CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nigeria: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9f259df4-7ede-4ad7-b79d-ebf276c717c0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nigeria","wgTitle":"Nigeria","wgCurRevisionId":1259475687,"wgRevisionId":1259475687,"wgArticleId":21383,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Hausa-language text","Pages with Hausa IPA","Articles containing Igbo-language text","Articles containing Yoruba-language text","Articles containing Nigerian Pidgin-language text","Pages with Nigerian Pidgin IPA","Articles containing Fula-language text","Articles containing Tyap-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list", "All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2023","Articles with dead external links from May 2024","Articles with dead external links from January 2023","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use Nigerian English from April 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in Nigerian English","Use dmy dates from August 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Articles needing additional references from July 2018","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Accuracy disputes from November 2023","All accuracy disputes","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images", "Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","Coordinates on Wikidata","Nigeria","Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations","Developing 8 Countries member states","Economic Community of West African States","Countries and territories where English is an official language","Federal republics","G15 nations","Member states of OPEC","Member states of the African Union","Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations","Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","Member states of the United Nations","States and territories established in 1960","West African countries","1960 establishments in Nigeria","Countries in Africa","1960 establishments in Africa", "Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nigeria","wgRelevantArticleId":21383,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"extRevisionSliderTimeOffset":0,"wgDiffOldId":1256699584,"wgDiffNewId":1259475687,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":8,"lon":10},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1033","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-editing-advanced":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss":"ready", "mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","mediawiki.diff.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyJs","mediawiki.diff","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.diff.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility%2Cicons-editing-advanced%2Cindicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/800px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/640px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nigeria: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mw-article-diff skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Nigeria rootpage-Nigeria skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nigeria&returntoquery=diff%3D1259475687%26oldid%3D1256699584" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nigeria&returntoquery=diff%3D1259475687%26oldid%3D1256699584" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nigeria&returntoquery=diff%3D1259475687%26oldid%3D1256699584" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nigeria&returntoquery=diff%3D1259475687%26oldid%3D1256699584" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Pre-colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 British colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_federal_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_federal_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Independence and federal republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_federal_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_First_Republic_and_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_First_Republic_and_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Fall of the First Republic and Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_First_Republic_and_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_dictatorship_and_Second_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_dictatorship_and_Second_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Military dictatorship and Second Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_dictatorship_and_Second_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-12_June_and_the_crisis_of_the_Third_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12_June_and_the_crisis_of_the_Third_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 12 June and the crisis of the Third Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12_June_and_the_crisis_of_the_Third_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_democracy_(1999–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_democracy_(1999–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Return to democracy (1999–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_democracy_(1999–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Hydrology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vegetation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communal_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Communal conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Oil and natural gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Manufacturing and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_and_telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_and_telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Internet and telecommunications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_and_telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.2 Rail transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.3 Air transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Festival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nigeria: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 269 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-269" aria-hidden="true" > 269 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Нигерие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Нигерие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeri%C3%AB" title="Nigerië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nigerië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%84%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ናይጄሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናይጄሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नाईजीरिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नाईजीरिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Нигериа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Нигериа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نيجيريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيجيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicheria" title="Nicheria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nicheria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նիճերիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիճերիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C2%B7%C3%A8ria" title="Nig·èria – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nig·èria" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নাইজেৰিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাইজেৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixeria" title="Nixeria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nixeria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nih%C3%A9ria" title="Nihéria – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nihéria" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqirya" title="Niqirya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Niqirya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya" title="Nigeriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nigeriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نیجریه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیجریه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeria" title="Nijeria – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Nijeria" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নাইজেরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাইজেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нігерыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нігерыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нігерыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нігерыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नाइजीरिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नाइजीरिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerya" title="Nigerya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nigerya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naejiria" title="Naejiria – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Naejiria" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ནི་ཇི་རི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནི་ཇི་རི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija" title="Nigerija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nigerija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нигери – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нигери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A8ria" title="Nigèria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nigèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нигери – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нигери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigyeriya" title="Nigyeriya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nigyeriya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9rie" title="Nigérie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nigérie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijeriya" title="Naijeriya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Naijeriya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نيجيريا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيجيريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%96%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ނައިޖީރިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނައިޖީރިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_%C5%81izhinii_Bi%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9n%C3%A9z%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naakaii Łizhinii Biʼéénézí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Łizhinii Biʼéénézí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija" title="Nigerija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nigerija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नाइजेरिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नाइजेरिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeeria" title="Nigeeria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nigeeria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νιγηρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιγηρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%9Derio" title="Niĝerio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Niĝerio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naidzeria" title="Naidzeria – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Naidzeria" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نیجریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیجریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigearia" title="Nigearia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nigearia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naajeeriya" title="Naajeeriya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Naajeeriya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Nig%C3%A9ir" title="An Nigéir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Nigéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Naigeer" title="Yn Naigeer – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Naigeer" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya" title="Nigeriya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Nigeriya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACgeiria" title="Nìgeiria – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nìgeiria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixeria" title="Nixeria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nixeria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нигери – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нигери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="尼日利亞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="尼日利亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="નાઇજીરિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાઇજીરિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijilia" title="Naijilia – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Naijilia" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="나이지리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나이지리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najeriya" title="Najeriya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Najeriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նիգերիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիգերիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नाईजीरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाईजीरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija" title="Nigerija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nigerija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija" title="Nigerija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nigerija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijiria" title="Naijiria – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Naijiria" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নাইজেরিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নাইজেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naitchiriaq" title="Naitchiriaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Naitchiriaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нигери – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нигери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/INigeria" title="INigeria – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="INigeria" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INigeria" title="INigeria – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INigeria" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADger%C3%ADa" title="Nígería – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nígería" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="ניגריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניגריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria" title="Nigéria – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nigéria" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naajeeriya" title="Naajeeriya – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Naajeeriya" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ನೈಜೀರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೈಜೀರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნიგერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიგერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نائیجیریا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نائیجیریا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeri" title="Nijeri – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nijeri" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeriya" title="Nijeriya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Nijeriya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizeria" title="Nizeria – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nizeria" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijerya" title="Nijerya – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nijerya" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C3%A9rya" title="Nijérya – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nijérya" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEjerya" title="Nîjerya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîjerya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нигери – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Нигери" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeria" title="Nijeria – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nijeria" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigereja" title="Nigereja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Nigereja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C4%93rija" title="Nigērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nigērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija" title="Nigerija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nigerija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizeria" title="Nizeria – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nizeria" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeria" title="Nijeria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nijeria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerii" title="Nigerii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nigerii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nixerias" title="nixerias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nixerias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria" title="Nigéria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nigéria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нигерија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нигерија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizeri%C3%A0" title="Nizerià – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nizerià" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="നൈജീരിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നൈജീരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%A1erja" title="Niġerja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Niġerja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81itiria" title="Ngāitiria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ngāitiria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नायजेरिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नायजेरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნიგერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიგერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نايجيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نايجيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نیجریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیجریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯅꯥꯢꯖꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯥꯢꯖꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria" title="Nigéria – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Nigéria" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигэрия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Нигэрия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нигери – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нигери" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="နိုင်ဂျီးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ဂျီးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naija" title="Naija – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Naija" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नाइजेरिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाइजेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नाइजेरिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नाइजेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ナイジェリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナイジェリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нигери – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нигери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeeria" title="Nigeeria – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nigeeria" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niijiirya" title="Niijiirya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Niijiirya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A8ria" title="Nigèria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nigèria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naayijeeriyaa" title="Naayijeeriyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Naayijeeriyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya" title="Nigeriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nigeriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਨਾਈਜੀਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਈਜੀਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नैजीरिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="नैजीरिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نائیجیریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نائیجیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نايجېريا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نايجېريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijiiria" title="Naijiiria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Naijiiria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="នីហ្សេរីយ៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នីហ្សេរីយ៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijiria" title="Naijiria – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Naijiria" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria" title="Nigéria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nigéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya" title="Nigeriya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nigeriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya" title="Nigeriya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nigeriya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihirya" title="Nihirya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nihirya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D2%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ніґерія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ніґерія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नैजीरिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नैजीरिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizer%C3%AFa" title="Nizerïa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Nizerïa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A8ria" title="Nigèria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nigèria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeirie" title="Nigeirie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nigeirie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="නයිජීරියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නයිජීරියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نائيجيريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نائيجيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INayijeriya" title="INayijeriya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="INayijeriya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria" title="Nigéria – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nigéria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija" title="Nigerija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nigerija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83igeryjo" title="Ńigeryjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ńigeryjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayjeeriya" title="Nayjeeriya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nayjeeriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نێجیریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نێجیریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нигерија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нигерија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija" title="Nigerija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nigerija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria" title="Nigéria – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nigéria" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="நைஜீரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நைஜீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijirya" title="Nijirya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Nijirya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijirya" title="Nijirya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nijirya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerie" title="Nigerie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Nigerie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၼၢႆႇၵျီးရီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၼၢႆႇၵျီးရီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="నైజీరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నైజీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C3%A9ria" title="Nijéria – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Nijéria" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศไนจีเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศไนจีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijeria" title="Naijeria – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Naijeria" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%82%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ናይጂሪያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ናይጂሪያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%AF" title="ᏂᏥᎵᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏂᏥᎵᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijerya" title="Nijerya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nijerya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeri%C3%BDa" title="Nigeriýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nigeriýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijeriya" title="Naijeriya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Naijeriya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нигерия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нигерия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нігерія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нігерія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نائیجیریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نائیجیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="نىگېرىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىگېرىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niz%C3%A8ria" title="Nizèria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nizèria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerii" title="Nigerii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nigerii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriy%C3%A4n" title="Nigeriyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nigeriyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeeri%C3%A4" title="Nigeeriä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nigeeriä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidjeria" title="Nidjeria – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nidjeria" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="尼日利亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="尼日利亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niseeriya" title="Niseeriya – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Niseeriya" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="尼日利亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼日利亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayjeriya" title="Nayjeriya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nayjeriya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ניגעריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניגעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0%C3%ACj%C3%ADr%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Nàìjíríà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nàìjíríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="尼日利亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼日利亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicerya" title="Nicerya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nicerya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niheria" title="Niheria – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Niheria" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Nigerėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nigerėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="奈及利亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奈及利亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijiria" title="Naijiria – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Naijiria" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria" title="Nigéria – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Nigéria" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw%C9%94nlint%C3%B2" title="Awɔnlintò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Awɔnlintò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Nigeria" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerij%C9%99" title="Nigerijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nigerijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1033#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nigeria" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nigeria" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nigeria" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&oldid=1259475687" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nigeria&id=1259475687&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DNigeria%26diff%3D1259475687%26oldid%3D1256699584">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DNigeria%26diff%3D1259475687%26oldid%3D1256699584">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nigeria&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Nigeria" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nigeria" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1033" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nigeria&params=8_N_10_E_region:NI_type:country_source:dewiki">8°N 10°E / 8°N 10°E / 8; 10</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink">Help</a></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-revslider-container"><span style='width: 100%; text-align: center;' id='ooui-php-1' class='mw-revslider-toggle-button oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-indicatorElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ButtonWidget","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"indicator":"down","label":"Browse history interactively","title":"Open revision slider","classes":["mw-revslider-toggle-button"]}'><a role='button' title='Open revision slider' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'>Browse history interactively</a><div class="mw-revslider-slider-wrapper" style="display: none;"><div class="mw-revslider-placeholder"><div class="mw-revslider-spinner"><div class="mw-revslider-bounce"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mw-diff-revision-history-links"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&diff=prev&oldid=1256699584" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-previous" title="Nigeria">← Previous edit</a></div><div class="mw-diff-table-prefix" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-inline-legend oo-ui-element-hidden">Content deleted Content added</div><div class="ve-init-mw-diffPage-diffMode"><a role='button' tabindex='-1' aria-disabled='true' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'>Visual</a><a role='button' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'>Wikitext</a></div><div class="mw-diffPage-inlineToggle-container"><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch-layout' class='oo-ui-layout oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-fieldLayout oo-ui-fieldLayout-align-left' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.FieldLayout","fieldWidget":{"tag":"mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch"},"$overlay":true,"label":"Inline","title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-body'><label