&rft.aulast=Wike&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2016%2F07%2FPew-Research-Center-EU-Refugees-and-National-Identity-Report-FINAL-July-11-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-becker23-10"><a href="#cite_ref-becker23_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerRinadoGuhin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Elisabeth; Rinado, Rachel; Guhin, Jeffrey (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjssr.12865">"Classifying Muslims: Contextualizing Religion and Race in the United Kingdom and Germany"</a>. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 62 (4): 749–769. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjssr.12865">10.1111/jssr.12865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Classifying+Muslims%3A+Contextualizing+Religion+and+Race+in+the+United+Kingdom+and+Germany&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=749-769&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjssr.12865&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Rinado%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Guhin%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjssr.12865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003164-168-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003164-168_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilesBrown2003">Miles & Brown 2003</a>, p. 164-168. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeydoun2020" class="citation journal cs1">Beydoun, Khaled A. (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyulawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/NYULawReviewOnline-95-Beydoun.pdf">"Exporting Islamophobia in the Global "War On Terror""</a> (PDF). New York University Law Review. 95: 81–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Exporting+Islamophobia+in+the+Global+%22War+On+Terror%22&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=81-100&rft.date=2020-04&rft.aulast=Beydoun&rft.aufirst=Khaled+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyulawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2FNYULawReviewOnline-95-Beydoun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilal2021" class="citation book cs1">Hilal, Maha (2021). Innocent Until Proven Muslim: Islamophobia, the War on Terror, and the Muslim Experience Since 9/11. Minneapolis, USA: Broadleaf Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-7046-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-7046-7"><bdi>978-1-5064-7046-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innocent+Until+Proven+Muslim%3A+Islamophobia%2C+the+War+on+Terror%2C+and+the+Muslim+Experience+Since+9%2F11&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+USA&rft.pub=Broadleaf+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-7046-7&rft.aulast=Hilal&rft.aufirst=Maha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiara_Alfonseca2021" class="citation web cs1">Kiara Alfonseca (11 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/20-years-911-islamophobia-continues-haunt-muslims/story?id=79732049">"20 years after 9/11, Islamophobia continues to haunt Muslims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=20+years+after+9%2F11%2C+Islamophobia+continues+to+haunt+Muslims&rft.date=2021-09-11&rft.au=Kiara+Alfonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2F20-years-911-islamophobia-continues-haunt-muslims%2Fstory%3Fid%3D79732049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2021" class="citation journal cs1">Abbas, Tahir (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17539153.2021.1980182">"Reflection: the "war on terror", Islamophobia and radicalisation twenty years on"</a>. Critical Studies on Terrorism. 14 (4). 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"The islamophobia scale: Instrument development and initial validation". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_for_the_Psychology_of_Religion" title="International Journal for the Psychology of Religion">International Journal for the Psychology of Religion</a>. 19 (2): 92–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10508610802711137">10.1080/10508610802711137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146757435">146757435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+the+Psychology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+islamophobia+scale%3A+Instrument+development+and+initial+validation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=92-105&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10508610802711137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146757435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Timani%2C+H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kunst2012b-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kunst2012b_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunst2012b_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunst2012b_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunst2012b_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunst2012b_74-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunstSamUlleberg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kunst, J. R.; Sam, D. L.; Ulleberg, P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/812038">"Perceived islamophobia: Scale development and validation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Intercultural_Relations" title="International Journal of Intercultural Relations">International Journal of Intercultural Relations</a>. 37 (2): 225–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijintrel.2012.11.001">10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.11.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Intercultural+Relations&rft.atitle=Perceived+islamophobia%3A+Scale+development+and+validation&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-37&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijintrel.2012.11.001&rft.aulast=Kunst&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Sam%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Ulleberg%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F812038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tariqmodood.com/uploads/1/2/3/9/12392325/multicultural_state_we_are_in.pdf">"The Multicultural State We're In: Muslims,'Multiculture' and the 'Civic Re‐balancing' of British Multiculturalism"</a>, Political Studies: 2009 Vol 57, 473–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModood2005" class="citation web cs1">Modood, Tariq (29 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054654/https://www.surrey.ac.uk/cronem/files/Tariq-Modood-article.pdf">"Remaking multiculturalism after 7/7"</a> (PDF). Centre for Research on the European Matrix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surrey.ac.uk/cronem/files/Tariq-Modood-article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2013. <q>The most important such form of cultural racism today is anti-Muslim racism, sometimes called Islamophobia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Research+on+the+European+Matrix&rft.atitle=Remaking+multiculturalism+after+7%2F7&rft.date=2005-09-29&rft.aulast=Modood&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surrey.ac.uk%2Fcronem%2Ffiles%2FTariq-Modood-article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Lean2012" class="citation book cs1">Nathan Lean (2012). The Islamophobia Industry: How the Right Manufactures Fear of Muslims. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745332543" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745332543"><bdi>978-0745332543</bdi></a>. <q>Biological racist discourses have now been replaced by what is called the 'new racism' or 'cultural racist' discourses</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamophobia+Industry%3A+How+the+Right+Manufactures+Fear+of+Muslims&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0745332543&rft.au=Nathan+Lean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoyntingMason2007" class="citation journal cs1">Poynting, S.; Mason, V. (2007). "The resistible rise of Islamophobia: Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001". Journal of Sociology. 43 (1): 61–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1440783307073935">10.1177/1440783307073935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145065236">145065236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+resistible+rise+of+Islamophobia%3A+Anti-Muslim+racism+in+the+UK+and+Australia+before+11+September+2001&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-86&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1440783307073935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145065236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Poynting&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Mason%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErik_Love2013" class="citation journal cs1">Erik Love (2013). "Review: beyond "post 9/11" (Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire by Deepa Kumar; Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in the South Asian Diaspora by Junaid Rana)". Contexts. 12 (1): 70–72. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41960426">41960426</a>. <q>Taking these two works together, Kumar and Rana put forth a strong argument that while Islam is certainly a religion, and not a race, and Muslims (like all religious communities) are a highly diverse group in terms of ethnicity, nationality, and even racial backgrounds, Islamophobia is in fact a form of racism. Both books effectively provide historical accounts showing the parallel development of Islamophobic discourses alongside other forms of racial bigotry and discrimination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contexts&rft.atitle=Review%3A+beyond+%22post+9%2F11%22+%28Islamophobia+and+the+Politics+of+Empire+by+Deepa+Kumar%3B+Terrifying+Muslims%3A+Race+and+Labor+in+the+South+Asian+Diaspora+by+Junaid+Rana%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-72&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41960426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Erik+Love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510093750/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6832035.ece">"Fascism fears: John Denham speaks out over clashes"</a>. 12 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6832035.ece">the original</a> on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fascism+fears%3A+John+Denham+speaks+out+over+clashes&rft.date=2009-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle6832035.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Nilsson2009" class="citation news cs1">Dan Nilsson (19 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/artikel_3674445.svd">"Reinfeldt: Kärnan i partiets idé"</a>. Svenska Dagbladet. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Reinfeldt%3A+K%C3%A4rnan+i+partiets+id%C3%A9&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft.au=Dan+Nilsson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fnyheter%2Finrikes%2Fartikel_3674445.svd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeerNoorani2008" class="citation journal cs1">Meer, Nasar; Noorani, Tehseen (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasarmeer.com/uploads/7/7/4/6/7746984/meer_and_noorani_-_the_sociological_review.pdf">"A sociological comparison of anti-Semitism and anti-Muslim sentiment in Britain"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Sociological_Review" title="The Sociological Review">The Sociological Review</a>. 56 (2): 195–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-954X.2008.00784.x">10.1111/j.1467-954X.2008.00784.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142754091">142754091</a>. <q>Across Europe activists and certain academics are struggling to get across an understanding in their governments and their countries at large that anti-Muslim racism/Islamophobia is now one of the most pernicious forms of contemporary racism and that steps should be taken to combat it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=A+sociological+comparison+of+anti-Semitism+and+anti-Muslim+sentiment+in+Britain&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-219&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-954X.2008.00784.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142754091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meer&rft.aufirst=Nasar&rft.au=Noorani%2C+Tehseen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasarmeer.com%2Fuploads%2F7%2F7%2F4%2F6%2F7746984%2Fmeer_and_noorani_-_the_sociological_review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchifferWagner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schiffer, Sabine; Wagner, Constantin (1 January 2011). "Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia – new enemies, old patterns". Race & Class. 52 (3): 77–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396810389927">10.1177/0306396810389927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146753309">146753309</a> – via SAGE Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=Anti-Semitism+and+Islamophobia+%E2%80%93+new+enemies%2C+old+patterns&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=77-84&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306396810389927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146753309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schiffer&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Constantin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Jocelyne Cesari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro-islam.info/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/securitization_and_religious_divides_in_europe.pdf">"Muslims In Western Europe After 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation"</a> Submission to the Changing Landscape of Citizenship and Security: 6th PCRD of European Commission. 1 June 2006: p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-cesariA-85"><a href="#cite_ref-cesariA_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">John L. Esposito</a>, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamop_xxx_2011_00_7922/page/21">Islamophobia: The Challenge of Pluralism in the 21st Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamop_xxx_2011_00_7922/page/21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199753642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199753642"><bdi>978-0199753642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamophobia%3A+The+Challenge+of+Pluralism+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199753642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamop_xxx_2011_00_7922%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Triandafyllidou-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Triandafyllidou_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Triandafyllidou2010" class="citation book cs1">Anna Triandafyllidou, ed. (2010). Muslims in 21st Century Europe: Structural and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415497091" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415497091"><bdi>978-0415497091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+21st+Century+Europe%3A+Structural+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0415497091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShryockA-87"><a href="#cite_ref-ShryockA_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Shryock2010" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Shryock, ed. (2010). Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend. Indiana University Press. pp. 6–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253221995" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253221995"><bdi>978-0253221995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamophobia%2FIslamophilia%3A+Beyond+the+Politics+of+Enemy+and+Friend&rft.pages=6-25&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0253221995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DianeFrost-88"><a href="#cite_ref-DianeFrost_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2008" class="citation journal cs1">Frost, D. (2008). "Islamophobia: Examining causal links between the media and "race hate" from "below"". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 28 (11/12): 564–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F01443330810915251">10.1108/01443330810915251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sociology+and+Social+Policy&rft.atitle=Islamophobia%3A+Examining+causal+links+between+the+media+and+%22race+hate%22+from+%22below%22&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=11%2F12&rft.pages=564-78&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F01443330810915251&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-levandehistoria-89"><a href="#cite_ref-levandehistoria_89-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf">Islamofobi – en studie av begreppet, ungdomars attityder och unga muslimers utsatthet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025153/http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forum_f%C3%B6r_levande_historia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forum för levande historia (page does not exist)">Forum för levande historia</a> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_f%C3%B6r_levande_historia" class="extiw" title="sv:Forum för levande historia">sv</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1885/45034">The rise of anti-Muslim racism in Australia: who benefits?</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoyntingMason2006" class="citation journal cs1">Poynting; Mason (2006). "Tolerance, Freedom, Justice and Peace?: Britain, Australia and Anti-Muslim Racism since 11 September 2001". Journal of Intercultural Studies. 