title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' id='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Inline</label><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-field'><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch' title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' aria-checked='false' tabindex='0' role='switch' aria-labelledby='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-toggleWidget oo-ui-toggleWidget-off oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ToggleSwitchWidget","href":"\/w\/index.php?title=Nigeria&diff=1259475687&oldid=1256699584&diff-type=inline","value":false,"title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><a href='/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&diff=1259475687&oldid=1256699584&diff-type=inline'></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&oldid=1256699584" title="Nigeria">Revision as of 04:39, 11 November 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=edit&oldid=1256699584" title="Nigeria">view source</a></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Zerzuran" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Zerzuran" data-mw-revid="1256699584"><bdi>Zerzuran</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Zerzuran" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Zerzuran">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Zerzuran" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Zerzuran">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">1,686 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <a href="#Post–Civil_War_era_to_the_crisis_of_the_Third_Republic_(1970–1999)">→<bdi dir="ltr">Post–Civil War era to the crisis of the Third Republic (1970–1999)</bdi></a></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&diff=prev&oldid=1256699584" title="Nigeria" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&oldid=1259475687" title="Nigeria">Latest revision as of 10:53, 25 November 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=edit" title="Nigeria">view source</a> </div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Gonnym" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Gonnym" data-mw-revid="1259475687"><bdi>Gonnym</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Gonnym" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Gonnym">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Gonnym" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Gonnym">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_editor" title="Wikipedia:Template editor">Template editors</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">219,261 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3">No edit summary</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(19 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 101:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 101:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| ethnic_groups_year = 2018</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| ethnic_groups_year = 2018</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30</del>% [[Hausa people|Hausa]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">25</ins>% [[Hausa people|Hausa]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15.5</del>% [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">21</ins>% [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15.2</del>% [[Igbo people|Igbo]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18</ins>% [[Igbo people|Igbo]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* 6% [[Fula people|Fulani]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* 6% [[Fula people|Fulani]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_5_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_3_0_rhs"></a>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</ins>% [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* 2.4% [[Tiv people|Tiv]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* 2.4% [[Tiv people|Tiv]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* 2.4% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* 2.4% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_3_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_5_0_lhs"></a>* <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</del>% [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* 1.8% [[Ijaw people|Ijaw]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* 1.8% [[Ijaw people|Ijaw]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">24</del>.9% [[List of ethnic groups in Nigeria|other]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">19</ins>.9% [[List of ethnic groups in Nigeria|other]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| religion = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| religion = </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 122:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 122:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Nigeria is a [[multinational state]] inhabited by more than [[Demographics of Nigeria|250 ethnic groups]] speaking [[Languages of Nigeria|500 distinct languages]], all identifying with a wide variety of cultures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethnicity in Nigeria|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05/|date=5 April 2007|publisher=PBS|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006235712/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|website=Ethnologue|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227084603/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World|url=http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html|date=16 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html|archive-date=15 May 2012|access-date=4 July 2019|last=Pereltsvaig|first=Asya}}</ref> The three largest ethnic groups are the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] in [[Northern Region, Nigeria|the north]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] in [[Yorubaland|the west]], and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] in [[Igboland|the east]], together constituting over 60% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf|title=Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923163518/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[official language]] is [[Nigerian English|English]], chosen to facilitate linguistic unity at the national level.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mann|first=Charles C.|date=1990|title=Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf|access-date=10 July 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033702/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Constitution of Nigeria|Nigeria's constitution]] ensures ''[[de jure]]'' [[freedom of religion]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigerian Constitution|url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria|work=Nigeria Law|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525192058/http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria|url-status=live}}</ref> and it is home to some of the world's largest [[Islam by country|Muslim]] and [[Christianity by country|Christian]] populations.<ref>{{cite web|title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/|website=Pew Research Center|date=April 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118120245/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nigeria is divided roughly in half between [[Muslims]], who live mostly in the north part of the country, and [[Christians]], who live mostly in the south; [[Traditional African religions|indigenous religions]], such as those native to the [[Odinani|Igbo]] and [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] ethnicities, are in the minority.<ref name="USEN">{{cite web|title=Nigeria Fact Sheet|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|publisher=United States Embassy in Nigeria|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101915/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Nigeria is a [[multinational state]] inhabited by more than [[Demographics of Nigeria|250 ethnic groups]] speaking [[Languages of Nigeria|500 distinct languages]], all identifying with a wide variety of cultures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethnicity in Nigeria|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05/|date=5 April 2007|publisher=PBS|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006235712/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nigeria|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|website=Ethnologue|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227084603/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World|url=http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html|date=16 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html|archive-date=15 May 2012|access-date=4 July 2019|last=Pereltsvaig|first=Asya}}</ref> The three largest ethnic groups are the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] in [[Northern Region, Nigeria|the north]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] in [[Yorubaland|the west]], and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] in [[Igboland|the east]], together constituting over 60% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf|title=Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923163518/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[official language]] is [[Nigerian English|English]], chosen to facilitate linguistic unity at the national level.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mann|first=Charles C.|date=1990|title=Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf|access-date=10 July 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033702/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Constitution of Nigeria|Nigeria's constitution]] ensures ''[[de jure]]'' [[freedom of religion]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigerian Constitution|url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria|work=Nigeria Law|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525192058/http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria|url-status=live}}</ref> and it is home to some of the world's largest [[Islam by country|Muslim]] and [[Christianity by country|Christian]] populations.<ref>{{cite web|title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/|website=Pew Research Center|date=April 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118120245/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nigeria is divided roughly in half between [[Muslims]], who live mostly in the north part of the country, and [[Christians]], who live mostly in the south; [[Traditional African religions|indigenous religions]], such as those native to the [[Odinani|Igbo]] and [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] ethnicities, are in the minority.<ref name="USEN">{{cite web|title=Nigeria Fact Sheet|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|publisher=United States Embassy in Nigeria|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101915/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Nigeria is a [[regional power]] in Africa and a [[middle power]] in international affairs. [[Economy of Nigeria|Nigeria's economy]] is the [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|fourth-largest in Africa]], the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|53rd-largest in the world]] by nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|27th-largest]] by [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]. Nigeria is referred to as the Giant of Africa<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> by its citizens</del> owing to its large population and<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> formerly large</del> [[economy]],<ref>{{cite journal|year=1959|title=Nigeria: The African giant|journal=[[The Round Table (journal)|The Round Table]]|volume=50|issue=197|pages=55–63|doi=10.1080/00358535908452221|issn=0035-8533 }}</ref> and is considered to be an [[emerging market]] by the [[World Bank]]. Nigeria is a founding member of the [[African Union]] and a member of many international organizations, including the [[United Nations]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam |title=Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) - The Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019023811/https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Economic Community of West African States]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and [[OPEC]]. It is also a member of the informal [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley#Goldman Sachs|MINT]] group of countries and is one of the [[Next Eleven]] economies.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Nigeria is a [[regional power]] in Africa and a [[middle power]] in international affairs. [[Economy of Nigeria|Nigeria's economy]] is the [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|fourth-largest in Africa]], the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|53rd-largest in the world]] by nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|27th-largest]] by [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]. Nigeria is<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> often</ins> referred to as the Giant of Africa owing to its large population and [[economy]],<ref>{{cite journal|year=1959|title=Nigeria: The African giant|journal=[[The Round Table (journal)|The Round Table]]|volume=50|issue=197|pages=55–63|doi=10.1080/00358535908452221|issn=0035-8533 }}</ref> and is considered to be an [[emerging market]] by the [[World Bank]]. Nigeria is a founding member of the [[African Union]] and a member of many international organizations, including the [[United Nations]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam |title=Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) - The Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019023811/https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Economic Community of West African States]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and [[OPEC]]. It is also a member of the informal [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley#Goldman Sachs|MINT]] group of countries and is one of the [[Next Eleven]] economies.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Etymology ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Etymology ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 188:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 188:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In May 1967, Governor of the [[Eastern Region, Nigeria|Eastern Region]] Lt. Colonel [[C. Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]] declared the region independent from the federation as a state called the [[Biafra|Republic of Biafra]], as a result of the continuous and systematically planned attacks against Igbos and those of [[Eastern Region, Nigeria|Eastern]] extraction popularly known as 1966 [[1966 anti-Igbo pogrom|pogroms]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Murray|first=Senan|title=Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds|work=BBC News|date=30 May 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm|access-date=28 May 2011|archive-date=5 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305112039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daly|first=Samuel Fury Childs|title=A History of the Republic of Biafra|date=7 August 2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108887748|isbn=978-1-108-88774-8|s2cid=225266768}}</ref> This declaration precipitated the [[Nigerian Civil War]], which began as the official Nigerian government side attacked Biafra on 6 July 1967, at Garkem. The 30-month war, with a long [[blockade of Biafra]] and its isolation from trade and international relief, ended in January 1970.<ref name="DDRS">''"Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents Reference System''.</ref> Estimates of the [[List of wars by death toll|number of dead]] in the former Eastern Region during the 30-month civil war range from one to three million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Metz|first=Helen Chapin|title=Nigeria: A Country Study – Civil War|publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|year=1991|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|access-date=28 May 2011|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003652/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government, with Nigeria utilizing air support from Egyptian pilots provided by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]],<ref>{{cite web|title=''The Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence''|url=http://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php|access-date=28 July 2014|publisher=Litencyc.com|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820081648/https://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Michael I. Draper, ''Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970''.</ref> while France and Israel aided the Biafrans. The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] government, under President [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph-Désiré Mobutu]], took an early stand on the Biafran secession, voicing strong support for the Nigerian federal government<ref>McDonald, Gordon C., ''Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa)'' (1971), p. 263</ref> and deploying thousands of troops to fight against the [[Separatist movements of Nigeria|secessionists]].<ref>Stearns, Jason K. ''[[Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa]]'' (2011), p. 115</ref><ref>Wrong, Michela. ''In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo'' (2000), p. 266</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In May 1967, Governor of the [[Eastern Region, Nigeria|Eastern Region]] Lt. Colonel [[C. Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]] declared the region independent from the federation as a state called the [[Biafra|Republic of Biafra]], as a result of the continuous and systematically planned attacks against Igbos and those of [[Eastern Region, Nigeria|Eastern]] extraction popularly known as 1966 [[1966 anti-Igbo pogrom|pogroms]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Murray|first=Senan|title=Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds|work=BBC News|date=30 May 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm|access-date=28 May 2011|archive-date=5 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305112039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Daly|first=Samuel Fury Childs|title=A History of the Republic of Biafra|date=7 August 2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108887748|isbn=978-1-108-88774-8|s2cid=225266768}}</ref> This declaration precipitated the [[Nigerian Civil War]], which began as the official Nigerian government side attacked Biafra on 6 July 1967, at Garkem. The 30-month war, with a long [[blockade of Biafra]] and its isolation from trade and international relief, ended in January 1970.<ref name="DDRS">''"Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents Reference System''.</ref> Estimates of the [[List of wars by death toll|number of dead]] in the former Eastern Region during the 30-month civil war range from one to three million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Metz|first=Helen Chapin|title=Nigeria: A Country Study – Civil War|publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|year=1991|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|access-date=28 May 2011|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003652/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government, with Nigeria utilizing air support from Egyptian pilots provided by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]],<ref>{{cite web|title=''The Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence''|url=http://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php|access-date=28 July 2014|publisher=Litencyc.com|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820081648/https://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Michael I. Draper, ''Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970''.</ref> while France and Israel aided the Biafrans. The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] government, under President [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph-Désiré Mobutu]], took an early stand on the Biafran secession, voicing strong support for the Nigerian federal government<ref>McDonald, Gordon C., ''Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa)'' (1971), p. 263</ref> and deploying thousands of troops to fight against the [[Separatist movements of Nigeria|secessionists]].<ref>Stearns, Jason K. ''[[Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa]]'' (2011), p. 115</ref><ref>Wrong, Michela. ''In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo'' (2000), p. 266</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Jimmy Carter and Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo during arrival ceremonies for the President's state visit to Nigeria. - NARA - 178636.tif|thumb|U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] with Obasanjo in Lagos for the first American state visit to Nigeria in 1978]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_25_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_11_2_lhs"></a>=== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Post–Civil</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">War</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">era to</del> the crisis of the Third Republic <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(1970–1999) </del>===</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_17_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_11_3_lhs"></a>{{main|Military dictatorship in Nigeria|Second<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Nigerian Republic|Third</del> Nigerian Republic}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Following the war, Nigeria enjoyed an [[oil boom]] in the 1970s, during which the country joined [[OPEC]] and received huge oil revenues. Despite these revenues, the military government did little to improve the [[standard of living]], help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subsidies to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns.<ref>Watts, Michael (1987) ''State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria'', Institute of International Studies, University of California, {{ISBN|0-87725-166-5}}.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Following the war, Nigeria enjoyed an [[oil boom]] in the 1970s, during which the country joined [[OPEC]] and received huge oil revenues. Despite these revenues, the military government did little to improve the [[standard of living]], help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subsidies to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns.<ref>Watts, Michael (1987) ''State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria'', Institute of International Studies, University of California, {{ISBN|0-87725-166-5}}.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 197:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 193:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Colonel [[Buka Suka Dimka]] launched a [[1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt|February 1976 coup attempt]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Joliba |date=13 February 2015 |title=Failed Coup Attempt of 1976 |url=https://joliba-africa.com/2015/02/13/failed-coup-attempt-of-1976/ |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Joliba |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627112021/https://joliba-africa.com/2015/02/13/failed-coup-attempt-of-1976/ |url-status=live }}</ref> during which General Murtala Muhammed was assassinated. Dimka lacked widespread support among the military, and his coup failed, forcing him to flee.{{sfn|Iliffe|2011|p=48}} After the coup attempt, General Olusegun Obasanjo was appointed military head of state.{{sfnm|1a1=Iliffe|1y=2011|1pp=48-49|2a1=Derfler|2y=2011|2p=85}} Obasanjo vowed to continue Murtala's policies.{{sfnm|1a1=Iliffe|1y=2011|1p=50|2a1=Derfler|2y=2011|2p=85}} Aware of the danger of alienating northern Nigerians, Obasanjo brought General Shehu Yar'Adua as his replacement and second-in-command as [[Vice President of Nigeria|Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters]] completing the military triumvirate, with Obasanjo as head of state and General Theophilus Danjuma as [[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]], the three went on to re-establish control over the [[Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99|military regime]] and organized the military's transfer of power programme: [[States of Nigeria|states creation]] and [[Boundary delimitation|national delimitation]], [[Local government areas of Nigeria|local government reforms]] and the [[Constitution of Nigeria#1979 constitution (Second Republic)|constitutional drafting committee]] for a new republic.<ref>African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Colonel [[Buka Suka Dimka]] launched a [[1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt|February 1976 coup attempt]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Joliba |date=13 February 2015 |title=Failed Coup Attempt of 1976 |url=https://joliba-africa.com/2015/02/13/failed-coup-attempt-of-1976/ |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Joliba |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627112021/https://joliba-africa.com/2015/02/13/failed-coup-attempt-of-1976/ |url-status=live }}</ref> during which General Murtala Muhammed was assassinated. Dimka lacked widespread support among the military, and his coup failed, forcing him to flee.{{sfn|Iliffe|2011|p=48}} After the coup attempt, General Olusegun Obasanjo was appointed military head of state.{{sfnm|1a1=Iliffe|1y=2011|1pp=48-49|2a1=Derfler|2y=2011|2p=85}} Obasanjo vowed to continue Murtala's policies.{{sfnm|1a1=Iliffe|1y=2011|1p=50|2a1=Derfler|2y=2011|2p=85}} Aware of the danger of alienating northern Nigerians, Obasanjo brought General Shehu Yar'Adua as his replacement and second-in-command as [[Vice President of Nigeria|Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters]] completing the military triumvirate, with Obasanjo as head of state and General Theophilus Danjuma as [[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]], the three went on to re-establish control over the [[Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99|military regime]] and organized the military's transfer of power programme: [[States of Nigeria|states creation]] and [[Boundary delimitation|national delimitation]], [[Local government areas of Nigeria|local government reforms]] and the [[Constitution of Nigeria#1979 constitution (Second Republic)|constitutional drafting committee]] for a new republic.<ref>African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Alhaji Shehu Shagari (President, Federal Republic of Nigeria 1979 - 1983).jpg|thumb|[[Shehu Shagari]] was the first elected [[President of Nigeria]] from 1979 to 1983.]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>=== Military dictatorship and Second Republic ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_21_1_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_16_0_lhs"></a>The military carefully planned the return to civilian rule putting in place measures to ensure that political parties had broader support than witnessed during the first republic. In <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>1979<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Nigerian presidential election|1979]]</del>, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji [[Shehu Shagari]] of the [[National Party of Nigeria]] (NPN) was elected president. All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. On 1 October 1979, Shehu Shagari was sworn in as the first [[President of Nigeria|President and Commander-in-Chief]] of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Obasanjo peacefully transferred power to Shagari, becoming the first head of state in Nigerian history to willingly step down.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_11_3_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_17_0_rhs"></a>{{main|Military dictatorship in Nigeria|Second Nigerian Republic}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Nigerian Public Domain 145.jpg|thumb|General [[Ibrahim Babangida]] masterminded the [[Military coups in Nigeria|coup d'etat]]'s of [[1983 Nigerian coup d'état|1983]] and [[1985 Nigerian coup d'état|1985]].]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. In 1983, the inspectors of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation began to notice "the slow poisoning of the waters of this country".<ref>David Williams, ''President and power in Nigeria: The life of Shehu Shagari'' (Routledge, 2018).</ref> In August 1983, Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide victory, with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and control of 12 state governments. But the elections were marred by violence, and allegations of widespread vote-rigging and electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results. There were also uncertainties, such as in the first republic, that political leaders may be unable to govern properly.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_16_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_21_1_rhs"></a>The military carefully planned the return to civilian rule putting in place measures to ensure that political parties had broader support than witnessed during the first republic. In 1979, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji [[Shehu Shagari]] of the [[National Party of Nigeria]] (NPN) was elected president. All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. On 1 October 1979, Shehu Shagari was sworn in as the first [[President of Nigeria|President and Commander-in-Chief]] of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Obasanjo peacefully transferred power to Shagari, becoming the first head of state in Nigerian history to willingly step down<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.[[File:Shehu Shagari 1980-10-07.jpg|thumb|[[Shehu Shagari]] was the first elected [[President of Nigeria]] from 1979 to 1983.|upright]]The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. In 1983, the inspectors of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation began to notice "the slow poisoning of the waters of this country".<ref>David Williams, ''President and power in Nigeria: The life of Shehu Shagari'' (Routledge, 2018).</ref> In August 1983, Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide victory, with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and control of 12 state governments. But the elections were marred by violence, and allegations of widespread vote-rigging and electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results. There were also uncertainties, such as in the first republic, that political leaders may be unable to govern properly</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The [[1983 Nigerian coup d'état|1983 military coup d'état]] was coordinated by key officers of the Nigerian military and led to the overthrow of the government and the installation of Major General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] as head of state. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development.<ref>"Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3{{nbsp}}March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007.</ref> In 1985, [[Ibrahim Babangida]] overthrew Buhari in a coup d'état. In 1986, Babangida established the [[Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986|Nigerian Political Bureau]] which made recommendations for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. In 1989, Babangida started making plans for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. Babangida survived the [[1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt]], then postponed a promised return to democracy to 1992.