27 (4): 365–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07256860600934973">10.1080/07256860600934973</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2292%2F23817">2292/23817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145787451">145787451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intercultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Tolerance%2C+Freedom%2C+Justice+and+Peace%3F%3A+Britain%2C+Australia+and+Anti-Muslim+Racism+since+11+September+2001&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=365-91&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2292%2F23817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145787451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07256860600934973&rft.au=Poynting&rft.au=Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson20110306-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson20110306_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Johnson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alan Johnson (6 March 2011). "The Idea of 'Islamophobia'". <a href="/wiki/World_Affairs" title="World Affairs">World Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Idea+of+%27Islamophobia%27&rft.date=2011-03-06&rft.au=Alan+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussainBagguley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hussain, Yasmin & Bagguley, Paul (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/80516/2/securitsedcitizens4socrevrevfinal280512%5B1%5D.pdf">"Securitized Citizens: Islamophobia, Racism and the 7/7 London Bombings"</a> (PDF). The Sociological Review. 60 (4): 715–734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-954X.2012.02130.x">10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02130.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143355490">143355490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Securitized+Citizens%3A+Islamophobia%2C+Racism+and+the+7%2F7+London+Bombings&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=715-734&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-954X.2012.02130.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143355490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft.au=Bagguley%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F80516%2F2%2Fsecuritsedcitizens4socrevrevfinal280512%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinetben_Ibrahim1918" class="citation book cs1">Dinet, Alphonse Étienne; ben Ibrahim, Sliman (1918). La Vie de Mohammed, Prophète d'Allah. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Vie+de+Mohammed%2C+Proph%C3%A8te+d%27Allah&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Dinet&rft.aufirst=Alphonse+%C3%89tienne&rft.au=ben+Ibrahim%2C+Sliman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) cited from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtterbeckBevelander2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Otterbeck, Jonas; Bevelander, Pieter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025153/http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf">Islamofobi  – en studie av begreppet, ungdomars attityder och unga muslimars utsatthet</a> (PDF) (in Swedish). Anders Lange. Stockholm: Forum för levande historia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-976073-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-976073-6-0"><bdi>978-91-976073-6-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2011. <q>modern orientalists [are partially] influenced by an islamofobia, which is poorly reconciled with science and hardly worthy of our time</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamofobi+%E2%80%93+en+studie+av+begreppet%2C+ungdomars+attityder+och+unga+muslimars+utsatthet&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Forum+f%C3%B6r+levande+historia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-91-976073-6-0&rft.aulast=Otterbeck&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft.au=Bevelander%2C+Pieter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levandehistoria.se%2Ffiles%2Fislamofobi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2010pp5-6-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen2010pp5-6_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen2010pp5-6_93-1">b</a> Allen, Christopher (2010). Islamophobia. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Ezzerhouni, Dahou. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algerie-focus.com/2010/02/03/lislamophobie-un-racisme-apparu-avec-les-colonisations/">"L'islamophobie, un racisme apparu avec les colonisations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417000408/http://www.algerie-focus.com/2010/02/03/lislamophobie-un-racisme-apparu-avec-les-colonisations/">Archived</a> 17 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Algerie-Focus, 3 February 2010. "Le mot serai ainsi apparu pour la première fois dans quelques ouvrages du début du XXème siècle. On peut citer entre autre « La politique musulmane dans l'Afrique Occidentale Française » d'Alain Quellien publié en 1910, suivi de quelques citations dans la <a href="/wiki/Revue_du_monde_musulman" title="Revue du monde musulman">Revue du monde musulman</a> en 1912 et 1918, la Revue du Mercure de France en 1912, « Haut-Sénégal-Niger » de Maurice Delafosse en 1912 et dans le Journal of Theological Studies en 1924. L'année suivante, Etienne Dinet et Slimane Ben Brahim, employaient ce terme qui «conduit à l'aberration » dans leur ouvrage « L'Orient vu par l'Occident »." </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2007-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Allen2007_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Allen2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Allen_(academic)" title="Chris Allen (academic)">Chris Allen</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=45668">"Islamophobia and its Consequences"</a>. European Islam: 144–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Islam&rft.atitle=Islamophobia+and+its+Consequences&rft.pages=144-67&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Chris+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isn.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2FDigital-Library%2FPublications%2FDetail%2F%3Fots591%3D0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233%26lng%3Den%26id%3D45668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBravo_López2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bravo López, F. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00645104/file/PEER_stage2_10.1080%252F01419870.2010.528440.pdf">"Towards a definition of Islamophobia: Approximations of the early twentieth century"</a> (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 34 (4): 556–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870.2010.528440">10.1080/01419870.2010.528440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:217534342">217534342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Towards+a+definition+of+Islamophobia%3A+Approximations+of+the+early+twentieth+century&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=556-73&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870.2010.528440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A217534342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bravo+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00645104%2Ffile%2FPEER_stage2_10.1080%25252F01419870.2010.528440.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtterbeckBevelander2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Otterbeck, Jonas; Bevelander, Pieter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025153/http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf">Islamofobi  – en studie av begreppet, ungdomars attityder och unga muslimars utsatthet</a> (PDF) (in Swedish). Anders Lange. Stockholm: Forum för levande historia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-976073-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-976073-6-0"><bdi>978-91-976073-6-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamofobi+%E2%80%93+en+studie+av+begreppet%2C+ungdomars+attityder+och+unga+muslimars+utsatthet&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Forum+f%C3%B6r+levande+historia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-91-976073-6-0&rft.aulast=Otterbeck&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft.au=Bevelander%2C+Pieter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levandehistoria.se%2Ffiles%2Fislamofobi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annan-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Annan_98-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Annan, Kofi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9637.doc.htm">"Secretary-General, addressing headquarters seminar Wed Confronting Islamophobia"</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, press release, 7 December 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaboulias2019" class="citation news cs1">Baboulias, Yiannis (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/01/the-balkans-are-the-world-capital-of-islamophobia/">"The Balkans Are the World Capital of Islamophobia"</a>. Foreign Policy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Balkans+Are+the+World+Capital+of+Islamophobia&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft.aulast=Baboulias&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F04%2F01%2Fthe-balkans-are-the-world-capital-of-islamophobia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabic-El-Rayess2020" class="citation news cs1">Sabic-El-Rayess, Amra (1 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/opinions/2020/10/1/from-90s-bosnia-to-mordern-dayhistory-repeats-itself">"Today's America reminds me of 1990s Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a>. Al Jazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Today%27s+America+reminds+me+of+1990s+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.aulast=Sabic-El-Rayess&rft.aufirst=Amra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Famp%2Fopinions%2F2020%2F10%2F1%2Ffrom-90s-bosnia-to-mordern-dayhistory-repeats-itself&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajib2022" class="citation book cs1">Najib, Kawtar (2022). Spatialized Islamophobia. New York: Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-89478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-89478-8"><bdi>978-0-367-89478-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spatialized+Islamophobia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-367-89478-8&rft.aulast=Najib&rft.aufirst=Kawtar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003164,_165-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003164,_165_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilesBrown2003">Miles & Brown 2003</a>, p. 164, 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-Runnymede1997-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Runnymede1997_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926002939/http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/islamophobia.pdf">"Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All"</a> (PDF). 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London. 11 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6965276/Britain-divided-by-Islam-survey-finds.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britain+divided+by+Islam%2C+survey+finds&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Freligion%2F6965276%2FBritain-divided-by-Islam-survey-finds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazem2016" class="citation web cs1">Kazem, Halima (20 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/20/islamophobia-funding-cair-berkeley-report">"The Guardian: Funding Islamophobia: $206m went to promoting 'hatred' of American Muslims"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Guardian%3A+Funding+Islamophobia%3A+%24206m+went+to+promoting+%27hatred%27+of+American+Muslims&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft.aulast=Kazem&rft.aufirst=Halima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fjun%2F20%2Fislamophobia-funding-cair-berkeley-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Barrie2021" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Barrie (29 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/islamophobia-in-scotland-on-the-rise-as-four-fifths-of-muslims-report-verbal-and-physical-attacks/ar-AALzqfv">"Islamophobia in Scotland on the rise as four-fifths of Muslims report verbal and physical attacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft News">Microsoft News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_News" title="Edinburgh Evening News">Edinburgh Evening News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210702075300/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/islamophobia-in-scotland-on-the-rise-as-four-fifths-of-muslims-report-verbal-and-physical-attacks/ar-AALzqfv%23comments">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+News&rft.atitle=Islamophobia+in+Scotland+on+the+rise+as+four-fifths+of+Muslims+report+verbal+and+physical+attacks&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft.au=Douglas+Barrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-gb%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fislamophobia-in-scotland-on-the-rise-as-four-fifths-of-muslims-report-verbal-and-physical-attacks%2Far-AALzqfv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fbiData-202"><a href="#cite_ref-fbiData_202-0">^</a> The FBI reports anti-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Hate_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate crimes">hate crimes</a> directed against persons or property its annual reports indexed here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr-publications#Hate">[1]</a>. Data reported here are from the FBI Hate Crime reports of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2013/tables/4tabledatadecpdf/table_4_offenses_offense_type_by_bias_motivation_2013.xls">2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2012/tables-and-data-declarations/4tabledatadecpdf/table_4_offenses_offense_type_by_bias_motivation_2012.xls">2012</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2011/tables/table-4">2011</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2010/tables/table-4-offenses-offense-type-by-bias-motivation-2010.xls">2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2009/data/table_04.html">2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/data/table_04.html">2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2007/table_04.htm">2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/table4.html">2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2005/table4.htm">2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2004/hctable4.htm">2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2003/hatecrime03.pdf">2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2002/hatecrime02.pdf">2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2001/hatecrime01.pdf">2001</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2000/hatecrime00.pdf">2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/1999/hatecrime99.pdf">1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/1998/hatecrime98.pdf">1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/1997/hatecrime97.pdf">1997</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/1996/hatecrime96.pdf">1996</a>. Totals and averages reported here are derived as calculations from the FBI data. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-34995431">"Anti-Islam hate crimes triple in London after Paris attacks"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/kasia-narkowicz-konrad-pedziwiatr/why-are-polish-people-so-wrong-about-muslims-in">the original</a> on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+are+Polish+people+so+wrong+about+Muslims+in+their+country%3F&rft.pub=openDemocracy&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fcan-europe-make-it%2Fkasia-narkowicz-konrad-pedziwiatr%2Fwhy-are-polish-people-so-wrong-about-muslims-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamophobiaeurope.com/reports/2015/en/EIR_2015_POLAND.pdf">"European Islamophobia Report"</a> (PDF). 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The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/27/fears-of-anti-muslim-backlash-as-police-investigate-possible-ars/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fears+of+anti-Muslim+backlash+as+police+investigate+possible+arson+attack+on+French+mosque&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Finnigan%2C+Lexi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2F27%2Ffears-of-anti-muslim-backlash-as-police-investigate-possible-ars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1282879">"Spanish hooligans held for assault on hijab-wearing pregnant Muslim woman"</a>. 8 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+hooligans+held+for+assault+on+hijab-wearing+pregnant+Muslim+woman&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1282879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904233005/http://cphpost.dk/news/muslim-school-in-denmark-vandalised-with-anti-islam-graffiti.html">"Muslim School in Denmark Vandalised with Anti-Islam Graffiti"</a>. 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Islamophobieforschung. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jahrbuch-islamophobie.de/">the original</a> on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Islamophobieforschung&rft.pub=Islamophobieforschung&rft.aulast=Hafez&rft.aufirst=Farid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jahrbuch-islamophobie.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-231"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTariq_Modood2006" class="citation book cs1">Tariq Modood (6 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo">Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach</a> (1st ed.). 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The Politically Incorrect Guide to Jihad. Regnery. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621575771" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621575771"><bdi>978-1621575771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politically+Incorrect+Guide+to+Jihad&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1621575771&rft.aulast=Kilpatrick&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signandsight.com/features/1146.html">"Pascal Bruckner: Enlightenment fundamentalism or racism of the anti-racists? 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Chancellery of the Government of Sweden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.gov.se/stockholmforum/2001/conference_2001.