<ref>{{Citation |last=Siollun |first=Max |title=Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria |date=25 October 2018 |work=The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics |pages=272–287 |editor1-last=Levan |editor1-first=Carl |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.13 |isbn=978-0-19-880430-7 |editor2-last=Ukata |editor2-first=Patrick}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The [[1983 Nigerian coup d'état|1983 military coup d'état]] was coordinated by key officers of the Nigerian military and led to the overthrow of the government and the installation of Major General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] as head of state. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development.<ref>"Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3{{nbsp}}March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007.</ref> In 1985, [[Ibrahim Babangida]] overthrew Buhari in a coup d'état. In 1986, Babangida established the [[Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986|Nigerian Political Bureau]] which made recommendations for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. In 1989, Babangida started making plans for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. Babangida survived the [[1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt]], then postponed a promised return to democracy to 1992.<ref>{{Citation |last=Siollun |first=Max |title=Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria |date=25 October 2018 |work=The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics |pages=272–287 |editor1-last=Levan |editor1-first=Carl |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.13 |isbn=978-0-19-880430-7 |editor2-last=Ukata |editor2-first=Patrick}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Geopolitical Zones of Nigeria.svg|thumb|Map of the six [[geopolitical zones of Nigeria]] adopted in the 1990s]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_11_2_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_25_0_rhs"></a><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=== <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">June</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</ins> the crisis of the Third Republic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Third Nigerian Republic|1993 Nigerian presidential election}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Babangida legalized the formation of political parties and formed the two-party system with the [[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Social Democratic Party]] and [[National Republican Convention]] ahead of the [[1992 Nigerian parliamentary election|1992 general elections]]. He urged all Nigerians to join either of the parties, which Chief [[Bola Ige]] referred to as "two leper hands". The [[1993 Nigerian presidential election|1993 presidential election]] held on 12 June was the first since the military coup of 1983. The results, though not officially declared by the National Electoral Commission, showed the duo of [[Moshood Abiola]] and [[Baba Gana Kingibe]] of the Social Democratic Party defeated [[Bashir Tofa]] and [[Sylvester Ugoh]] of the National Republican Convention by over 2.3&nbsp;million votes. However, Babangida annulled the elections, leading to massive civilian protests that effectively shut down the country for weeks. In August 1993, Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish power to a civilian government but not before appointing [[Ernest Shonekan]] head of an [[Cabinet of Ernest Shonekan|interim national government]].<ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", ''Maclean'', 6 September 1993.</ref> Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.<ref>Diamond, Larry; [[Kirk-Greene, Anthony]]; [[Oyeleye Oyediran]] (1997) ''Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida'', Vantage Publishers, {{ISBN|978-2458-54-6}}.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Babangida legalized the formation of political parties and formed the two-party system with the [[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Social Democratic Party]] and [[National Republican Convention]] ahead of the [[1992 Nigerian parliamentary election|1992 general elections]]. He urged all Nigerians to join either of the parties, which Chief [[Bola Ige]] referred to as "two leper hands". The [[1993 Nigerian presidential election|1993 presidential election]] held on 12 June was the first since the military coup of 1983. The results, though not officially declared by the National Electoral Commission, showed the duo of [[Moshood Abiola]] and [[Baba Gana Kingibe]] of the Social Democratic Party defeated [[Bashir Tofa]] and [[Sylvester Ugoh]] of the National Republican Convention by over 2.3&nbsp;million votes. However, Babangida annulled the elections, leading to massive civilian protests that effectively shut down the country for weeks. In August 1993, Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish power to a civilian government but not before appointing [[Ernest Shonekan]] head of an [[Cabinet of Ernest Shonekan|interim national government]].<ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", ''Maclean'', 6 September 1993.</ref> Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.<ref>Diamond, Larry; [[Kirk-Greene, Anthony]]; [[Oyeleye Oyediran]] (1997) ''Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida'', Vantage Publishers, {{ISBN|978-2458-54-6}}.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Abdulsalami Abubakar detail DF-SC-02-04323.jpg|thumb|[[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], military ruler in 1998 saw the return to democracy in 1999|upright]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Abdulsalami Abubakar detail DF-SC-02-04323.jpg|thumb|[[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], military ruler in 1998 saw the return to democracy in 1999|upright]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 212:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 211:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Main|Fourth Nigerian Republic}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Fourth Nigerian Republic}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Olusegun Obasanjo DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]] served as president of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007.|upright]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Olusegun Obasanjo DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]] served as president of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007.|upright]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 29 May 1999, Abubakar handed over power to the winner of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[1999 Nigerian presidential election|</del>1999 presidential election<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del>, former military ruler General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], as President of Nigeria. Obasanjo had been in prison under the dictatorship of Abacha. Obasanjo's inauguration heralded the beginning of the Fourth Nigerian Republic,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2391/Abdusalam-Abubakar "Abdusalam Abubakar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215600/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2391/Abdusalam-Abubakar |date=4 May 2015 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed 26 October 2012.</ref> ending a 39-year period of short-lived democracies, civil war and military dictatorship. Although the elections that brought Obasanjo to power and allowed him to run for a second term in the 2003 presidential elections were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria made significant progress in democratization under Obasanjo.<ref>Falola and Heaton, ''A History of Nigeria'' (2008) pp. 211–34.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 29 May 1999, Abubakar handed over power to the winner of the 1999 presidential election, former military ruler General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], as President of Nigeria. Obasanjo had been in prison under the dictatorship of Abacha. Obasanjo's inauguration heralded the beginning of the Fourth Nigerian Republic,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2391/Abdusalam-Abubakar "Abdusalam Abubakar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215600/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2391/Abdusalam-Abubakar |date=4 May 2015 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed 26 October 2012.</ref> ending a 39-year period of short-lived democracies, civil war and military dictatorship. Although the elections that brought Obasanjo to power and allowed him to run for a second term in the 2003 presidential elections were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria made significant progress in democratization under Obasanjo.<ref>Falola and Heaton, ''A History of Nigeria'' (2008) pp. 211–34.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In the 2007 general elections, [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] of the People's Democratic Party came to power. The international community, which had observed the Nigerian elections to promote a free and fair process, condemned these elections as seriously flawed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Report|url=http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216032839/http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008|access-date=24 January 2008|publisher=EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007}}</ref> Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010, and Vice President [[Goodluck Jonathan]] had been sworn in by the Senate three months earlier as acting president to succeed Yar'Adua.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 May 2010|title=NASS confirms Sambo as vice president|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/24352/nass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html|access-date=29 May 2011|work=[[The Nigerian Voice]]|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805081015/https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/24352/nass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Akinlade|first=Muruf|date=18 May 2010|title=National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President|url=http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427025349/http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203|archive-date=27 April 2011|access-date=29 May 2011|publisher=MyOndoState.Com}}</ref> Jonathan won the 2011 presidential election; the polls went smoothly and with relatively little violence or electoral fraud.<ref name="New York2">{{cite news|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|date=16 April 2011|title=Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&hp|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824165122/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Jonathan's tenure saw an economic recovery that made Nigeria the leading economic power in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |last=Times |first=Premium |date=23 December 2014 |title=Nigerian economy among world's largest - Jonathan |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085504/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=eribake |first=akintayo |date=24 December 2014 |title=Nigeria's economy among largest in the world — Jonathan |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/nigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan/ |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085507/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/nigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jonathan administration also saw an increase in unparalleled corruption, with as many as 20 billion US dollars said to have been lost to the Nigerian state through the national oil company. Above all, however, Jonathan's tenure saw the emergence of a wave of terror by the [[Boko Haram insurgency]], such as the [[Gwoza massacre]] and [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last=Udo |first=Bassey |date=14 May 2015 |title=Missing $20 bn: Sanusi faults Alison-Madueke, says audit report proves at least $18.5bn lost |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085505/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In the 2007 general elections, [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] of the People's Democratic Party came to power. The international community, which had observed the Nigerian elections to promote a free and fair process, condemned these elections as seriously flawed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Report|url=http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216032839/http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008|access-date=24 January 2008|publisher=EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007}}</ref> Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010, and Vice President [[Goodluck Jonathan]] had been sworn in by the Senate three months earlier as acting president to succeed Yar'Adua.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 May 2010|title=NASS confirms Sambo as vice president|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/24352/nass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html|access-date=29 May 2011|work=[[The Nigerian Voice]]|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805081015/https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/24352/nass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Akinlade|first=Muruf|date=18 May 2010|title=National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President|url=http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427025349/http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203|archive-date=27 April 2011|access-date=29 May 2011|publisher=MyOndoState.Com}}</ref> Jonathan won the 2011 presidential election; the polls went smoothly and with relatively little violence or electoral fraud.<ref name="New York2">{{cite news|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|date=16 April 2011|title=Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&hp|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824165122/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Jonathan's tenure saw an economic recovery that made Nigeria the leading economic power in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |last=Times |first=Premium |date=23 December 2014 |title=Nigerian economy among world's largest - Jonathan |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085504/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=eribake |first=akintayo |date=24 December 2014 |title=Nigeria's economy among largest in the world — Jonathan |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/nigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan/ |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085507/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/nigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Jonathan administration also saw an increase in unparalleled corruption, with as many as 20 billion US dollars said to have been lost to the Nigerian state through the national oil company. Above all, however, Jonathan's tenure saw the emergence of a wave of terror by the [[Boko Haram insurgency]], such as the [[Gwoza massacre]] and [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last=Udo |first=Bassey |date=14 May 2015 |title=Missing $20 bn: Sanusi faults Alison-Madueke, says audit report proves at least $18.5bn lost |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085505/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Incoming and Outgoing Nigerian Presidents Wave to Crowd Amid Peaceful Inaugural in Abuja.jpg|thumb|The [[First inauguration of Muhammadu Buhari|inauguration of Muhammadu Buhari]] where [[Goodluck Jonathan]] became the first incumbent Nigerian president to concede defeat in 2015 ]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_31_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_29_1_lhs"></a>Ahead of the [[2015 Nigerian general election|general election of 2015]], a merger of the biggest opposition parties in Nigeria – the [[Action Congress of Nigeria]], the [[Congress for Progressive Change]], the [[All Nigeria Peoples Party]], a faction of the [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] and the new PDP (a faction of serving governors of the ruling People's Democratic Party) – formed the [[All Progressives Congress]] led by current president Bola Ahmed Tinubu. At the time, it was the most expensive election ever to be held on the African continent (being surpassed only by the elections of [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019]] and [[2023 Nigerian presidential election|2023]]). The new mega-opposition party chose as their candidate for the election former military dictator Muhammadu Buhari. Buhari's campaign in 2015 was popular and built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter—he won the election by over two million votes. Observers generally praised the election as being fair.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins|newspaper=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125205929/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 April 2015|title=Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/|access-date=4 April 2015|publisher=Vanguard|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192325/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|magazine=The Nation|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708183124/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2015|title=Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|access-date=4 April 2015|publisher=Channels Television|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192329/https://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|url-status=live}}</ref> The election marked the first time an incumbent president had lost re-election in Nigeria. In the [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019 presidential election]], Buhari was re-elected.<ref>{{cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=27 February 2019|title=Buhari beats Atiku to secure re-election as Nigeria president|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/27/buhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president/|access-date=5 July 2020|website=Africanews|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924063323/https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/27/buhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president/|url-status=live}}</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|thumb|Chief [[Bola Tinubu]] is currently serving as President of Nigeria since 29 May 2023.|upright]]</del></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_29_1_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_31_0_rhs"></a>Ahead of the [[2015 Nigerian general election|general election of 2015]], a merger of the biggest opposition parties in Nigeria – the [[Action Congress of Nigeria]], the [[Congress for Progressive Change]], the [[All Nigeria Peoples Party]], a faction of the [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] and the new PDP (a faction of serving governors of the ruling People's Democratic Party) – formed the [[All Progressives Congress]] led by current president Bola Ahmed Tinubu. At the time, it was the most expensive election ever to be held on the African continent (being surpassed only by the elections of [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019]] and [[2023 Nigerian presidential election|2023]]). The new mega-opposition party chose as their candidate for the election former military dictator Muhammadu Buhari. Buhari's campaign in 2015 was popular and built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter—he won the election by over two million votes. Observers generally praised the election as being fair.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins|newspaper=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125205929/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 April 2015|title=Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/|access-date=4 April 2015|publisher=Vanguard|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192325/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|magazine=The Nation|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708183124/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2015|title=Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|access-date=4 April 2015|publisher=Channels Television|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192329/https://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/|url-status=live}}</ref> The election marked the first time an incumbent president had lost re-election in Nigeria. In the [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019 presidential election]], Buhari was re-elected.<ref>{{cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=27 February 2019|title=Buhari beats Atiku to secure re-election as Nigeria president|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/27/buhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president/|access-date=5 July 2020|website=Africanews|archive-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924063323/https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/27/buhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president/|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Four candidates vied for the presidency in the [[2023 Nigerian presidential election|2023 presidential election]]. For the first time since the return of democracy, no former military ruler ran for president, marking a strengthening of democracy and faith in the [[Constitution of Nigeria|multiparty constitution]]. The election also saw the rise of metonymic supporters of the new candidates, the [[Obidient Movement|Obidient movement]] of [[Peter Obi]], previously governor of Anambra State, widely appealed to young, urban voters and has his core base in the Southeast;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lasisi |first=Olukayode Joshua |date=29 September 2022 |title=Peter Obi leads in new poll, Google search interest |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/peter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest/ |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202040603/https://businessday.ng/politics/article/peter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Kwankwassiya of [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]], former governor of [[Kano State]] in the Northwest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Olurounbi |first1=Eromo Egbejule,Ruth |title=How Rabiu Kwankwaso became wildcard in Nigerian presidential race |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/1/kwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard |work=aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=24 August 2023 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924073749/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/1/kwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Bola Tinubu]], of the ruling party, won the disputed election with 36.61% of the vote,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023 |work=aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=9 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809010308/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> but both runners-up claimed victory and litigation is ongoing in an election tribunal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria local elections open in shadow of contested national vote |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/18/nigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818143649/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/18/nigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote |url-status=live }}</ref> Bola Tinubu's [[Inauguration of Bola Tinubu|inauguration]] was held on 29 May 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bola Tinubu sworn in as Nigeria's president, succeeds Buhari |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/tinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906193842/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/tinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari |url-status=live }}</ref> Problems with widespread [[kidnapping in Nigeria]] continued.<ref>{{cite news |author=Emmanuel Akinwotu |date=16 January 2024 |title=A kidnapping of six sisters and a murder has gripped Nigeria |url=https://devone.com.ng/2024/01/shocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html |work=DevOne Africa |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219180223/https://devone.com.ng/2024/01/shocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Four candidates vied for the presidency in the [[2023 Nigerian presidential election|2023 presidential election]]. For the first time since the return of democracy, no former military ruler ran for president, marking a strengthening of democracy and faith in the [[Constitution of Nigeria|multiparty constitution]]. The election also saw the rise of metonymic supporters of the new candidates, the [[Obidient Movement|Obidient movement]] of [[Peter Obi]], previously governor of Anambra State, widely appealed to young, urban voters and has his core base in the Southeast;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lasisi |first=Olukayode Joshua |date=29 September 2022 |title=Peter Obi leads in new poll, Google search interest |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/peter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest/ |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202040603/https://businessday.ng/politics/article/peter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Kwankwassiya of [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]], former governor of [[Kano State]] in the Northwest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Olurounbi |first1=Eromo Egbejule,Ruth |title=How Rabiu Kwankwaso became wildcard in Nigerian presidential race |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/1/kwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard |work=aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=24 August 2023 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924073749/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/1/kwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|thumb|Chief [[Bola Tinubu]] is currently serving as President of Nigeria since 29 May 2023.|upright]] </ins>[[Bola Tinubu]], of the ruling party, won the disputed election with 36.61% of the vote,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023 |work=aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=9 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809010308/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> but both runners-up claimed victory and litigation is ongoing in an election tribunal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria local elections open in shadow of contested national vote |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/18/nigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818143649/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/18/nigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote |url-status=live }}</ref> Bola Tinubu's [[Inauguration of Bola Tinubu|inauguration]] was held on 29 May 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bola Tinubu sworn in as Nigeria's president, succeeds Buhari |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/tinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906193842/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/tinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari |url-status=live }}</ref> Problems with widespread [[kidnapping in Nigeria]] continued.<ref>{{cite news |author=Emmanuel Akinwotu |date=16 January 2024 |title=A kidnapping of six sisters and a murder has gripped Nigeria |url=https://devone.com.ng/2024/01/shocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html |work=DevOne Africa |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219180223/https://devone.com.ng/2024/01/shocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> On 29 May 2024, Tinubu signed into law an act readopting ''[[Nigeria, We Hail Thee]]'', which was the country's [[national anthem]] from 1960 to 1978, as its national anthem, replacing ''[[Arise, O Compatriots]]''.</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Geography ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Geography ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 400:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 397:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Main|Tourism in Nigeria}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Tourism in Nigeria}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Òwú Waterfalls.jpg|thumb|[[Owu waterfalls]], visited by Nigerian [[Undergraduate education|undergraduates]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Òwú Waterfalls.jpg|thumb|[[Owu waterfalls]], visited by Nigerian [[Undergraduate education|undergraduates]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Tourism in Nigeria centres largely on events, because of the country's ample <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">number</del> of ethnic groups, but also includes rain forests, savannahs, waterfalls, and other natural attractions.<ref name="suntra2">{{cite news|last=Archibong|first=Maurice|date=18 March 2004|title=Nigeria: Gold mine waiting to be tapped|work=The Sun Online|publisher=The Sun Publishing Ltd.|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2004/mar/18/travels-mar18-01.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=21 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426214225/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2004/mar/18/travels-mar18-01.htm|archive-date=26 April 2007}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Tourism in Nigeria centres largely on events, because of the country's ample <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">amount</ins> of ethnic groups, but also includes rain forests, savannahs, waterfalls, and other natural attractions.<ref name="suntra2">{{cite news|last=Archibong|first=Maurice|date=18 March 2004|title=Nigeria: Gold mine waiting to be tapped|work=The Sun Online|publisher=The Sun Publishing Ltd.|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2004/mar/18/travels-mar18-01.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=21 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426214225/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2004/mar/18/travels-mar18-01.htm|archive-date=26 April 2007}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Abuja is home to several parks and green areas. The largest, [[Millennium Park (Abuja)|Millennium Park]], was designed by architect [[Manfredi Nicoletti]] and officially opened in December 2003. After the re-modernization project achieved by the administration of Governor Raji Babatunde Fashola, Lagos is gradually becoming a major tourist destination. Lagos is currently taking steps to become a [[global city]]. The 2009 Eyo carnival (a yearly festival originating from [[Iperu, Ogun|Iperu Remo]], Ogun State) was a step toward world city status. Currently, Lagos is primarily known as a business-oriented and fast-paced community.<ref name="METRO2">{{cite web|title=Managing Metropolitan Lagos|url=http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513124623/http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2012|access-date=4 April 2012|publisher=R.Rasaki}}</ref> Lagos has become an important location for African and black cultural identity.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Anthony|last1=Appiah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA53|title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2|first2=Henry Louis|last2=Gates|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=53|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041215/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Abuja is home to several parks and green areas. The largest, [[Millennium Park (Abuja)|Millennium Park]], was designed by architect [[Manfredi Nicoletti]] and officially opened in December 2003. After the re-modernization project achieved by the administration of Governor Raji Babatunde Fashola, Lagos is gradually becoming a major tourist destination. Lagos is currently taking steps to become a [[global city]]. The 2009 Eyo carnival (a yearly festival originating from [[Iperu, Ogun|Iperu Remo]], Ogun State) was a step toward world city status. Currently, Lagos is primarily known as a business-oriented and fast-paced community.