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conference+Two%3A+Combating+Intolerance&rft.pub=Chancellery+of+the+Government+of+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.se%2Fstockholmforum%2F2001%2Fconference_2001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhle2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ehle, David (23 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://motargument.se/2014/02/23/terminologi-islamofobi/">"Terminologi – islamofobi"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 January 2023. <q>rasistiska och diskriminerande uttryck gentemot muslimer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Motargument&rft.atitle=Terminologi+%E2%80%93+islamofobi&rft.date=2014-02-23&rft.aulast=Ehle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmotargument.se%2F2014%2F02%2F23%2Fterminologi-islamofobi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2003218''The_Runnymede_Trust_has_been_successful_in_that_the_term_Islamophobia_is_now_widely_recognized_and_used,_though_many_right-wing_commentators_reject_its_existence_or_argue_that_it_is_justified._However,_now_becoming_a_catch-all_label_for_any_harassment_involving_Muslims,_it_should_not_be_considered_unproblematic''-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole2003218''The_Runnymede_Trust_has_been_successful_in_that_the_term_Islamophobia_is_now_widely_recognized_and_used,_though_many_right-wing_commentators_reject_its_existence_or_argue_that_it_is_justified._However,_now_becoming_a_catch-all_label_for_any_harassment_involving_Muslims,_it_should_not_be_considered_unproblematic''_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoole2003">Poole 2003</a>, p. 218, The Runnymede Trust has been successful in that the term Islamophobia is now widely recognized and used, though many right-wing commentators reject its existence or argue that it is justified. However, now becoming a catch-all label for any harassment involving Muslims, it should not be considered unproblematic. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoten2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Moten" title="Abdul Rashid Moten">Moten, Abdul Rashid</a> (2014). "Islamophobia". In <a href="/wiki/Emad_Shahin" title="Emad Shahin">Shahin, Emad El-Din</a> (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 618–620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973935-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973935-6"><bdi>978-0-19-973935-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamophobia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pages=618-620&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973935-6&rft.aulast=Moten&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Sociology-287"><a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Sociology_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Scott2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John Scott, ed. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212606/http://crg.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/Tamdgidi.pdf">"Beyond Islamophobia and Islamophilia as Western Epistemic Racisms: Revisiting Runnymede Trust's Definition in a World-History Context"</a> (PDF). Islamophobia Studies Journal. 1 (1): 76. 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Polity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionincontem0000aldr/page/138">138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2083-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-2083-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+the+Contemporary+World%3A+A+Sociological+Introduction&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-2083-1&rft.aulast=Aldridge&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionincontem0000aldr%2Fpage%2F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003165-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003165_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilesBrown2003">Miles & Brown 2003</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2003219-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole2003219_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoole2003">Poole 2003</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bleich-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Bleich_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleich2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bleich, Erik (2011). "What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept". <a href="/wiki/American_Behavioral_Scientist" title="American Behavioral Scientist">American Behavioral Scientist</a>. 55 (12): 1581–1600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764211409387">10.1177/0002764211409387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143679557">143679557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=What+Is+Islamophobia+and+How+Much+Is+There%3F+Theorizing+and+Measuring+an+Emerging+Comparative+Concept&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1581-1600&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764211409387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143679557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bleich&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imhoff-299"><a href="#cite_ref-Imhoff_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImhoffRecker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Imhoff, Roland; Recker, Julia (17 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/545302">"Differentiating Islamophobia: Introducing a new scale to measure Islamoprejudice and Secular Islam Critique"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Political_Psychology" title="Political Psychology">Political Psychology</a>. 33 (6). <a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Political_Psychology" title="International Society of Political Psychology">International Society of Political Psychology</a> (published December 2012): 811–924. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9221.2012.00911.x">10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00911.x</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=Differentiating+Islamophobia%3A+Introducing+a+new+scale+to+measure+Islamoprejudice+and+Secular+Islam+Critique&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=811-924&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9221.2012.00911.x&rft.aulast=Imhoff&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Recker%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F545302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_NollSaroglouLatourDolezal2018" class="citation journal cs1">Van Der Noll, Jolanda; Saroglou, Vassilis; Latour, David; Dolezal, Nathalie (2018). "Western Anti-Muslim Prejudice: Value Conflict or Discrimination of Persons Too?". Political Psychology. 39 (2): 281–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpops.12416">10.1111/pops.12416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=Western+Anti-Muslim+Prejudice%3A+Value+Conflict+or+Discrimination+of+Persons+Too%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-301&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpops.12416&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Noll&rft.aufirst=Jolanda&rft.au=Saroglou%2C+Vassilis&rft.au=Latour%2C+David&rft.au=Dolezal%2C+Nathalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennJawad2003" class="citation book cs1">Benn, Tansin & Jawad, H. A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2sFAQAAIAAJ">Muslim Women in the United Kingdom and Beyond: Experiences and Images</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12581-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12581-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12581-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Women+in+the+United+Kingdom+and+Beyond%3A+Experiences+and+Images&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12581-0&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Tansin&rft.au=Jawad%2C+H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2sFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Davison, Alan (2022). "Multiculturalism, Social Distance and "Islamophobia": Reflections on Anti-racism Research in Australia and Beyond". Journal Society (59). 