<ref name="METRO2">{{cite web|title=Managing Metropolitan Lagos|url=http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513124623/http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2012|access-date=4 April 2012|publisher=R.Rasaki}}</ref> Lagos has become an important location for African and black cultural identity.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Anthony|last1=Appiah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA53|title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2|first2=Henry Louis|last2=Gates|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=53|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041215/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 456:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 453:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{main|Languages of Nigeria}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{main|Languages of Nigeria}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2018}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2018}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Nigeria linguistical map 1979.svg|thumb|upright=1.45|right|Map of Nigeria's linguistic groups]]{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Religion in Nigeria (2018 estimate in [[The World Factbook]] of [[CIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#people-and-society/|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=7 August 2024 }}</ref>|label1=[[Islam in Nigeria|Islam]]|value1=53.5|color1=Green|label2=[[Protestantism in Nigeria|Protestant]]|value2=35.3|color2=blue|label3=[[Catholic Church in Nigeria|Roman Catholic]]|value3=10.6|color3=grey|label4=Other|value4=0.6|color4=yellow}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Five hundred and twenty-five languages have been spoken in Nigeria; out of these 525 languages, eight are now extinct.<ref>{{cite web |year=2019 |title=Nigeria |url=http://www.ethnologue.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912022921/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG |archive-date=12 September 2019 |work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher=SIL International Publications |location=Dallas, TX |edition=22th |editor-first1=David M. |editor-last1=Ebihard |editor-first2=Gary F. |editor-last2=Simons |editor-first3=Charles D. |editor-last3=Fennig}}</ref> In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Nigeria linguistical map 1979.svg|thumb|upright=1.45|right|Map of Nigeria's linguistic groups]]{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Religion in Nigeria (2018 estimate in [[The World Factbook]] of [[CIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#people-and-society/|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=7 August 2024 }}</ref>|label1=[[Islam in Nigeria|Islam]]|value1=53.5|color1=Green|label2=[[Protestantism in Nigeria|Protestant]]|value2=35.3|color2=blue|label3=[[Catholic Church in Nigeria|Roman Catholic]]|value3=10.6|color3=grey|label4=Other|value4=0.6|color4=yellow}}Five hundred and twenty-five languages have been spoken in Nigeria; out of these 525 languages, eight are now extinct.<ref>{{cite web |year=2019 |title=Nigeria |url=http://www.ethnologue.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912022921/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG |archive-date=12 September 2019 |work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher=SIL International Publications |location=Dallas, TX |edition=22th |editor-first1=David M. |editor-last1=Ebihard |editor-first2=Gary F. |editor-last2=Simons |editor-first3=Charles D. |editor-last3=Fennig}}</ref> In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country, owing to the influence of British colonisation which ended in 1960. Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries. The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some native languages and English.{{fact|date=September 2024}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country, owing to the influence of British colonisation which ended in 1960. [[Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin English]], first used by British and [[Slavery in Africa|African slavers]] to facilitate the [[Atlantic slave trade]] in the late 17th century,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40975399|title=BBC starts Pidgin digital service for West Africa audiences|date=21 August 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> has replaced the native language for many Nigerians. Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries. The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some native languages and English.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of [[languages of Africa]]: the majority are [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] languages, such as [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]], [[Ijaw languages|Ijaw]], [[Fula language|Fulfulde]], [[Ogoni languages|Ogoni]], and [[Edo language|Edo]]. [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]], spoken in the northeast, primarily in [[Borno State|Borno]] and [[Yobe State]], is part of the [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] family, and [[Hausa language|Hausa]] is an [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] language. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and official purposes. English as a first language is used by only a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the three main languages spoken in Nigeria.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of [[languages of Africa]]: the majority are [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] languages, such as [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]], [[Ijaw languages|Ijaw]], [[Fula language|Fulfulde]], [[Ogoni languages|Ogoni]], and [[Edo language|Edo]]. [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]], spoken in the northeast, primarily in [[Borno State|Borno]] and [[Yobe State]], is part of the [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] family, and [[Hausa language|Hausa]] is an [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] language. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and official purposes. English as a first language is used by only a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the three main languages spoken in Nigeria.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>With the majority of Nigeria's populace in rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from several different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pidgin English or</del> Nigerian English, often known simply as "[[Pidgin]]" or "Broken" (Broken English), is also a popular [[lingua franca]], though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. Nigerian <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pidgin</del> is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adegbija |first=Efurosibina E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auI_WuBrWncC&pg=PA55 |title=Multilingualism: A Nigerian Case Study |publisher=Africa World Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-59221-173-9 |location=Last paragraph |page=55 |access-date=26 December 2008 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041223/https://books.google.com/books?id=auI_WuBrWncC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>With the majority of Nigeria's populace in rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from several different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Nigerian</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pidgin|</ins>Nigerian<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Pidgin</ins> English<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, often known simply as "[[Pidgin]]" or "Broken" (Broken English), is also a popular [[lingua franca]], though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The pidgin English or</ins> Nigerian <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">English</ins> is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adegbija |first=Efurosibina E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auI_WuBrWncC&pg=PA55 |title=Multilingualism: A Nigerian Case Study |publisher=Africa World Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-59221-173-9 |location=Last paragraph |page=55 |access-date=26 December 2008 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041223/https://books.google.com/books?id=auI_WuBrWncC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Religion ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Religion ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 591:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 586:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* ''[[Omo Ghetto: The Saga]]'' (₦636 million)<ref name="Top 20 films 9th 15th April 2021 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021 |title=Top 20 Films Report 9th-15th April 2021 |publisher=CEAN |location=Nigeria |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420090341/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* ''[[Omo Ghetto: The Saga]]'' (₦636 million)<ref name="Top 20 films 9th 15th April 2021 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021 |title=Top 20 Films Report 9th-15th April 2021 |publisher=CEAN |location=Nigeria |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420090341/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* ''[[The Wedding Party (2016 film)|The Wedding Party]]'' (₦452 million)<ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/371619-wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade.html |title='Wedding Party 1' named highest-grossing Nollywood movie of the decade |newspaper=Premium Times |date=7 January 2020 |first=Jayne |last=Augoye |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805142103/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/371619-wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade.html |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* ''[[The Wedding Party (2016 film)|The Wedding Party]]'' (₦452 million)<ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/371619-wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade.html |title='Wedding Party 1' named highest-grossing Nollywood movie of the decade |newspaper=Premium Times |date=7 January 2020 |first=Jayne |last=Augoye |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805142103/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/371619-wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade.html |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* ''[[The Wedding Party 2]]'' (₦433 million)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/wedding-party-2-destination-dubai-costs-n300m-producer/|title='The Wedding Party 2 -Destination Dubai" costs N300m–Producer|date=31 January 2018|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">access-date</del>=3 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184205/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/wedding-party-2-destination-dubai-costs-n300m-producer/|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* ''[[The Wedding Party 2]]'' (₦433 million)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/wedding-party-2-destination-dubai-costs-n300m-producer/|title='The Wedding Party 2 -Destination Dubai" costs N300m–Producer|date=31 January 2018|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">accessdate</ins>=3 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184205/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/wedding-party-2-destination-dubai-costs-n300m-producer/|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* ''[[Chief Daddy]]'' (₦387 million)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/120-top-20-films-27th-december-2019-2nd-january-2020|title=Top 20 films 27th December 2019 2nd January 2020 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria|website=ceanigeria.com|access-date=12 November 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203124604/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/120-top-20-films-27th-december-2019-2nd-january-2020|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* ''[[Chief Daddy]]'' (₦387 million)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/120-top-20-films-27th-december-2019-2nd-january-2020|title=Top 20 films 27th December 2019 2nd January 2020 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria|website=ceanigeria.com|access-date=12 November 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203124604/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/120-top-20-films-27th-december-2019-2nd-january-2020|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* ''[[King of Thieves (2022 film)|King of Thieves]]'' (2022, ₦321 million)<ref name="Top 20 films 24th 26th June 2022 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria">{{cite web|url=https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/324-top-20-films-weekend-24th-26th-june|title=Top 20 films 24th - 26th June 2022 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria|website=ceanigeria.com|access-date=12 November 2022|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112052704/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/324-top-20-films-weekend-24th-26th-june|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* ''[[King of Thieves (2022 film)|King of Thieves]]'' (2022, ₦321 million)<ref name="Top 20 films 24th 26th June 2022 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria">{{cite web|url=https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/324-top-20-films-weekend-24th-26th-june|title=Top 20 films 24th - 26th June 2022 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria|website=ceanigeria.com|access-date=12 November 2022|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112052704/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/324-top-20-films-weekend-24th-26th-june|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 626:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 621:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Association football|Football]] is largely considered Nigeria's national sport, and the country has its own [[Nigeria Professional Football League|Premier League]] of football. [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria's national football team]], known as the "Super Eagles", has played in the [[FIFA World Cup]] on six occasions ([[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]], [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], and [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]). In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked fifth in the [[FIFA World Rankings]], the highest ranking achieved by an African team. They won the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] in [[1980 African Cup of Nations|1980]], [[1994 African Cup of Nations|1994]], and [[2013 Africa Cup of Nations|2013]], and have also hosted both the U17 and U20 FIFA World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic football.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Association football|Football]] is largely considered Nigeria's national sport, and the country has its own [[Nigeria Professional Football League|Premier League]] of football. [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria's national football team]], known as the "Super Eagles", has played in the [[FIFA World Cup]] on six occasions ([[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]], [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], and [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]). In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked fifth in the [[FIFA World Rankings]], the highest ranking achieved by an African team. They won the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] in [[1980 African Cup of Nations|1980]], [[1994 African Cup of Nations|1994]], and [[2013 Africa Cup of Nations|2013]], and have also hosted both the U17 and U20 FIFA World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic football.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket and track and field.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Nigerian Basketball|url=http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp|access-date=7 June 2011|publisher=Africabasket.com|archive-date=26 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826193254/http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Nigeria men's national basketball team|Nigeria's national basketball team]] made the headlines internationally when it became the first African team to beat the [[United States men's national basketball team|United States men's national team]].<ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Nick |last1=Selbe |title=Nigeria Upsets Team USA in Pre-Olympics Exhibition |url=https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/11/team-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">access-date</del>=28 August 2021 |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=10 July 2021 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406070355/https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/11/team-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics |url-status=live }}</ref> In earlier years, Nigeria qualified for the [[Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]] as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as [[Greece men's national basketball team|Greece]] and [[Lithuania men's national basketball team|Lithuania]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120710072346/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/p/newsid/52642/arti.html OQTM – Nigeria celebrates 'greatest' victory], fiba.com, accessed 16 December 2012.</ref> Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally recognised basketball players in the world's top leagues in America, Europe and Asia. These players include [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame|Basketball Hall of Famer]] [[Hakeem Olajuwon]], and later players in the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. The [[Nigerian Premier League (basketball)|Nigerian Premier League]] has become one of the biggest and most-watched basketball competitions in Africa. The games have aired on ''Kwese TV'' and have averaged a viewership of over a million people.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lee |last=Nxumalo |title=Basketball's next frontier is Africa |url=https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |work=New Frame |date=20 December 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket and track and field.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Nigerian Basketball|url=http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp|access-date=7 June 2011|publisher=Africabasket.com|archive-date=26 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826193254/http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Nigeria men's national basketball team|Nigeria's national basketball team]] made the headlines internationally when it became the first African team to beat the [[United States men's national basketball team|United States men's national team]].<ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Nick |last1=Selbe |title=Nigeria Upsets Team USA in Pre-Olympics Exhibition |url=https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/11/team-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">accessdate</ins>=28 August 2021 |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=10 July 2021 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406070355/https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/11/team-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics |url-status=live }}</ref> In earlier years, Nigeria qualified for the [[Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]] as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as [[Greece men's national basketball team|Greece]] and [[Lithuania men's national basketball team|Lithuania]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120710072346/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/p/newsid/52642/arti.html OQTM – Nigeria celebrates 'greatest' victory], fiba.com, accessed 16 December 2012.</ref> Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally recognised basketball players in the world's top leagues in America, Europe and Asia. These players include [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame|Basketball Hall of Famer]] [[Hakeem Olajuwon]], and later players in the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. The [[Nigerian Premier League (basketball)|Nigerian Premier League]] has become one of the biggest and most-watched basketball competitions in Africa. The games have aired on ''Kwese TV'' and have averaged a viewership of over a million people.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lee |last=Nxumalo |title=Basketball's next frontier is Africa |url=https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |work=New Frame |date=20 December 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Nigeria made history by qualifying the first [[bobsled]] team for the [[Winter Olympics]] from Africa when their women's two-person team qualified for [[Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics|the bobsled competition at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Udoh |first=Colin |title=Nigeria bobsled women qualify for Winter Olympics |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/21430137/nigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics |publisher=ESPN |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125155358/https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/21430137/nigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 1990s, [[Scrabble]] was made an official sport in Nigeria; by the end of 2017, there were around 4,000 players in more than 100 clubs in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Nigeria produces Scrabble champions |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/30/why-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions?zid=319&ah=17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1 |newspaper=The Economist |date=30 November 2017 |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203174451/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/30/why-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions?zid=319&ah=17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the Nigerian Curling Federation was established to introduce a new sport to the country with the hope of getting the game to be a part of the curriculum at the elementary, high school, and university levels respectively. At the [[2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship]] in Norway, Nigeria won their first international match beating France 8–5.<ref>{{cite web |title=First African curling facility begins development in Nigeria |url=https://worldcurling.org/2020/06/nigeria-rink/ |publisher=[[World Curling Federation]] |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607182418/https://worldcurling.org/2020/06/nigeria-rink/ |url-status=dead }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Nigeria made history by qualifying the first [[bobsled]] team for the [[Winter Olympics]] from Africa when their women's two-person team qualified for [[Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics|the bobsled competition at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Udoh |first=Colin |title=Nigeria bobsled women qualify for Winter Olympics |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/21430137/nigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics |publisher=ESPN |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125155358/https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/21430137/nigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 1990s, [[Scrabble]] was made an official sport in Nigeria; by the end of 2017, there were around 4,000 players in more than 100 clubs in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Nigeria produces Scrabble champions |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/30/why-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions?zid=319&ah=17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1 |newspaper=The Economist |date=30 November 2017 |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203174451/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/30/why-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions?zid=319&ah=17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the Nigerian Curling Federation was established to introduce a new sport to the country with the hope of getting the game to be a part of the curriculum at the elementary, high school, and university levels respectively. At the [[2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship]] in Norway, Nigeria won their first international match beating France 8–5.<ref>{{cite web |title=First African curling facility begins development in Nigeria |url=https://worldcurling.org/2020/06/nigeria-rink/ |publisher=[[World Curling Federation]] |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607182418/https://worldcurling.org/2020/06/nigeria-rink/ |url-status=dead }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 669:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 664:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://www.theinfostride.com/forum/index.php?topic=257 Know More about Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009015753/https://www.theinfostride.com/forum/index.php?topic=257 |date=9 October 2021 }}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://www.theinfostride.com/forum/index.php?topic=257 Know More about Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009015753/https://www.theinfostride.com/forum/index.php?topic=257 |date=9 October 2021 }}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |date=9 January 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria |date=9 January 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Nigeria topics|state=collapsed}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Nigeria topics|state=collapsed}}</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 10:53, 25 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nigeria (disambiguation)">Nigeria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the neighbouring country <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Naijá" redirects here. For the language sometimes referred to by the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin" title="Nigerian Pidgin">Nigerian Pidgin</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Federal Republic of Nigeria</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya (<a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>)</li><li>Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>)</li><li>Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà (<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>)</li></ul></div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nigeria"><img alt="Flag of Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/130px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/195px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/260px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1276" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Nigeria,_We_Hail_Thee" title="Nigeria, We Hail Thee">Nigeria, We Hail Thee</a>" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Nigeria_national_anthem_Nigeria,_We_hail_thee_midi.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Nigeria_national_anthem_Nigeria%2C_We_hail_thee_midi.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Nigeria_national_anthem_Nigeria%2C_We_hail_thee_midi.mid/Nigeria_national_anthem_Nigeria%2C_We_hail_thee_midi.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Nigeria_national_anthem_Nigeria%2C_We_hail_thee_midi.mid/Nigeria_national_anthem_Nigeria%2C_We_hail_thee_midi.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nigeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Nigeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nigeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Nigeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nigeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Nigeria_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a>Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nigeria&params=9_4_N_7_29_E_type:city">9°4′N 7°29′E / 9.067°N 7.483°E / 9.067; 7.483</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="National languages">National languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regional_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional languages">Regional languages</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Over <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">525 languages</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-Africa:_Nigeria-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>25% <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li>21% <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li> <li>18% <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a></li> <li>6% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a></li> <li>3.5% <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li> <li>2.4% <a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a></li> <li>2.4% <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a></li> <li>1.8% <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a></li> <li>19.9% <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="List of ethnic groups in Nigeria">other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigerians" title="Nigerians">Nigerian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nigeria" title="Vice President of Nigeria">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kashim_Shettima" title="Kashim Shettima">Kashim Shettima</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Nigeria" title="President of the Senate of Nigeria">Senate President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Godswill_Akpabio" title="Godswill Akpabio">Godswill Akpabio</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Nigeria" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria">House Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tajudeen_Abbas" title="Tajudeen Abbas">Tajudeen Abbas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nigeria" title="Chief Justice of Nigeria">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kudirat_Kekere-Ekun" title="Kudirat Kekere-Ekun">Kudirat Kekere-Ekun</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)" title="House of Representatives (Nigeria)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria Protectorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Unification of Nigeria</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Declared independent as a sovereign state</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian First Republic">Became a republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1963</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1999</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">923,769 km2 (356,669 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">31st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.4</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 230,842,743<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">6th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">249.8/km2 (647.