59 (1). springer: 42–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12115-021-00641-4">10.1007/s12115-021-00641-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10453%2F151199">10453/151199</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244581073">244581073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Society+%2859%29&rft.atitle=Multiculturalism%2C+Social+Distance+and+%22Islamophobia%22%3A+Reflections+on+Anti-racism+Research+in+Australia+and+Beyond&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-51&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10453%2F151199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244581073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12115-021-00641-4&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgorovaParfitt,_T.2003" class="citation book cs1">Egorova, Y. & Parfitt, T. (2003). Jews, Muslims, and Mass Media: Mediating the 'Other'. London: Routledge Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31839-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31839-6"><bdi>978-0-415-31839-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Muslims%2C+and+Mass+Media%3A+Mediating+the+%27Other%27&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31839-6&rft.aulast=Egorova&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Parfitt%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Yazbeck_Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad">Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qdRx7qLF8KIC">Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514805-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514805-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514805-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+the+West%3A+From+Sojourners+to+Citizens&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514805-3&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Yvonne+Yazbeck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqdRx7qLF8KIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilesBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Robert & Brown, Malcolm (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5xNQr0uiXUC">Racism</a>. London, New York: <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415296779" title="Special:BookSources/9780415296779"><bdi>9780415296779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415296779&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Brown%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5xNQr0uiXUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Poole, E. (2003). "Islamophobia". In Cashmore, Ellis (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 215–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44714-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44714-0"><bdi>978-0-415-44714-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamophobia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race+and+Ethnic+Studies&rft.pages=215-19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44714-0&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunnymede_Trust1997" class="citation book cs1">Runnymede Trust (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcislamofobia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Islamophobia-a-challenge-for-us-all-without-cartoons-1.pdf">Islamophobia A Challenge For Us All - Report of the Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Runnymede_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="The Runnymede Trust">The Runnymede Trust</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902397-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-902397-98-2"><bdi>0-902397-98-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamophobia+A+Challenge+For+Us+All+-+Report+of+the+Runnymede+Trust+Commission+on+British+Muslims+and+Islamophobia&rft.pub=The+Runnymede+Trust&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-902397-98-2&rft.au=Runnymede+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcislamofobia.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FIslamophobia-a-challenge-for-us-all-without-cartoons-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsSoydanJohnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Charlotte; Soydan, Haluk & Johnson, Mark (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtpvwCFGN0QC">Social Work and Minorities: European Perspectives</a>. London, New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16962-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16962-2"><bdi>978-0-415-16962-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Work+and+Minorities%3A+European+Perspectives&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16962-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Soydan%2C+Haluk&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtpvwCFGN0QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ali, Wajahat; Clifton, Eli; Duss, Matthew; Fang, Lee; Keyes, Scott; and Shakir, Faiz (August 26, 2011) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/report/2011/08/26/10165/fear-inc/">Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America</a>". <a href="/wiki/American_Progress" title="American Progress">American Progress</a>. Accessed 24 February 2015.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Allen_(academic)" title="Chris Allen (academic)">Allen, Chris</a> (2011). Islamophobia. Ashgate Publishing Company.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2005" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Tahir (2005). Muslim Britain: Communities Under Pressure. Zed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-449-6"><bdi>978-1-84277-449-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Britain%3A+Communities+Under+Pressure&rft.pub=Zed&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-449-6&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Tahir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Duss, Matthew; Taeb; Yasmine; Gude, Ken; and Sofer, Ken (February 11, 2015) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/report/2015/02/11/106394/fear-inc-2-0/">Fear, Inc. 2.0: The Islamophobia Network's Efforts to Manufacture Hate in America</a>". <a href="/wiki/American_Progress" title="American Progress">American Progress</a>. Accessed 24 February 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottschalkGreenberg,_G.2007" class="citation book cs1">Gottschalk, P.; Greenberg, G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamophobiamaki0000gott">Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy</a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5286-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5286-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-5286-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamophobia%3A+Making+Muslims+the+Enemy&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5286-9&rft.aulast=Gottschalk&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamophobiamaki0000gott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Greaves, R. (2004). Islam and the West Post 9/11. Ashgate publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5005-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-5005-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+West+Post+9%2F11&rft.pub=Ashgate+publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5005-8&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Itaoui, Rhonda (2016). "The Geography of Islamophobia in Sydney: mapping the spatial imaginaries of young Muslims", in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geographer" title="Australian Geographer">Australian Geographer</a>. Vol 47:3, 261–79.</li> <li>Kaplan, Jeffrey (2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317369882/chapters/10.4324%2F9781315671352-19">Islamophobia in America?: September 11 and Islamophobic Hate Crime</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612113144/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317369882/chapters/10.4324%2F9781315671352-19">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Terrorism and Political Violence (Routledge), 18:1, 1–33.</li> <li>Kincheloe, Joe L. and Steinberg, Shirley R. (2004). The Miseducation of the West: How the Schools and Media Distort Our Understanding of Islam. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press. (Arabic Edition, 2005).</li> <li>Kincheloe, Joe L. and Steinberg, Shirley R. (2010). Teaching Against Islamophobia. New York: Peter Lang.</li> <li>Konrad, Felix (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011020147">From the "Turkish Menace" to Exoticism and Orientalism: Islam as Antithesis of Europe (1453–1914)?</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>. Retrieved: 22 June 2011.</li> <li>Kundnani, Arun. (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsNNBAAAQBAJ">The Muslims Are Coming! Islamaphobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror</a> (Verso; 2014) 327 pages</li> <li>Lajevardi, N. (2020). Outsiders at Home: The Politics of American Islamophobia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove2017" class="citation book cs1">Love, Erik (2017). Islamophobia and Racism in America. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479838073" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479838073"><bdi>978-1479838073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamophobia+and+Racism+in+America&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1479838073&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyntingMason2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pynting, Scott & Mason, Victoria (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamiccouncilwa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/poynting2007a-2.pdf">"The Resistible Rise of Islamophobia: Anti-Muslim Racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001". Journal of Sociology"</a> (PDF). The Australian Sociological Association. 43 (1): 61–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1440783307073935">10.1177/1440783307073935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145065236">145065236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Sociological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Resistible+Rise+of+Islamophobia%3A+Anti-Muslim+Racism+in+the+UK+and+Australia+before+11+September+2001%22.+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-86&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1440783307073935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145065236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pynting&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Mason%2C+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamiccouncilwa.com.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F05%2Fpoynting2007a-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuraishi2005" class="citation book cs1">Quraishi, M. (2005). Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4233-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4233-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-4233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Crime%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4233-6&rft.aulast=Quraishi&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamadan2004" class="citation book cs1">Ramadan, T. (2004). Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517111-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517111-2"><bdi>978-0-19-517111-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Muslims+and+the+Future+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517111-2&rft.aulast=Ramadan&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2004" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, John E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WanqiF2XULsC">(Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2699-0"><bdi>978-90-272-2699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28Mis%29representing+Islam%3A+the+racism+and+rhetoric+of+British+broadsheet+newspapers&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2699-0&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWanqiF2XULsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2014" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John (2014). A Dictionary of Sociology (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968358-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968358-1"><bdi>978-0-19-968358-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Sociology+%284th+ed.%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968358-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sheehi" title="Stephen Sheehi">Sheehi, Stephen</a> (2011). Islamophobia: The Ideological Campaign Against Muslims. Clarity Press.</li> <li>Shryock, Andrew, ed. (2010). <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia/Islamophilia:_Beyond_the_Politics_of_Enemy_and_Friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend">Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 250. Essays on Islamophobia past and present; topics include the "neo-Orientalism" of three Muslim commentators today: Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Reza Aslan, and <a href="/wiki/Irshad_Manji" title="Irshad Manji">Irshad Manji</a>.</li> <li>Silva, Derek (2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/xd3g9/download?format=pdf">The Othering of Muslims: Discourses of Radicalization in the New York Times, 1969–2014</a>", Sociological Forum, 32:1, 138–161.</li> <li>Tausch, Arno with Bischof, Christian; Kastrun, Tomaz; and Mueller, Karl (2007). Against Islamophobia: Muslim Communities, Social-Exclusion and the Lisbon Process in Europe. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-535-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-535-3">978-1-60021-535-3</a>.</li> <li>Tausch, Arno with Bischof, Christian and Mueller, Karl (2008). Muslim Calvinism: Internal Security and the Lisbon Process in Europe. Purdue University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-905170995-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-905170995-7">978-905170995-7</a>.</li> <li>Tausch, Arno (2007). Against Islamophobia: Quantitative Analyses of Global Terrorism, World Political Cycles and Center Periphery Structures. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-536-0">978-1-60021-536-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driel2004" class="citation book cs1">van Driel, B. (2004). Confronting Islamophobia In Educational Practice. Trentham Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-340-4"><bdi>978-1-85856-340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Islamophobia+In+Educational+Practice&rft.pub=Trentham+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85856-340-4&rft.aulast=van+Driel&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamophobia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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title="s:Special:Search/Islamophobia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Islamophobia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Islamophobia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922184915/http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/">Archived</a> 22 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – an Islamophobia news clearing house</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24419416/UNDERSTANDING_and_COUNTERING_ISLAMOPHOBIA">Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, Understanding and Countering Islamophobia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamophobia_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamophobia_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Islamophobia by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Australia" title="Islamophobia in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Canada" title="Islamophobia in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_France" title="Islamophobia in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Germany" title="Islamophobia in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Italy" title="Islamophobia in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Norway" title="Islamophobia in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Poland" title="Islamophobia in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Sweden" title="Islamophobia in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamophobia in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">United States</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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Template:Cite_book"," 9.42% 524.078 71 Template:Cite_web"," 9.16% 509.387 1 Template:Discrimination_sidebar"," 8.69% 483.364 60 Template:Cite_news"," 8.12% 451.733 26 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"4.064","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19631891,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlan_Johnson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAldridge2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen,_Chris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmina2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmina_Rasul2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndre2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Shryock2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnna_Triandafyllidou2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArasteh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshwaq_Masood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzeezah_Kanji2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabacan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaboulias2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBazian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckerRinadoGuhin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_McPartland2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenbassa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBender2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenklerFarisRoberts2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennJawad2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeydoun2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhandar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleich\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleich,_Erik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBona2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBravo_López2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruckner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunzl2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurak_Erdenir2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpente2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCesari2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalabi,_Mona2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalabi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazanFinnigan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChris_Allen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChris_Allen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrina_Balash_Kerr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Nilsson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinetben_Ibrahim1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_Barrie2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDressler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDøving2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgorovaParfitt,_T.