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">42nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.443 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NG-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">27th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,340<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NG-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">142nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $252.738 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NG-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">53rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1,110<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NG-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">167th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 35.1<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.548<a href="#cite_note-HDI-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">161st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Naira</a> (₦) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">NGN</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+01:00 (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">WAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Nigeria" title="Telephone numbers in Nigeria">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Nigeria" title="Telephone numbers in Nigeria">+234</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NG" title="ISO 3166-2:NG">NG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ng" title=".ng">.ng</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Nigeria,<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> It is situated between the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> to the south in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. It covers an area of 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 sq mi). With <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">a population</a> of more than 230 million, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">most populous country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">world's sixth-most populous country</a>. Nigeria borders <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Nigeria_border" title="Niger–Nigeria border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Nigeria_border" title="Chad–Nigeria border">the northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Nigeria_border" title="Cameroon–Nigeria border">the east</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Nigeria_border" title="Benin–Nigeria border">the west</a>. Nigeria is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal republic</a> comprising 36 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria">Federal Capital Territory</a>, where its capital, <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, is located. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_cities_by_population" title="List of Nigerian cities by population">largest city in Nigeria</a> is <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">metropolitan areas</a> in the world and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of cities in Africa by population">largest in Africa</a>. Nigeria has been home to several <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers" title="Nigerian traditional rulers">indigenous pre-colonial states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">kingdoms</a> since the second <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> BC, with the <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok civilization</a> in the 15th century BC marking the first internal unification.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The modern state originated with <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">British colonialization</a> in the 19th century, taking its present territorial shape with the merging of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria Protectorate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a> in 1914. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> set up administrative and legal structures while practicing <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a> through <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy" title="Nigerian Chieftaincy">traditional chiefdoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Nigeria became a formally <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">independent federation</a> on 1 October 1960. It experienced a <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">civil war</a> from 1967 to 1970, followed by a succession of <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_military_juntas_of_1966%E2%80%9379_and_1983%E2%80%9399" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99">military dictatorships</a> and democratically elected civilian governments until achieving a stable government in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerian_presidential_election" title="1999 Nigerian presidential election">1999 Nigerian presidential election</a>, with the election of <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)">Peoples Democratic Party</a>. However, the country frequently experiences <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> is rampant in various levels of Nigerian politics. Nigeria is a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational state</a> inhabited by more than <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">250 ethnic groups</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">500 distinct languages</a>, all identifying with a wide variety of cultures.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The three largest ethnic groups are the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Northern Region, Nigeria">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">the west</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">the east</a>, together constituting over 60% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> is <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">English</a>, chosen to facilitate linguistic unity at the national level.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Nigeria's constitution</a> ensures <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and it is home to some of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christian</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Nigeria is divided roughly in half between <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, who live mostly in the north part of the country, and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, who live mostly in the south; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">indigenous religions</a>, such as those native to the <a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Igbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> ethnicities, are in the minority.<a href="#cite_note-USEN-20">[19]</a> Nigeria is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> in Africa and a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in international affairs. <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria's economy</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">fourth-largest in Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">53rd-largest in the world</a> by nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">27th-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>. Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa owing to its large population and <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and is considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging market</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. Nigeria is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> and a member of many international organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> and <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>. It is also a member of the informal <a href="/wiki/Jim_O%27Neill,_Baron_O%27Neill_of_Gatley#Goldman_Sachs" title="Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley">MINT</a> group of countries and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Next_Eleven" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Eleven">Next Eleven</a> economies. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="wikt:Nigeria">Nigeria</a> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> running through the country. This name was coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist <a href="/wiki/Flora_Shaw,_Lady_Lugard" title="Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard">Flora Shaw</a>. The neighboring <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Niger">Republic of Niger</a> takes its name from the same river. The origin of the name Niger, which originally applied to only the middle reaches of the Niger River, is uncertain. The word is likely an alteration of the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> before 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">European colonialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Before Flora Shaw suggested the name Nigeria, other proposed names included Royal Niger Company Territories, Central Sudan, Niger Empire, Niger Sudan, and Hausa Territories.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History of Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nigerian_history" title="Timeline of Nigerian history">Timeline of Nigerian history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Nigeria">Prehistory of Nigeria</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kainji_Dam" title="Kainji Dam">Kainji Dam</a> excavations showed ironworking by the 2nd century BC. The transition from <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> was accomplished without intermediate <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">bronze</a> production. Some have suggested the technology moved west from the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a>. But the <a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Iron Age</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> valley and the forest region appears to predate the introduction of metallurgy in the upper savanna by more than 800 years, as well as predating it in the Nile Valley. More recent research suggests that iron metallurgy was developed independently in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tylecote_1975_see_below-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2014_51–59-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2014_53–54-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holl-2020#2-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/220px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/330px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/440px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nok" title="Nok">Nok</a> sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok civilization</a> thrived between 1,500 BC and AD 200. It produced life-sized <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> figures that are some of the earliest known sculptures in sub-Saharan Africa<a href="#cite_note-PB_2014-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-archaeology-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> and smelted iron by about 550 BC and possibly a few centuries earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Tylecote_1975_see_below-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2014_51–59-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eggert_2014_53–54-28">[27]</a> Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the <a href="/wiki/Nsukka" title="Nsukka">Nsukka</a> region of southeast Nigeria: dating to 2000 BC at the site of Lejja<a href="#cite_note-Eze-Uzomaka-35">[34]</a> and to 750 BC and at the site of <a href="/wiki/Opi_(archaeological_site)" title="Opi (archaeological site)">Opi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_before_1500" title="History of Nigeria before 1500">History of Nigeria before 1500</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg/220px-Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg/330px-Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg/440px-Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Royal <a href="/wiki/Benin_ivory_mask" title="Benin ivory mask">Benin ivory mask</a>, one of Nigeria's most recognized artifacts. <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin Empire</a>, 16th century.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kano_Chronicle" title="Kano Chronicle">Kano Chronicle</a> highlights an ancient history dating to around 999 AD of the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian city-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, with other major Hausa cities (or <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Bakwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa Bakwai">Hausa Bakwai</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Daura" title="Daura">Daura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadejia" title="Hadejia">Hadeija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katsina" title="Katsina">Katsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zazzau" title="Zazzau">Zazzau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rano" title="Rano">Rano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a> all having recorded histories dating back to the 10th century. With the spread of Islam from the 7th century AD, the area became known as <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a> or as Bilad Al Sudan (English: Land of the Blacks). Since the populations were partially affiliated with the Arab Muslim culture of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, they began <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> and were referred to by the Arabic speakers as Al-Sudan (meaning "The Blacks") as they were considered an extended part of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. There are early historical references by medieval Arab and Muslim historians and geographers which refer to the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> as the region's major centre for Islamic civilization.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a> of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-Juang3-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Nri was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Nri" title="List of rulers of Nri">Eze Nri</a>, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Igbo_culture" title="Igbo culture">Igbo culture</a>. Nri and <a href="/wiki/Aguleri" title="Aguleri">Aguleri</a>, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure <a href="/wiki/Eri_(king)" title="Eri (king)">Eri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the <a href="/wiki/Lost_wax_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost wax process">lost wax process</a> were from <a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu" title="Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a>, a city under Nri influence.<a href="#cite_note-Juang3-36">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a> in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th<a href="#cite_note-Falola13-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> and 14th<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> centuries, respectively. The oldest signs of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> settlement at Ife's current site date back to the 9th century,<a href="#cite_note-Falola13-39">[38]</a> and its material culture includes terracotta and bronze figures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_era">Pre-colonial era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Nigeria (1500–1800)">History of Nigeria (1500–1800)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Benin_city.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ancient_Benin_city.JPG/220px-Ancient_Benin_city.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ancient_Benin_city.JPG/330px-Ancient_Benin_city.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ancient_Benin_city.JPG/440px-Ancient_Benin_city.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a> by a Dutch illustrator in 1668. The wall-like structure in the centre probably represents the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Walls of Benin">walls of Benin</a>, housing the <a href="/wiki/Benin_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin bronze">Benin bronze</a> decorated historic <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_the_Oba_of_Benin" title="Royal Palace of the Oba of Benin">Benin City Palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese explorers</a> were the first <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> to begin important, direct trade with the peoples of southern Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos (formerly Eko) and in <a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a> along the region <a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a>. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diverse-slavery-42">[41]</a> The port of Calabar on the historical <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra" title="Bight of Biafra">Bight of Biafra</a> (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) became one of the largest slave-trading posts in West Africa in this era. Other major slaving ports were located in <a href="/wiki/Badagry" title="Badagry">Badagry</a>, Lagos on the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonny_Island" title="Bonny Island">Bonny Island</a> on the Bight of Biafra.<a href="#cite_note-diverse-slavery-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-slave-trade-43">[42]</a> The majority of those taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Usually, the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>; they were sometimes gradually acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. Slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave-trading kingdoms who participated in the Atlantic slave trade were linked with the Edo's <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin Empire</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a> in the southwest, and the <a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a> in the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-diverse-slavery-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-slave-trade-43">[42]</a> Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Oyo, at its territorial zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries, extended its influence from western Nigeria to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>. In the north, the incessant fighting amongst the Hausa city-states and the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a> allowed the Fulani people to gain headway into the region. Until this point, the Fulani, a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> ethnic group, primarily traversed the semi-desert <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> region north of Sudan with cattle and avoided trade and intermingling with the Sudanic peoples. At the beginning of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a> led <a href="/wiki/Fulani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani War">a successful jihad</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa Kingdoms</a>, founding the centralised <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>. This empire, with Arabic as its official language, grew rapidly under his rule and that of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Sokoto">his descendants</a>, who sent out <a href="/wiki/Fula_jihads" title="Fula jihads">invading armies</a> in every direction. The vast landlocked empire connected the east with the western Sudan region and made inroads down south conquering parts of the Oyo Empire (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a>), and advanced towards the <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yoruba heartland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, to reach the Atlantic Ocean. The territory controlled by the empire included much of modern-day northern and central Nigeria. The sultan sent out emirs to establish <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over the conquered territories and promote Islamic civilization; the emirs in turn became increasingly rich and powerful through trade and slavery. By the 1890s, the largest <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">slave population</a> in the world, about two million, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>. The use of slave labour was extensive, especially in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> By the time of its break-up in 1903 into various European colonies, the Sokoto Caliphate was one of the largest pre-colonial African states.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> A changing legal imperative (the outlawing of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> in 1807) and economic imperative (a desire for political and social stability) led most European powers to support the widespread cultivation of agricultural products, such as the palm, for use in European industry. The slave trade continued after the ban, as illegal smugglers purchased slaves along the coast from native slavers. Britain's <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a> sought to intercept the smugglers at sea. The <a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">rescued slaves</a> were taken to <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, a colony in West Africa originally established by <a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_(abolitionist)" title="John Clarkson (abolitionist)">Lieutenant John Clarkson</a> for the resettlement of slaves freed by Britain in North America after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonization">British colonization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a></div> Britain intervened in the Lagos kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave-trade-friendly <a href="/wiki/Kosoko" title="Kosoko">Oba Kosoko</a>, helping to install the amenable Oba <a href="/wiki/Akitoye" title="Akitoye">Akitoye</a> and signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_Great_Britain_and_Lagos,_1_January_1852" title="Treaty Between Great Britain and Lagos, 1 January 1852">Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos</a> on 1 January 1852. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> annexed Lagos as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> in August 1861 with the <a href="/wiki/Lagos_Treaty_of_Cession" title="Lagos Treaty of Cession">Lagos Treaty of Cession</a>. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ajayi_Crowther" title="Samuel Ajayi Crowther">Samuel Ajayi Crowther</a> became the first African <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Nigeria" title="Church of Nigeria">bishop of the Anglican Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lagos_Colony_(1888%E2%80%931906).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Lagos_Colony_%281888%E2%80%931906%29.svg/130px-Flag_of_Lagos_Colony_%281888%E2%80%931906%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Lagos_Colony_%281888%E2%80%931906%29.svg/195px-Flag_of_Lagos_Colony_%281888%E2%80%931906%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Lagos_Colony_%281888%E2%80%931906%29.svg/260px-Flag_of_Lagos_Colony_%281888%E2%80%931906%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos Colony</a></figcaption></figure> In 1885, British claims to a West African <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> received recognition from other European nations at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a>. The following year, it chartered the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a> under the leadership of Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Taubman_Goldie" title="George Taubman Goldie">George Taubman Goldie</a>. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the company had vastly succeeded in subjugating the independent southern kingdoms along the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>, the British conquered <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin</a> in 1897, and, in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Anglo-Aro War</a> (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The defeat of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. In 1900, the company's territory came under the direct control of the British government and established the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria Protectorate</a> as a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tcitp_d012_frederick_john_dealtry_lugard_and_wife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tcitp_d012_frederick_john_dealtry_lugard_and_wife.jpg/170px-Tcitp_d012_frederick_john_dealtry_lugard_and_wife.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tcitp_d012_frederick_john_dealtry_lugard_and_wife.jpg/255px-Tcitp_d012_frederick_john_dealtry_lugard_and_wife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tcitp_d012_frederick_john_dealtry_lugard_and_wife.jpg/340px-Tcitp_d012_frederick_john_dealtry_lugard_and_wife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard" title="Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard">The Lord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_Shaw,_Lady_Lugard" title="Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard">Lady Lugard</a>, 1908</figcaption></figure> By 1902, the British had begun plans to move north into the Sokoto Caliphate. British General Lord <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard" title="Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard">Frederick Lugard</a> was tasked by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to implement the agenda. Lugard used rivalries between many of the emirs in the southern reach of the caliphate and the central Sokoto administration to prevent any defence as he worked towards the capital. As the British approached the city of <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_I" title="Muhammadu Attahiru I">Muhammadu Attahiru I</a> organized a quick defence of the city and fought the advancing British-led forces. The British force quickly won, sending Attahiru I and thousands of followers on a <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hegira" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegira">hijra</a>. In the northeast, the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a> gave rise to the British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Borno_Emirate" title="Borno Emirate">Borno Emirate</a> which established <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Garbai_of_Borno" title="Abubakar Garbai of Borno">Abubakar Garbai of Borno</a> as ruler. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emir_of_Kano-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Emir_of_Kano-1911.jpg/220px-Emir_of_Kano-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Emir_of_Kano-1911.jpg/330px-Emir_of_Kano-1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Emir_of_Kano-1911.jpg/440px-Emir_of_Kano-1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abbas_(Emir_of_Kano)" title="Muhammad Abbas (Emir of Kano)">Emir of Kano</a> with cavalry, 1911</figcaption></figure>In 1903, the British victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kano_(1903)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kano (1903)">Battle of Kano</a> gave them a logistical edge in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kwatarkwashi" title="Battle of Kwatarkwashi">pacifying the heartland of the Sokoto Caliphate</a> and parts of the former Bornu Empire. On 13 March 1903, at the grand market square of Sokoto, the last <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Grand_Vizier" title="Sokoto Grand Vizier">vizier of the caliphate</a> officially conceded to British rule. The British appointed <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_II" title="Muhammadu Attahiru II">Muhammadu Attahiru II</a> as the new caliph. Lugard abolished the caliphate but retained the title sultan as a symbolic position in the newly organized <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a>. This remnant became known as "<a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Sultanate_Council" title="Sokoto Sultanate Council">Sokoto Sultanate Council</a>". In June 1903, the British defeated the remaining northern forces of Attahiru. By 1906, all resistance to British rule had ended. On 1 January 1914, the British formally united the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria Protectorate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria Protectorate</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria</a>. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and <a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos Colony</a>. Inhabitants of the southern region sustained more interaction, economic and cultural, with the British and other Europeans owing to the coastal economy.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic legitimist tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> By the mid-20th century following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">wave for independence</a> was sweeping across Africa, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the eve of independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present day. The balance between north and south was also expressed in Nigeria's political life. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria, slavery was abolished soon after colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-slave-trade-43">[42]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Cameroons_2d-600px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stamp_Cameroons_2d-600px.jpg/220px-Stamp_Cameroons_2d-600px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stamp_Cameroons_2d-600px.jpg/330px-Stamp_Cameroons_2d-600px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Stamp_Cameroons_2d-600px.jpg/440px-Stamp_Cameroons_2d-600px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>1953 postage stamp with portrait of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nnamdi_Azikiwe_PC_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Nnamdi_Azikiwe_PC_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a>, first President of Nigeria (1963–1966)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_federal_republic">Independence and federal republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Federation of Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">First Nigerian Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Nigeria)" title="Independence Day (Nigeria)">Independence Day (Nigeria)</a></div> Nigeria gained a degree of self-rule in 1954, and full independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1960, as the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Federation of Nigeria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria" title="Prime Minister of Nigeria">Prime Minister</a>, while retaining the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, as nominal head of state and <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Queen of Nigeria</a>. Azikiwe replaced the colonial <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">governor-general</a> in November 1960. At independence, the cultural and political differences were sharp among Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups: the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> in the north, Igbo in the east and Yoruba in the west.<a href="#cite_note-JBS2-52">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> of government was retained, and thus the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a>'s powers were generally ceremonial.