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_Schumacher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErik_Love2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalola1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGideon_Rachman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoknar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzálezVerkuytenWeesiePoppe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottschalkGreenberg,_G.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreaves2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddad2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddadHarb2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHafez\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaroon_Siddique2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedges2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusna_Haq2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussainBagguley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIdil_Oztig2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImam_Abduljalil_Sajid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImhoffRecker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInpaperMagazine2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIslamophobia_Research_\u0026amp;_Documentation_Project\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Čulík2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Loïc_Le_Quellec2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewish_Council_for_Public_Affairs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Scott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstonLordan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_Kurlantzick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadirgamar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalder2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaminski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaya2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazem2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKearnsBetusLemieux2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiara_Alfonseca2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilpatrick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKollontai2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunstSamUlleberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunstTajamalSamUlleberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuwara2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavalette2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawAminaSayyid2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLean2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLean2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeGibbonsThompsonTimani2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeszczyński2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLove2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLévyMihaely2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Townsend2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarranci2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallShea2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatt_Flegenheimer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcguinness2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeauxDoranCox2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeerModood2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeerNoorani2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehdi_Hasan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMepschenDuyvendakTonkens2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Walzer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilesBrown2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModood2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed_Nimer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMona_Chalabi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoten2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajib2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan_Lean2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNazir-Ali2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeiwert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNossiter2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtterbeckBevelander2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPande2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkHolodyZhang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenchev\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoole2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoyntingMason2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoyntingMason2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyntingMason2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuraishi2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamadan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicci2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichBisonKozovic2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoald2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoland_Imhoff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoland_Imhoff_\u0026amp;_Julia_Recker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunnymede_Trust1997\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSabic-El-Rayess2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalaita2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavelkoulScheepersTolsmaHagendoorn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayyidVakil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchifferWagner2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchlueterScheepers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedmakWalkerMedarić2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeid2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelod2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenanayake2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipoli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddique2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiemaszko2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkopeliti2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpangler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpruytElchardus2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinSalime2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinback2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamdgidi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTariq_Modood2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_NollSaroglouLatourDolezal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerkuytenYildiz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikeStokesSimmons2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsSoydanJohnson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYork2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZempiAwan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZia-Ebrahimi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Driel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÍ_SkoriniDyrberg2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 2,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 26,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 71,\n [\"Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Discrimination\"] = 2,\n [\"Discrimination sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive citations\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Islam topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamophobia\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend-inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Religious persecution\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 26,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"US$\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n [\"World topic\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"short\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","560","13.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","520","12.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","420","10.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","260","6.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","4.9"],["type","200","4.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","180","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","2.0"],["[others]","920","22.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-rmcgg","timestamp":"20241122140811","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Islamophobia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamophobia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q486296","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q486296","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-28T09:47:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T21:58:37Z","headline":"fear, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general"}</script> </body> </html>