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The parliamentary system of government had <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a> as the ceremonial president. The founding government was a coalition of conservative parties: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_People%27s_Congress" title="Northern People's Congress">Northern People's Congress</a> led by Sir <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a>, a party dominated by Muslim northerners, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons" title="National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons">National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a>. The opposition consisted of the comparatively liberal <a href="/wiki/Action_Group_(Nigeria)" title="Action Group (Nigeria)">Action Group</a>, which was largely dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> and led by <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a>. An imbalance was created in the polity as the result of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons#Trust_territory" title="Southern Cameroons">1961 plebiscite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons" title="Southern Cameroons">Southern Cameroons</a> opted to join the <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Republic of Cameroon</a> while <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">Northern Cameroons</a> chose to join Nigeria. The northern part of the country became larger than the southern part. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balewa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balewa.jpg/155px-Balewa.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balewa.jpg/232px-Balewa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balewa.jpg/309px-Balewa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a>, Nigeria's first Prime Minister during the 1st republic. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_First_Republic_and_Civil_War">Fall of the First Republic and Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état">1966 Nigerian coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_counter-coup" title="1966 Nigerian counter-coup">1966 Nigerian counter-coup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></div> The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led to two <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">military coups</a> in 1966. The <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état">first coup was in January 1966</a> and was led mostly by soldiers under Majors <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Ifeajuna" title="Emmanuel Ifeajuna">Emmanuel Ifeajuna</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> tribe), <a href="/wiki/Chukwuma_Kaduna_Nzeogwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu">Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Northern Region, Nigeria">Northerner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern</a> extraction) and <a href="/wiki/Adewale_Ademoyega" title="Adewale Ademoyega">Adewale Ademoyega</a> (a Yoruba from the West). The coup plotters succeeded in assassinating Sir <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a> alongside prominent leaders of the Northern Region and Premier <a href="/wiki/Ladoke_Akintola" title="Ladoke Akintola">Samuel Akintola</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_State_(Nigeria)" title="Western State (Nigeria)">Western Region</a>, but the plotters struggled to form a central government. Senate President <a href="/wiki/Nwafor_Orizu" title="Nwafor Orizu">Nwafor Orizu</a> handed over government control to the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Army" title="Nigerian Army">Army</a>, under the command of another Igbo officer, Major General<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi</a>. Later, the counter-coup of 1966, supported primarily by Northern military officers, facilitated the rise of <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu Gowon</a> as military head of state. Tension rose between north and south; <a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">Igbos in northern cities suffered persecution</a> and many fled to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg/220px-Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg/330px-Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg/440px-Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Republic of Biafra</a> in June 1967, when it declared its independence from the rest of Nigeria</figcaption></figure> In May 1967, Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Region</a> Lt. Colonel <a href="/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Odumegwu Ojukwu">Emeka Ojukwu</a> declared the region independent from the federation as a state called the <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Republic of Biafra</a>, as a result of the continuous and systematically planned attacks against Igbos and those of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern</a> extraction popularly known as 1966 <a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">pogroms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> This declaration precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a>, which began as the official Nigerian government side attacked Biafra on 6 July 1967, at Garkem. The 30-month war, with a long <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Biafra" title="Blockade of Biafra">blockade of Biafra</a> and its isolation from trade and international relief, ended in January 1970.<a href="#cite_note-DDRS-58">[57]</a> Estimates of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">number of dead</a> in the former Eastern Region during the 30-month civil war range from one to three million.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government, with Nigeria utilizing air support from Egyptian pilots provided by <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> while France and Israel aided the Biafrans. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a> government, under President <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph-Désiré Mobutu</a>, took an early stand on the Biafran secession, voicing strong support for the Nigerian federal government<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> and deploying thousands of troops to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_Nigeria" title="Separatist movements of Nigeria">secessionists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Following the war, Nigeria enjoyed an <a href="/wiki/Oil_boom" title="Oil boom">oil boom</a> in the 1970s, during which the country joined <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> and received huge oil revenues. Despite these revenues, the military government did little to improve the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subsidies to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1975_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Nigerian coup d'état">coup in July 1975</a>, led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Shehu_Musa_Yar%27Adua" title="Shehu Musa Yar'Adua">Shehu Musa Yar'Adua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nanven_Garba" title="Joseph Nanven Garba">Joseph Garba</a>, ousted Gowon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201142–43Derfler201181-66">[65]</a> who fled to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerfler201182-67">[66]</a> The coup plotters wanted to replace Gowon's autocratic rule with a triumvirate of three brigadier generals whose decisions could be vetoed by a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_of_Nigeria_(1966%E2%80%931979)" title="Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1966–1979)">Supreme Military Council</a>. For this triumvirate, they convinced General <a href="/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed" title="Murtala Muhammed">Murtala Muhammed</a> to become military head of state, with General <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> as his second-in-command, and General <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Danjuma" title="Theophilus Danjuma">Theophilus Danjuma</a> as the third.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201143Derfler201181-68">[67]</a> Together, the triumvirate introduced austerity measures to stem inflation, established a Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, replaced all military governors with new officers, and launched "Operation Deadwood" through which they fired 11,000 officials from the civil service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201144-69">[68]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Buka_Suka_Dimka" class="mw-redirect" title="Buka Suka Dimka">Buka Suka Dimka</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/1976_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt">February 1976 coup attempt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> during which General Murtala Muhammed was assassinated. Dimka lacked widespread support among the military, and his coup failed, forcing him to flee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148-71">[70]</a> After the coup attempt, General Olusegun Obasanjo was appointed military head of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148–49Derfler201185-72">[71]</a> Obasanjo vowed to continue Murtala's policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201150Derfler201185-73">[72]</a> Aware of the danger of alienating northern Nigerians, Obasanjo brought General Shehu Yar'Adua as his replacement and second-in-command as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nigeria" title="Vice President of Nigeria">Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters</a> completing the military triumvirate, with Obasanjo as head of state and General Theophilus Danjuma as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Nigeria)" title="Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)">Chief of Army Staff</a>, the three went on to re-establish control over the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_military_juntas_of_1966%E2%80%9379_and_1983%E2%80%9399" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99">military regime</a> and organized the military's transfer of power programme: <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">states creation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">national delimitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria" title="Local government areas of Nigeria">local government reforms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria#1979_constitution_(Second_Republic)" title="Constitution of Nigeria">constitutional drafting committee</a> for a new republic.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_dictatorship_and_Second_Republic">Military dictatorship and Second Republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Military dictatorship in Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic" title="Second Nigerian Republic">Second Nigerian Republic</a></div> The military carefully planned the return to civilian rule putting in place measures to ensure that political parties had broader support than witnessed during the first republic. In 1979, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji <a href="/wiki/Shehu_Shagari" title="Shehu Shagari">Shehu Shagari</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Nigeria" title="National Party of Nigeria">National Party of Nigeria</a> (NPN) was elected president. All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. On 1 October 1979, Shehu Shagari was sworn in as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President and Commander-in-Chief</a> of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Obasanjo peacefully transferred power to Shagari, becoming the first head of state in Nigerian history to willingly step down.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shehu_Shagari_1980-10-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Shehu_Shagari_1980-10-07.jpg/170px-Shehu_Shagari_1980-10-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Shehu_Shagari_1980-10-07.jpg/255px-Shehu_Shagari_1980-10-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Shehu_Shagari_1980-10-07.jpg/340px-Shehu_Shagari_1980-10-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shehu_Shagari" title="Shehu Shagari">Shehu Shagari</a> was the first elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President of Nigeria</a> from 1979 to 1983.</figcaption></figure>The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. In 1983, the inspectors of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation began to notice "the slow poisoning of the waters of this country".<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In August 1983, Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide victory, with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and control of 12 state governments. But the elections were marred by violence, and allegations of widespread vote-rigging and electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results. There were also uncertainties, such as in the first republic, that political leaders may be unable to govern properly. The <a href="/wiki/1983_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Nigerian coup d'état">1983 military coup d'état</a> was coordinated by key officers of the Nigerian military and led to the overthrow of the government and the installation of Major General <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> as head of state. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Ibrahim Babangida</a> overthrew Buhari in a coup d'état. In 1986, Babangida established the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Political_Bureau_of_1986" title="Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986">Nigerian Political Bureau</a> which made recommendations for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. In 1989, Babangida started making plans for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. Babangida survived the <a href="/wiki/1990_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt">1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt</a>, then postponed a promised return to democracy to 1992.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="12_June_and_the_crisis_of_the_Third_Republic">12 June and the crisis of the Third Republic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Third_Nigerian_Republic" title="Third Nigerian Republic">Third Nigerian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_presidential_election" title="1993 Nigerian presidential election">1993 Nigerian presidential election</a></div> Babangida legalized the formation of political parties and formed the two-party system with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)">Social Democratic Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Convention" title="National Republican Convention">National Republican Convention</a> ahead of the <a href="/wiki/1992_Nigerian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Nigerian parliamentary election">1992 general elections</a>. He urged all Nigerians to join either of the parties, which Chief <a href="/wiki/Bola_Ige" title="Bola Ige">Bola Ige</a> referred to as "two leper hands". The <a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_presidential_election" title="1993 Nigerian presidential election">1993 presidential election</a> held on 12 June was the first since the military coup of 1983. The results, though not officially declared by the National Electoral Commission, showed the duo of <a href="/wiki/Moshood_Abiola" title="Moshood Abiola">Moshood Abiola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baba_Gana_Kingibe" title="Baba Gana Kingibe">Baba Gana Kingibe</a> of the Social Democratic Party defeated <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Tofa" title="Bashir Tofa">Bashir Tofa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Ugoh" title="Sylvester Ugoh">Sylvester Ugoh</a> of the National Republican Convention by over 2.3 million votes. However, Babangida annulled the elections, leading to massive civilian protests that effectively shut down the country for weeks. In August 1993, Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish power to a civilian government but not before appointing <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shonekan" title="Ernest Shonekan">Ernest Shonekan</a> head of an <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ernest_Shonekan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Ernest Shonekan">interim national government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdulsalami_Abubakar_detail_DF-SC-02-04323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abdulsalami_Abubakar_detail_DF-SC-02-04323.jpg/170px-Abdulsalami_Abubakar_detail_DF-SC-02-04323.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abdulsalami_Abubakar_detail_DF-SC-02-04323.jpg/255px-Abdulsalami_Abubakar_detail_DF-SC-02-04323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abdulsalami_Abubakar_detail_DF-SC-02-04323.jpg/340px-Abdulsalami_Abubakar_detail_DF-SC-02-04323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar">Abdulsalami Abubakar</a>, military ruler in 1998 saw the return to democracy in 1999</figcaption></figure> Shonekan's interim government, the shortest in the political history of the country, was overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">coup d'état of 1993</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Sani Abacha</a>, who used military force on a wide scale to suppress the continuing civilian unrest. In 1995, the government hanged environmentalist Ken Saro-Wiwa on trumped-up charges in the deaths of four <a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a> elders, which caused Nigerian's <a href="/wiki/Suspension_from_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations">suspension from the Commonwealth</a>. Lawsuits under the American <a href="/wiki/Alien_Tort_Statute" title="Alien Tort Statute">Alien Tort Statute</a> against <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> and Brian Anderson, the head of Shell's Nigerian operation, settled out of court with Shell continuing to deny liability.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Several hundred million dollars in accounts traced to Abacha were discovered in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The regime came to an end in 1998 when the dictator died in the villa. He looted money to offshore accounts in Western European banks and defeated coup plots by arresting and bribing generals and politicians. His successor, General <a href="/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar">Abdulsalami Abubakar</a>, adopted a new constitution on 5 May 1999, which provided for multiparty elections. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_democracy_(1999–present)">Return to democracy (1999–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic" title="Fourth Nigerian Republic">Fourth Nigerian Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olusegun_Obasanjo_DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olusegun_Obasanjo_DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg/170px-Olusegun_Obasanjo_DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olusegun_Obasanjo_DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg/255px-Olusegun_Obasanjo_DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olusegun_Obasanjo_DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg/340px-Olusegun_Obasanjo_DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> served as president of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007.</figcaption></figure> On 29 May 1999, Abubakar handed over power to the winner of the 1999 presidential election, former military ruler General <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a>, as President of Nigeria. Obasanjo had been in prison under the dictatorship of Abacha. Obasanjo's inauguration heralded the beginning of the Fourth Nigerian Republic,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> ending a 39-year period of short-lived democracies, civil war and military dictatorship. Although the elections that brought Obasanjo to power and allowed him to run for a second term in the 2003 presidential elections were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria made significant progress in democratization under Obasanjo.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In the 2007 general elections, <a href="/wiki/Umaru_Musa_Yar%27Adua" title="Umaru Musa Yar'Adua">Umaru Yar'Adua</a> of the People's Democratic Party came to power. The international community, which had observed the Nigerian elections to promote a free and fair process, condemned these elections as seriously flawed.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010, and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a> had been sworn in by the Senate three months earlier as acting president to succeed Yar'Adua.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Jonathan won the 2011 presidential election; the polls went smoothly and with relatively little violence or electoral fraud.<a href="#cite_note-New_York2-87">[86]</a> Jonathan's tenure saw an economic recovery that made Nigeria the leading economic power in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The Jonathan administration also saw an increase in unparalleled corruption, with as many as 20 billion US dollars said to have been lost to the Nigerian state through the national oil company. Above all, however, Jonathan's tenure saw the emergence of a wave of terror by the <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gwoza_massacre" title="Gwoza massacre">Gwoza massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chibok_schoolgirls_kidnapping" title="Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping">Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2015_Nigerian_general_election" title="2015 Nigerian general election">general election of 2015</a>, a merger of the biggest opposition parties in Nigeria – the <a href="/wiki/Action_Congress_of_Nigeria" title="Action Congress of Nigeria">Action Congress of Nigeria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Progressive_Change" title="Congress for Progressive Change">Congress for Progressive Change</a>, the <a href="/wiki/All_Nigeria_Peoples_Party" title="All Nigeria Peoples Party">All Nigeria Peoples Party</a>, a faction of the <a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Grand_Alliance" title="All Progressives Grand Alliance">All Progressives Grand Alliance</a> and the new PDP (a faction of serving governors of the ruling People's Democratic Party) – formed the <a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">All Progressives Congress</a> led by current president Bola Ahmed Tinubu. At the time, it was the most expensive election ever to be held on the African continent (being surpassed only by the elections of <a href="/wiki/2019_Nigerian_general_election" title="2019 Nigerian general election">2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerian_presidential_election" title="2023 Nigerian presidential election">2023</a>). The new mega-opposition party chose as their candidate for the election former military dictator Muhammadu Buhari. Buhari's campaign in 2015 was popular and built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter—he won the election by over two million votes. Observers generally praised the election as being fair.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The election marked the first time an incumbent president had lost re-election in Nigeria. In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Nigerian_general_election" title="2019 Nigerian general election">2019 presidential election</a>, Buhari was re-elected.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Four candidates vied for the presidency in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerian_presidential_election" title="2023 Nigerian presidential election">2023 presidential election</a>. For the first time since the return of democracy, no former military ruler ran for president, marking a strengthening of democracy and faith in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">multiparty constitution</a>. The election also saw the rise of metonymic supporters of the new candidates, the <a href="/wiki/Obidient_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obidient Movement">Obidient movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Obi" title="Peter Obi">Peter Obi</a>, previously governor of Anambra State, widely appealed to young, urban voters and has his core base in the Southeast;<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> and the Kwankwassiya of <a href="/wiki/Rabiu_Kwankwaso" title="Rabiu Kwankwaso">Rabiu Kwankwaso</a>, former governor of <a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano State</a> in the Northwest.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bola_Tinubu_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bola_Tinubu_portrait.jpg/170px-Bola_Tinubu_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bola_Tinubu_portrait.jpg/255px-Bola_Tinubu_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bola_Tinubu_portrait.jpg/340px-Bola_Tinubu_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>Chief <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a> is currently serving as President of Nigeria since 29 May 2023.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a>, of the ruling party, won the disputed election with 36.61% of the vote,<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> but both runners-up claimed victory and litigation is ongoing in an election tribunal.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Bola Tinubu's <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Bola_Tinubu" title="Inauguration of Bola Tinubu">inauguration</a> was held on 29 May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Problems with widespread <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_in_Nigeria" title="Kidnapping in Nigeria">kidnapping in Nigeria</a> continued.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> On 29 May 2024, Tinubu signed into law an act readopting <a href="/wiki/Nigeria,_We_Hail_Thee" title="Nigeria, We Hail Thee">Nigeria, We Hail Thee</a>, which was the country's <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> from 1960 to 1978, as its national anthem, replacing <a href="/wiki/Arise,_O_Compatriots" title="Arise, O Compatriots">Arise, O Compatriots</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Geography of Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Nigeria" title="Geology of Nigeria">Geology of Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nigeria" title="Wildlife of Nigeria">Wildlife of Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nigeria_Topography.png/220px-Nigeria_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nigeria_Topography.png/330px-Nigeria_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nigeria_Topography.png/440px-Nigeria_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Nigeria</figcaption></figure> Nigeria is located in western Africa on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> and has a total area of 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> making it the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">32nd-largest country</a>. Its borders span 4,047 kilometres (2,515 mi), and it shares borders with Benin (773 km or 480 mi), Niger (1,497 km or 930 mi), Chad (87 km or 54 mi), and Cameroon (including the separatist <a href="/wiki/Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Ambazonia</a>) 1,690 km or 1,050 mi. Its <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a> is at least 853 km (530 mi).<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Nigeria lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/4th_parallel_north" title="4th parallel north">4°</a> and <a href="/wiki/14th_parallel_north" title="14th parallel north">14°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/2nd_meridian_east" title="2nd meridian east">2°</a> and <a href="/wiki/15th_meridian_east" title="15th meridian east">15°E</a>. The highest point in Nigeria is <a href="/wiki/Chappal_Waddi" title="Chappal Waddi">Chappal Waddi</a> at 2,419 m (7,936 ft). The main rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benue_River" title="Benue River">Benue</a>, which converge and empty into the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>. This is one of the world's largest river deltas and the location of a large area of Central African <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>. Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys (which merge and form a Y-shape).<a href="#cite_note-encarta22-104">[103]</a> To the southwest of the Niger is a "rugged" <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">highland</a>. To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains, which form the <a href="/wiki/Mambilla_Plateau" title="Mambilla Plateau">Mambilla Plateau</a>, the highest plateau in Nigeria. This plateau extends through the border with <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> land is part of the <a href="/wiki/Bamenda_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamenda Highlands">Bamenda Highlands</a> of Cameroon. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Climate map of Nigeria</figcaption></figure> The far south is defined by its <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a>, where annual rainfall is 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (60 to 80 in) per year.<a href="#cite_note-gai52-105">[104]</a> In the southeast stands the <a href="/wiki/Obudu_Plateau" title="Obudu Plateau">Obudu Plateau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plains</a> are found in both the southwest and the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-encarta22-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">Mangrove swamps</a> are found along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-gai42-106">[105]</a> The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the <a href="/wiki/Cross%E2%80%93Sanaga%E2%80%93Bioko_coastal_forests" title="Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests">Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, an important centre for <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. It is a habitat for the <a href="/wiki/Drill_(animal)" title="Drill (animal)">drill primate</a>, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding <a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a>, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross Rivers</a> has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population and has been <a href="/wiki/Cross%E2%80%93Niger_transition_forests" title="Cross–Niger transition forests">replaced by grassland</a>. Everything in between the far south and the far north is <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannah</a> (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year.<a href="#cite_note-gai52-105">[104]</a> The savannah zone's three categories are <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Guinean forest–savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a>, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-gai42-106">[105]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg/220px-Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg/330px-Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg/440px-Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1508" /></a><figcaption>Shrinking of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> in north-eastern Nigeria, with the outline of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> for size comparison</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h3></div> Nigeria is divided into two main catchment areas - that of Lake Chad and that of the Niger. The Niger catchment area covers about 63% of the country. The main tributary of the Niger is the Benue, whose tributaries extend beyond Cameroon into Cameroon into Chad and the Sharie catchment area. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year, and the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a> is encroaching.<a href="#cite_note-gai52-105">[104]</a> In the dry northeast corner of the country lies <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad_Basin_Commission" title="Lake Chad Basin Commission">shared water</a> boundary <a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">delimitation</a> with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The Chad Basin is fed from the north-eastern quarter of Nigeria. The Bauchi Plateau forms the watershed between the Niger/Benue and Komadugu Yobe river systems. The flat plains of north-eastern Nigeria are geographically part of the Chad Basin, where the course of the El Beid River forms the border with Cameroon, from the Mandara Mountains to Lake Chad. The Komadugu Yobe river system gives rise to the internationally important Hadejia-Nguru wetlands and Ox-bow lakes around Lake Nguru in the rainy season.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Other rivers of the northeast include the Ngadda and the Yedseram, both of which flow through the Sambisa swamps, thus forming a river system. The river system of the northeast is also a major river system.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In addition, Nigeria has numerous coastal rivers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Chad_from_Apollo_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lake_Chad_from_Apollo_7.jpg/220px-Lake_Chad_from_Apollo_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lake_Chad_from_Apollo_7.jpg/330px-Lake_Chad_from_Apollo_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lake_Chad_from_Apollo_7.jpg/440px-Lake_Chad_from_Apollo_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Lake Chad from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>, 1968</figcaption></figure> Over the last million years, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> in the far north-east of Nigeria has dried up several times for a few thousand years and just as often growing to many times its current size. In recent decades its surface area has been reduced considerably, which may also be due to humans taking water from the inlets to irrigate agricultural land. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetation">Vegetation</h3></div> Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation: forests (where there is significant tree cover), <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannahs</a> (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> land (least common and mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border). Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts.<a href="#cite_note-gai4-110">[109]</a> Some of the forest zone's most southerly portion, especially around the Niger River and <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross River</a> deltas, is <a href="/wiki/Central_African_mangroves" title="Central African mangroves">mangrove swamp</a>. North of this is a freshwater swamp, containing different vegetation from the saltwater mangrove swamps, and north of that is a rainforest.<a href="#cite_note-gai4-110">[109]</a> The savannah zone's three categories are divided into <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Guinean forest–savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a>, made up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees, the most common across the country; Sudan savannah, with short grasses and short trees; and <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> savannah patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-gai4-110">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mambilla_Plateau,_Nigeria_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Mambilla_Plateau%2C_Nigeria_01.jpg/220px-The_Mambilla_Plateau%2C_Nigeria_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Mambilla_Plateau%2C_Nigeria_01.jpg/330px-The_Mambilla_Plateau%2C_Nigeria_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Mambilla_Plateau%2C_Nigeria_01.jpg/440px-The_Mambilla_Plateau%2C_Nigeria_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mambilla_Plateau" title="Mambilla Plateau">Mambilla Plateau</a> in the North-Eastern region of Nigeria</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nigeria" title="Deforestation in Nigeria">Deforestation in Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Environmental issues in the Niger Delta">Environmental issues in the Niger Delta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerian-deforrestation-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nigerian deforrestation 1981 - 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nigerian-deforrestation-b.jpg/220px-Nigerian-deforrestation-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nigerian-deforrestation-b.jpg/330px-Nigerian-deforrestation-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nigerian-deforrestation-b.jpg/440px-Nigerian-deforrestation-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Deforestation in Nigeria 1981–2020<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> including <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>, the linked processes of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">soil degradation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> or <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a> like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of <a href="/wiki/Kubwa,_Abuja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubwa, Abuja">Kubwa</a> community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, and the like. Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanisation, poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major cities of the country. Some of the solutions have been disastrous to the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_in_Nigeria" title="Groundwater in Nigeria">groundwater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In 2005, Nigeria had the highest rate of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> in the world, according to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> That year, 12.2%, the equivalent of 11,089,000 hectares, had been forested in the country. Between 1990 and 2000, Nigeria lost an average of 409,700 hectares of forest every year equal to an average annual deforestation rate of 2.4%. Between 1990 and 2005, in total Nigeria lost 35.7% of its <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> or around 6,145,000 hectares.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Nigeria had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.2/10, ranking it 82nd globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-115">[114]</a> In the year 2010, thousands of people were inadvertently <a href="/wiki/Zamfara_State_lead_poisoning_outbreak" title="Zamfara State lead poisoning outbreak">exposed to lead-containing soil</a> from informal <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a> within the northern state of Zamfara. While estimates vary, it is thought that upwards of 400 children died of acute <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>, making this perhaps the largest lead poisoning fatality outbreak ever encountered.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Nigeria's Delta region is one of the most polluted regions in the world due to serious <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> and other environmental problems caused by its oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The heavy contamination of the air, ground and water with toxic pollutants is often used as an example of <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In additional to the environmental damage it has caused <a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">conflict in the Delta region</a>. Illegal oil refineries, in which local operators convert stolen crude oil into petrol and diesel, are considered particularly "dirty, dangerous and lucrative".<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Safety and environmental aspects are usually ignored. Refining petroleum also inevitably produces heavy oil, which is "cracked" into lighter fuel components in regular plants at great technical expense. Illegal refineries do not have these technical possibilities and "dispose" of the heavy oil where it accumulates. The lighter components of crude oil (<a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> to <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">isobutane</a>) create a certain risk of explosion, which often leads to disasters at illegal plants.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In 2022, Nigeria suffered 125 deaths from explosions at local, illegal refineries.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Politics of Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Nigeria">Political parties in Nigeria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of arms of Nigeria</a> in current use</figcaption></figure> Nigeria is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> modelled after the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> with 36 states and capital Abuja as an independent unit. The executive power is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a>. The president is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of the federal government</a>; the president is <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">elected by popular vote</a> to a maximum of two four-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-factbook3-128">[127]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_governors_in_nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State governors in nigeria (page does not exist)">State governors</a>, like the president, are elected for four years and may serve a maximum of two terms. The president's power is checked by a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Senate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)" title="House of Representatives (Nigeria)">House of Representatives</a>, which are combined in a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral body</a> called the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">National Assembly</a>. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats, with the number of seats per state determined by population.<a href="#cite_note-factbook3-128">[127]</a> The Nigerian president is elected in a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a relative majority of the votes and more than 25% of the votes in at least 24 of the 36 states.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> If no candidate reaches this hurdle, a second round of voting takes place between the leading candidate and the next candidate who received the majority of votes in the highest number of states. By convention, presidential candidates take a running mate (candidate for the vice presidency) who is both ethnically and religiously the opposite of themselves. There is no law prescribing this, yet all presidential candidates since the existence of the Fourth Republic until 2023 adhered to this rule. However, this principle of religious and ethnic diversity in leadership was ignored in the 2023 General Elections, where the candidate for the <a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">All Progressives Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Ahmed Tinubu</a>, a Muslim, selected another Muslim, <a href="/wiki/Kashim_Shettima" title="Kashim Shettima">Senator Kashim Shettima</a>, as running mate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Nigeria" title="Subdivisions of Nigeria">Subdivisions of Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_map_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Political_map_of_Nigeria.svg/310px-Political_map_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Political_map_of_Nigeria.svg/465px-Political_map_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Political_map_of_Nigeria.svg/620px-Political_map_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Map of Nigeria with administrative divisions</figcaption></figure>Nigeria is divided into <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">thirty-six states</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria">Federal Capital Territory</a>, which are further sub-divided into 774 <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria" title="Local government areas of Nigeria">local government areas</a>. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into <a href="/wiki/Geopolitical_zones_of_Nigeria" title="Geopolitical zones of Nigeria">six geopolitical zones</a>: <a href="/wiki/North_West_(Nigeria)" title="North West (Nigeria)">North West</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_(Nigeria)" title="North East (Nigeria)">North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Central,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="North Central, Nigeria">North Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_West_(Nigeria)" title="South West (Nigeria)">South West</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_East_(Nigeria)" title="South East (Nigeria)">South East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_South" title="South South">South South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Nigeria has five cities with a population of over a million (from largest to smallest): <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a>. Lagos is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in Africa">largest city in Africa</a>, with a population of over <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas by population">12 million</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-felix2-132">[131]</a> The south of the country in particular is characterised by very strong urbanisation and a relatively large number of cities. According to an estimate from 2015,<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> there are 20 cities in Nigeria with more than 500,000 inhabitants, including ten cities with a population of one million. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Nigeria" title="Law of Nigeria">Law of Nigeria</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution of Nigeria</a> is the supreme law of the country. There are four distinct legal systems in Nigeria, which include <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a>: <ul><li>English law in Nigeria consists of the collection of British laws from colonial times.</li> <li>Common law is the collection of authoritative judicial decisions in the field of civil law (so-called precedents) that have been handed down in the country concerned - in this case Nigeria. (This system is mainly found in Anglo-Saxon countries; in continental Europe, on the other hand, codified and, as far as possible, abstracted civil law predominates, as in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a> in France).<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></li> <li>Customary law is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices, including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yoruba land secret societies and the <a href="/wiki/Egbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbo">Èkpè</a> and Okónkò of <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibioland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></li> <li>Sharia law (also known as Islamic Law) used to be used only in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">Northern Nigeria</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the predominant <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. It is also being used in <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a>, Oyo State, Kwara State, Ogun State, and Osun State by Muslims. Muslim penal codes are not the same in every state and they differentiate in punishment and offences according to religious affiliation (for example, alcohol consumption and distribution).</li></ul> The country has a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial branch</a>, the highest court of which is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court of Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations of Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MinForeignAffairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MinForeignAffairs.jpg/220px-MinForeignAffairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MinForeignAffairs.jpg/330px-MinForeignAffairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MinForeignAffairs.jpg/440px-MinForeignAffairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>The Ministry of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></figcaption></figure> Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> One exception to the African focus was Nigeria's close relationship with Israel throughout the 1960s. Israel sponsored and oversaw the construction of Nigeria's parliament buildings.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Nigeria's foreign policy was put to the test in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. Nigeria backed the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> by taking a committed tough line about the South African government. Nigeria was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation for African Unity</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>) and had tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as the standard-bearer for the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS) and <a href="/wiki/ECOMOG" class="mw-redirect" title="ECOMOG">ECOMOG</a> (especially during the Liberia and Sierra Leone civil wars). With this Africa-centred stance, Nigeria readily <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">sent troops to the Congo</a> at the behest of the United Nations shortly after independence (and has maintained membership since that time). Nigeria also supported several Pan-African and pro-self-government causes in the 1970s, including garnering support for <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Popular_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola">MPLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> in Namibia, and aiding opposition to the minority governments of <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Portuguese Mozambique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesia</a>. Nigeria retains membership in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. In late November 2006, it organized an Africa-South America Summit in <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> to promote what some attendees termed "South-South" linkages on a variety of fronts.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Nigeria is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. It was temporarily expelled from the latter in 1995 when ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Abacha regime</a>. Nigeria has remained a key player in the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">international oil industry</a> since the 1970s and maintains membership in <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, which it joined in July 1971. Its <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum industry in Nigeria">status as a major petroleum producer</a> figures prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, notably the United States, and with developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Since 2000, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="China–Nigeria relations">Chinese–Nigerian trade relations</a> have risen exponentially. There has been an increase in total trade of over 10.3 billion dollars between the two nations from 2000 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> However, the structure of the Chinese–Nigerian trade relationship has become a major political issue for the Nigerian state. Chinese exports account for around 80 per cent of total bilateral trade volumes.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> This has resulted in a serious <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">trade imbalance</a>, with Nigeria importing ten times more than it exports to China.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Subsequently, Nigeria's economy is becoming over-reliant on cheap imports to sustain itself, resulting in a clear decline in Nigerian industry under such arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Continuing its Africa-centred foreign policy, Nigeria introduced the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">single currency</a> for West Africa known as the <a href="/wiki/Eco_(currency)" title="Eco (currency)">Eco</a> under the presumption that it would be led by the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">naira</a>. But on 21 December 2019, <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ivory_Coast" title="List of heads of state of Ivory Coast">Ivorian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, and multiple other <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">UEMOA</a> states announced that they would merely rename the <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a> instead of replacing the currency as originally intended. As of 2020, the Eco currency has been delayed to 2025.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Nigerian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZSU-23-4_Shilka_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ZSU-23-4_Shilka_01.jpg/220px-ZSU-23-4_Shilka_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ZSU-23-4_Shilka_01.jpg/330px-ZSU-23-4_Shilka_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ZSU-23-4_Shilka_01.jpg/440px-ZSU-23-4_Shilka_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="1426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Army" title="Nigerian Army">Nigerian Army</a> self-propelled anti-aircraft gun</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Nigerian Armed Forces</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">combined military forces</a> of Nigeria. It consists of three uniformed service branches: the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Army" title="Nigerian Army">Nigerian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Navy" title="Nigerian Navy">Nigerian Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force" title="Nigerian Air Force">Nigerian Air Force</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President of Nigeria</a> functions as the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the armed forces, exercising his <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">constitutional authority</a> through the Ministry of Defence, which is responsible for the management of the military and its personnel. The operational head of the AFN is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a>, who is subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Nigeria" title="Defence Minister of Nigeria">Nigerian Defence Minister</a>. With a force of more than 223,000 active personnel, the Nigerian military is one of the largest uniformed combat services in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Iwelumo-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nigerian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Iwelumo-1.jpg/220px-Nigerian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Iwelumo-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nigerian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Iwelumo-1.jpg/330px-Nigerian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Iwelumo-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nigerian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Iwelumo-1.jpg/440px-Nigerian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Iwelumo-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force" title="Nigerian Air Force">Nigerian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Mi-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi-24">Mi-24</a> attack helicopter</figcaption></figure> Nigeria has 143,000 troops in the armed forces (army 100,000, navy 25,000, air force 18,000) and another 80,000 personnel for "gendarmerie & paramilitary" in 2020, according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-147">[146]</a> Nigeria spent just under 0.4 per cent of its economic output, or US$1.6 billion, on its armed forces in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> For 2022, US$2.26 billion has been budgeted for the Nigerian armed forces, which is just over a third of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Defence_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence budget">defence budget</a> (US$5.99 billion).<a href="#cite_note-:8-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_conflicts">Communal conflicts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict" title="Nigerian bandit conflict">Nigerian bandit conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BokoHaram_deaths_by_state.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BokoHaram_deaths_by_state.jpg/220px-BokoHaram_deaths_by_state.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BokoHaram_deaths_by_state.jpg/330px-BokoHaram_deaths_by_state.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BokoHaram_deaths_by_state.jpg/440px-BokoHaram_deaths_by_state.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Attacks by Boko Haram, 2011 to October 2022. Each figure represents 1,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-:5-150">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict" title="Nigerian bandit conflict">bandit conflict</a> have been responsible for numerous serious attacks with thousands of casualties since mid-2010. Since then, according to the Council on Foreign Relations' Nigeria Security Tracker, over 41,600 lives have been lost to this conflict (as of October 2022).<a href="#cite_note-:5-150">[149]</a> The United Nations refugee agency UNHCR counts about 1.8 million internally displaced persons and about 200,000 Nigerian refugees in neighbouring countries. The Boko Haram-affected states agreed in February 2015 to establish an 8,700-strong Multinational Joint Task Force to jointly fight Boko Haram. By October 2015, Boko Haram had been driven out of all the cities it controlled and almost all the counties in northeastern Nigeria. In 2016, Boko Haram split and in 2022, 40,000 fighters surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The splinter group <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">ISWAP</a> (Islamic State in West Africa) remains active. The fight against Boko Haram, other sectarians and criminals has been accompanied by increasing police attacks. The <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>' Nigeria Security Tracker counted 1,086 deaths from Boko Haram attacks and 290 deaths from police violence in the first 12 months of its establishment in May 2011. In the 12 months after October 2021, 2,193 people died from police violence and 498 from Boko Haram and ISWAP,<a href="#cite_note-:5-150">[149]</a> according to the NST. The Nigerian police are notorious for <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilante justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-150">[149]</a> The Niger Delta saw intense <a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">attacks on oil infrastructure in 2016</a> by militant groups such as the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), the Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF), the Ijaw National Congress (INC) and the Pan Niger Delta Forum (PANDEF). In response, the new Buhari government pursued a dual strategy of repression and negotiation. In late 2016, the Nigerian federal government resorted to the gambit of offering the militant groups a 4.5 billion naira (US$144 million) contract to guard oil infrastructure. Most accepted. The contract was <a href="/wiki/Tompolo#Arrest_warrant" title="Tompolo">renewed in August 2022</a>, but led to fierce disputes among the above-mentioned groups over the distribution of the funds. Representatives speak of "war"<a href="#cite_note-:7-152">[151]</a> - against each other. The high propensity for violence and the pettiness of the leaders, as well as the complete absence of social and environmental arguments in this dispute<a href="#cite_note-:7-152">[151]</a> give rise to fears that the militant groups, despite their lofty names, have discarded responsibility for their region and ethnic groups and have moved into the realm of protection rackets and self-enrichment. In any case, the pipelines in the Niger Delta are not very effectively "guarded" - the pollution of the Niger Delta with stolen crude oil and <a href="#Oil_spills">illegally produced heavy fuel oil</a> continued unhindered after 2016.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> In central Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">conflicts between Muslim Hausa-Fulani herders and indigenous Christian farmers</a> flared up again, especially in Kaduna, Plateau, Taraba and Benue states. In individual cases, these clashes have claimed several hundred lives. Conflict over land and resources is increasing due to the ongoing desertification in northern Nigeria, population growth and the generally tense economic situation. In June 2022, a massacre took place in the St. Francis Xavier Church, in Owo. The Government blamed ISWAP for the murder of over 50 parishioners, but locals suspect Fulani herdsmen's involvement.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Economy of Nigeria</a></div> Nigeria's economy is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">fourth largest in Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">31st-largest in the world</a> by nominal GDP, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">30th-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> per capita is US$9,148<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> (as of 2022), which is less than South Africa, Egypt and Morocco, but slightly higher than Ghana and Ivory Coast. Nigeria is a leader in Africa as an energy power, <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial market</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceuticals</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment industry</a>. After petroleum, the largest source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a> sent home by Nigerians living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-tribune.com.ng2-156">[155]</a> Nigeria has a <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Nigeria" title="Banking in Nigeria">highly developed financial services sector</a>, with a mix of local and international banks, asset management companies, brokerage houses, insurance companies and brokers, private equity funds and investment banks.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Nigeria has a lower-middle-income economy<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> with an abundant supply of natural resources. Its wide array of underexploited mineral resources include coal, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalite" title="Tantalite">tantalite</a>, gold, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, iron ore, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, lead and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy. Before 1999, economic development has been hindered by years of military rule, corruption, and mismanagement. The restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms have supported economic potential. After 2015, the Nigerian economy was able to diversify somewhat. Apart from oil and gas, Nigeria exports <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilisers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>/cement board, moulded <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> (plastic) products, <a href="/wiki/Personal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal care">personal care products</a>, paint, <a href="/wiki/Malt_drink" title="Malt drink">malt beverages</a> and armoured vehicles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nigeria" title="Agriculture in Nigeria">Agriculture in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_nuts_put_out_to_dry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Palm_nuts_put_out_to_dry.jpg/220px-Palm_nuts_put_out_to_dry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Palm_nuts_put_out_to_dry.jpg/330px-Palm_nuts_put_out_to_dry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Palm_nuts_put_out_to_dry.jpg/440px-Palm_nuts_put_out_to_dry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Nigerian palm nuts put out to dry</figcaption></figure> In 2021, about 23.4% of Nigeria's GDP is contributed by agriculture, forestry and fishing combined.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Nigeria is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Cassava_production_in_Nigeria" title="Cassava production in Nigeria">cassava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-161">[160]</a> Further major crops include <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum_bicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum bicolor">guinea corn</a> (sorghum).<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a> is the principal agricultural export, and one of the country's most significant non-petroleum products.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Nigeria is also one of the world's top twenty exporters of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, generating $20.9 million in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oil_boom" title="Oil boom">oil boom</a>, Nigeria was self-sufficient in food.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Agriculture has failed to keep pace with Nigeria's rapid population growth, and Nigeria now relies upon food imports to sustain itself.<a href="#cite_note-:11-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> It spends US$6.7 billion yearly for food imports, four times more than revenues from food export.<a href="#cite_note-:2-161">[160]</a> The Nigerian government promoted the use of inorganic fertilizers in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-pasquini2-171">[170]</a> Nigeria's rice production increased by 10% from 2017/18 to 2021/22 to 5 million tonnes a year,<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> but could hardly keep up with the increased demand. Rice imports therefore remained constant at 2 million tonnes per year. In August 2019, Nigeria closed its border with Benin and other neighbouring countries to stop rice smuggling into the country as part of efforts to boost local production.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Until now, Nigeria exported unhusked rice but had to import husked rice, the country's staple food. - The <a href="/wiki/Imota_rice_mill" title="Imota rice mill">rice mill in Imota</a>, near Lagos, is intended to handle the corresponding processing at home, improve the balance of trade and the labour market, and save unnecessary costs for transport and middlemen. When fully operational at the end of 2022, the plant, the largest south of the Sahara, is expected to employ 250,000 people and produce 2.5 million 50-kg bags of rice annually.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_natural_gas">Oil and natural gas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum industry in Nigeria">Petroleum industry in Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_theft_in_Nigeria" title="Oil theft in Nigeria">Oil theft in Nigeria</a></div> Nigeria is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">15th largest producer of petroleum in the world</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">6th largest exporter</a>, and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">9th largest proven reserves</a>. Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy and politics, accounting for about 80% of government earnings. Nigeria also has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">9th largest proven natural gas reserves</a> estimated by <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>; the government's value of its about 206.53 trillion cubic feet has been valued at $803.4 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Natural gas is seen as having the potential to unlock an <a href="/wiki/Economic_miracle" title="Economic miracle">economic miracle</a> on the Niger River.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Nigeria each year loses to <a href="/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare">gas flaring</a> an estimate of US$2.5 billion,<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> and over 120,000 barrels of oil per day to <a href="/wiki/Oil_theft_in_Nigeria" title="Oil theft in Nigeria">crude theft</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>, its main oil-producing region.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> This has led to <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">piracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">conflict</a> for control in the region and has led to disruptions in production preventing the country from meeting its OPEC quota and exporting petroleum at full capability.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg/220px-Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg/330px-Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg/440px-Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Overflight photo of the creeks of the Niger Delta</figcaption></figure> Nigeria has a total of 159 <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">oil fields</a> and 1,481 <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">wells</a> in operation according to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Petroleum_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Petroleum Resources">Department of Petroleum Resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NDES2-181">[180]</a> The most productive region of the nation is the coastal <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta_Basin_(geology)" title="Niger Delta Basin (geology)">Niger Delta Basin</a> in the Niger Delta or "south-south" region which encompasses 78 of the 159 oil fields. Most of Nigeria's oil fields are small and scattered, and as of 1990, these small fields accounted for 62.1% of all Nigerian production. This contrasts with the sixteen largest fields which produced 37.9% of Nigeria's petroleum at that time.<a href="#cite_note-politicaleconomy2-182">[181]</a> Petrol was Nigeria's main import commodity until 2021, accounting for 24% of import volume.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> The Niger Delta Nembe Creek oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from the middle <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">deltaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticline</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_trap" title="Petroleum trap">structural trap</a> at a depth of 2 to 4 kilometres (7,000 to 13,000 feet).<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In June 2013, Shell announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. While many international oil companies have operated there for decades, by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of issues including oil theft. In August 2014, Shell said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.<a href="#cite_note-ShellNigeria2-185">[184]</a> The supply of natural gas to Europe, threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, is pushing projects to transport Nigerian natural gas via pipelines to Morocco or Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> As of May 2022, however, there are no results on this yet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria" title="Energy in Nigeria">Energy in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_083_Kainji_Dam._The_water_flows_from_four_openings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_083_Kainji_Dam._The_water_flows_from_four_openings.jpg/220px-ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_083_Kainji_Dam._The_water_flows_from_four_openings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_083_Kainji_Dam._The_water_flows_from_four_openings.jpg/330px-ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_083_Kainji_Dam._The_water_flows_from_four_openings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_083_Kainji_Dam._The_water_flows_from_four_openings.jpg/440px-ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_083_Kainji_Dam._The_water_flows_from_four_openings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6716" data-file-height="4347" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kainji_Dam" title="Kainji Dam">Kainji Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>, built in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> Nigeria's energy consumption is much more than its generation capacity. Most of the energy comes from traditional fossil fuels, which account for 73% of total primary production. The rest is from hydropower (27%). Since independence, Nigeria has tried to develop a domestic nuclear industry for energy. Nigeria opened 2004 a Chinese-origin research reactor at <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello_University" title="Ahmadu Bello University">Ahmadu Bello University</a> and has sought the support of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> to develop plans for up to 4,000 MWe of nuclear capacity by 2027 according to the National Program for the Deployment of Nuclear Power for Generation of Electricity. In 2007, President <a href="/wiki/Umaru_Musa_Yar%27Adua" title="Umaru Musa Yar'Adua">Umaru Yar'Adua</a> urged the country to embrace nuclear power to meet its growing energy needs. In 2017, Nigeria signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> In April 2015, Nigeria began talks with Russia's state-owned <a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a> to collaborate on the design, construction and operation of four nuclear power plants by 2035, the first of which will be in operation by 2025. In June 2015, Nigeria selected two sites for the planned construction of the nuclear plants. Neither the Nigerian government nor Rosatom would disclose the specific locations of the sites, but it is believed that the nuclear plants will be sited in <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi State</a>. The sites are planned to house two plants each. In 2017 agreements were signed for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Itu_nuclear_power_plant" title="Itu nuclear power plant">Itu nuclear power plant</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electricity">Electricity</h4></div> According to the survey, 94% of Nigerians are connected to the national grid, but only 57% have their electricity consumption recorded by an electricity meter.<a href="#cite_note-:12-190">[189]</a> Only 1% of Nigerians surveyed reported having electricity 24 hours a day. 68% have electricity 1 to 9 hours a day, according to the NIO. Two-thirds of Nigerians, or 66%, pay up to 10,000 Naira (US$13) a month for electricity, which is almost 3% of the average income in Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-:12-190">[189]</a> Over two-thirds of respondents, or 67%, were willing to pay more for uninterrupted electricity supply. Power generators are owned by 21% of Nigerians, while 14% use solar energy.<a href="#cite_note-:12-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_and_technology">Manufacturing and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Automotive industry in Nigeria">Automotive industry in Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria">Pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_EduSat-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nigeria_EduSat-1.jpg/220px-Nigeria_EduSat-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nigeria_EduSat-1.jpg/330px-Nigeria_EduSat-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nigeria_EduSat-1.jpg/440px-Nigeria_EduSat-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_EduSat-1" title="Nigeria EduSat-1">Nigeria EduSat-1</a>, the first satellite built by Nigeria by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Technology_Akure" title="Federal University of Technology Akure">Federal University of Technology Akure</a></figcaption></figure> Nigeria has a manufacturing industry that includes leather and textiles (centred in <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a>, and Lagos), plastics and processed food. <a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun</a> is considered to be Nigeria's current industrial hub, as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there, followed by Lagos.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Aba,_Abia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba, Abia">Aba</a> in the south-eastern part of the country is well known for handicrafts and shoes, known as "Aba made".<a href="#cite_note-Naijalitz-194">[193]</a> Nigeria has a market of 720,000 cars per year, but less than 20% of these are produced domestically.<a href="#cite_note-:1-195">[194]</a> In 2016, Nigeria was the <a href="/wiki/Cement_production_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cement production by country">leading cement producer</a> south of the Sahara, ahead of South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aliko_Dangote" title="Aliko Dangote">Aliko Dangote</a>, Nigeria's richest inhabitant, based his wealth on cement production, as well as agricultural commodities.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> According to its own information, the <a href="/wiki/Ajaokuta_Steel_Mill" title="Ajaokuta Steel Mill">Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited</a> produces 1.3 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> per year.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> This would be equivalent to one-sixth of the United Kingdom's steel production in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> However, steel plants in <a href="/wiki/Katsina" title="Katsina">Katsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos" title="Jos">Jos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a> no longer appear to be active.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In June 2019, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_EduSat-1" title="Nigeria EduSat-1">Nigeria EduSat-1</a> was deployed from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. It is the first satellite that was built in Nigeria, which followed <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_weather_and_communications_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian weather and communications satellites">many other Nigerian satellites</a> that were built by other countries.<a href="#cite_note-201">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-202">[200]</a> In 2021, Nigeria hosts about 60 percent of the pharmaceutical production capacity in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> the larger pharmaceutical companies are located in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> The pharmaceutical producer with the most employees in Nigeria is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emzor_Pharmaceutical_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries (page does not exist)">Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries</a> Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Nigeria has a few electronic manufacturers like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinox (page does not exist)">Zinox</a>, the first branded Nigerian computer, and manufacturers of electronic gadgets such as tablet PCs.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> As of January 2022, Nigeria is the host to 5 out of the 7 <a href="/wiki/Unicorn_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicorn (company)">unicorn companies</a> in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_and_telecommunications">Internet and telecommunications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Telecommunications in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikidata_for_Libraries_and_Librarians_in_Nigeria_69.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wikidata_for_Libraries_and_Librarians_in_Nigeria_69.jpg/220px-Wikidata_for_Libraries_and_Librarians_in_Nigeria_69.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wikidata_for_Libraries_and_Librarians_in_Nigeria_69.jpg/330px-Wikidata_for_Libraries_and_Librarians_in_Nigeria_69.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wikidata_for_Libraries_and_Librarians_in_Nigeria_69.jpg/440px-Wikidata_for_Libraries_and_Librarians_in_Nigeria_69.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Nigerian librarians editing the <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> database</figcaption></figure> The Nigerian telecommunications market is one of the fastest-growing in the world, with major emerging market operators (like <a href="/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=9mobile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9mobile (page does not exist)">9mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Airtel">Airtel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globacom" class="mw-redirect" title="Globacom">Globacom</a>) basing their largest and most profitable centres in the country.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Nigeria's ICT sector has experienced a lot of growth, representing 10% of the nation's GDP in 2018 as compared to just 1% in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Lagos is regarded as one of the largest technology hubs in Africa with its thriving tech ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> According to a survey by the <a href="/wiki/GSM_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM Association">GSM Association</a>, 92% of adult Nigerian men and 88% of women owned a mobile phone.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Using various measures including but not limited to illegal arrest, taking down of websites, passport seizures, and restricted access to bank accounts, the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigerian government is punishing citizens for expressing themselves on the internet</a> and working to stifle internet freedom.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nigeria" title="Tourism in Nigeria">Tourism in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%92w%C3%BA_Waterfalls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%C3%92w%C3%BA_Waterfalls.jpg/220px-%C3%92w%C3%BA_Waterfalls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%C3%92w%C3%BA_Waterfalls.jpg/330px-%C3%92w%C3%BA_Waterfalls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%C3%92w%C3%BA_Waterfalls.jpg/440px-%C3%92w%C3%BA_Waterfalls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Owu_waterfalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Owu waterfalls">Owu waterfalls</a>, visited by Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduates</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism in Nigeria centres largely on events, because of the country's ample amount of ethnic groups, but also includes rain forests, savannahs, waterfalls, and other natural attractions.<a href="#cite_note-suntra2-213">[211]</a> Abuja is home to several parks and green areas. The largest, <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Park_(Abuja)" title="Millennium Park (Abuja)">Millennium Park</a>, was designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Manfredi_Nicoletti" title="Manfredi Nicoletti">Manfredi Nicoletti</a> and officially opened in December 2003. After the re-modernization project achieved by the administration of Governor Raji Babatunde Fashola, Lagos is gradually becoming a major tourist destination. Lagos is currently taking steps to become a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>. The 2009 Eyo carnival (a yearly festival originating from <a href="/wiki/Iperu,_Ogun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iperu, Ogun">Iperu Remo</a>, Ogun State) was a step toward world city status. Currently, Lagos is primarily known as a business-oriented and fast-paced community.<a href="#cite_note-METRO2-214">[212]</a> Lagos has become an important location for African and black cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Lagos has sandy beaches by the Atlantic Ocean, including <a href="/wiki/Elegushi_Beach" title="Elegushi Beach">Elegushi Beach</a> and Alpha Beach. Lagos also has many private beach resorts including Inagbe Grand Beach Resort and several others in the outskirts. Lagos has a variety of hotels ranging from three-star to five-star hotels, with a mixture of local hotels such as <a href="/wiki/Eko_Hotels_and_Suites" title="Eko Hotels and Suites">Eko Hotels and Suites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace_Hotel" title="Federal Palace Hotel">Federal Palace Hotel</a> and franchises of multinational chains such as <a href="/wiki/InterContinental" title="InterContinental">Intercontinental Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Hotels_and_Resorts" title="Sheraton Hotels and Resorts">Sheraton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Four_Points_by_Sheraton" title="Four Points by Sheraton">Four Points by Sheraton</a>. Other places of interest include the <a href="/wiki/Tafawa_Balewa_Square" title="Tafawa Balewa Square">Tafawa Balewa Square</a>, Festac town, The <a href="/wiki/Nike_Art_Gallery" title="Nike Art Gallery">Nike Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Park_(Lagos)" title="Freedom Park (Lagos)">Freedom Park</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_Christ,_Lagos" title="Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos">Cathedral Church of Christ</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria" title="Transport in Nigeria">Transport in Nigeria</a></div> Due to Nigeria's location in the centre of West Africa, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria" title="Transport in Nigeria">transport plays a major role in the national service sector</a>. Government investments have seen an increase in extensive road repairs and new construction has been carried out gradually as states in particular spend their share of increased government allocations. Representative of these improvements is the <a href="/wiki/Second_Niger_bridge" title="Second Niger bridge">Second Niger Bridge</a> near Onitsha, which was largely completed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> A 2017 World Bank report on logistics hubs in Africa placed the country in fourth place, behind Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Sao Tome,<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> but in 2021, Nigeria joined the World Logistics Passport, a private sector group working to increase the effiency of global trade.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/220px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/330px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/440px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial-shot-of-makoko-community-in-lagos-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Aerial-shot-of-makoko-community-in-lagos-2.jpg/220px-Aerial-shot-of-makoko-community-in-lagos-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Aerial-shot-of-makoko-community-in-lagos-2.jpg/330px-Aerial-shot-of-makoko-community-in-lagos-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Aerial-shot-of-makoko-community-in-lagos-2.jpg/440px-Aerial-shot-of-makoko-community-in-lagos-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Third_Mainland_Bridge" title="Third Mainland Bridge">Third Mainland bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Lagos_Lagoon" title="Lagos Lagoon">Lagos lagoon</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads in Nigeria">Roads in Nigeria</a></div> Four trans-African automobile routes pass through Nigeria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Schild_TAH8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Schild_TAH8.svg/20px-Schild_TAH8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Schild_TAH8.svg/30px-Schild_TAH8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Schild_TAH8.svg/40px-Schild_TAH8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="105" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lagos-Mombasa_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagos-Mombasa Highway">Lagos-Mombasa Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Schild_TAH2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Schild_TAH2.svg/20px-Schild_TAH2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Schild_TAH2.svg/30px-Schild_TAH2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Schild_TAH2.svg/40px-Schild_TAH2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="105" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algiers-Lagos_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Algiers-Lagos Highway">Algiers-Lagos Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Schild_TAH7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Schild_TAH7.svg/20px-Schild_TAH7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Schild_TAH7.svg/30px-Schild_TAH7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Schild_TAH7.svg/40px-Schild_TAH7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="105" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dakar-Lagos_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-Lagos Highway">Dakar-Lagos Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Schild_TAH5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schild_TAH5.svg/20px-Schild_TAH5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schild_TAH5.svg/30px-Schild_TAH5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Schild_TAH5.svg/40px-Schild_TAH5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="105" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dakar-Ndjamena_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-Ndjamena Highway">Dakar-Ndjamena Highway</a></li></ul> Nigeria has the largest road network in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. It covers about 200,000 km, of which 60,000 km are asphalted. Nigeria's roads and highways handle 90% of all passenger and freight traffic. It contributes N2.4trn ($6.4bn) to GDP in 2020. The federal government is responsible for 35,000 km of the road network. The motorway links of important economic centres such as <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, Lagos-<a href="/wiki/Badagry" title="Badagry">Badagry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a> have been renovated.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> The rest of the road network is a state matter and therefore in very different shape, depending on which state you are in. Economically strong states such as Lagos, <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a> receive particularly poor evaluations.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Most roads were built in the 1980s and early 1990s. Poor maintenance and inferior materials have worsened the condition of the roads. Travelling is very difficult. Especially during the rainy season, the use of secondary roads is sometimes almost impossible due to potholes.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Road bandits often take advantage of this situation for their criminal purposes.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idu_Station_Platform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Idu_Station_Platform.jpg/220px-Idu_Station_Platform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Idu_Station_Platform.jpg/330px-Idu_Station_Platform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Idu_Station_Platform.jpg/440px-Idu_Station_Platform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Light_Rail" title="Abuja Light Rail">Abuja Light Rail</a> in Idu Station</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Nigeria" title="Rail transport in Nigeria">Rail transport in Nigeria</a></div> Railways have undergone a massive revamping with projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Lagos%E2%80%93Kano_Standard_Gauge_Railway" title="Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway">Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway</a> being completed connecting northern cities of <a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaduna" title="Kaduna">Kaduna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Nigeria" title="List of airports in Nigeria">List of airports in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arik_Air_Hifly_A340-500_CS-TFW_in_LHR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Arik_Air_Hifly_A340-500_CS-TFW_in_LHR.jpg/220px-Arik_Air_Hifly_A340-500_CS-TFW_in_LHR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Arik_Air_Hifly_A340-500_CS-TFW_in_LHR.jpg/330px-Arik_Air_Hifly_A340-500_CS-TFW_in_LHR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Arik_Air_Hifly_A340-500_CS-TFW_in_LHR.jpg/440px-Arik_Air_Hifly_A340-500_CS-TFW_in_LHR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>An A340-500 of <a href="/wiki/Arik_Air" title="Arik Air">Arik Air</a> </figcaption></figure> The Nigerian aviation industry generated 198.62 billion naira (€400 million) in 2019, representing a contribution of 0.14% to GDP. It was the fastest-growing sector of the Nigerian economy in 2019. Passenger traffic increased from 9,358,166 in 2020 to 15,886,955 in 2021, a significant increase of over 69%. Aircraft movements increased by more than 46% from 2020 to 2021. Total freight volumes were 191 tonnes in 2020 but increased to 391 tonnes in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> In December 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Anambra_International_Cargo_Airport" title="Anambra International Cargo Airport">Anambra International Cargo Airport</a> started its operation.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> In April 2022, the second terminal of the <a href="/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport" title="Murtala Muhammed International Airport">Murtala Muhammed International Airport</a> has been inaugurated. It will increase the capacity of the airport to 14 million passengers per year.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Peace,_5N-BQP,_Boeing_737-33R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Air_Peace%2C_5N-BQP%2C_Boeing_737-33R.jpg/220px-Air_Peace%2C_5N-BQP%2C_Boeing_737-33R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Air_Peace%2C_5N-BQP%2C_Boeing_737-33R.jpg/330px-Air_Peace%2C_5N-BQP%2C_Boeing_737-33R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Air_Peace%2C_5N-BQP%2C_Boeing_737-33R.jpg/440px-Air_Peace%2C_5N-BQP%2C_Boeing_737-33R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>B737-300 of <a href="/wiki/Air_Peace" title="Air Peace">Air Peace</a></figcaption></figure> There are 54 airports in Nigeria, The principal airports are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport" title="Murtala Muhammed International Airport">Murtala Muhammed International Airport</a> in Lagos,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe_International_Airport" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport">Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport</a> in Abuja,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallam_Aminu_Kano_International_Airport" title="Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport">Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport</a> in Kano,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akanu_Ibiam_International_Airport" title="Akanu Ibiam International Airport">Akanu Ibiam International Airport</a> in Enugu and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Airport" title="Port Harcourt International Airport">Port Harcourt International Airport</a> in Port Harcourt.</li></ul> Nigeria had in the past operated a state-owned airline <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Airways" title="Nigeria Airways">Nigeria Airways</a> which was over-indebted in 2003 and was bought by the British <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin Group</a>; since 28 June 2005, it has flown under the name <a href="/wiki/Air_Nigeria" title="Air Nigeria">Virgin Nigeria Airways</a>. At the end of 2008, the Virgin Group announced its withdrawal from the airline; since September 2009 the airline has been operating as Nigerian Eagle Airlines. The largest airline in Nigeria is privately owned <a href="/wiki/Air_Peace" title="Air Peace">Air Peace</a>, founded in 2012. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics of Nigeria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Social class in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png/310px-Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png/465px-Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png/620px-Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Population density (persons per square kilometre) in Nigeria</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> estimates that the population of Nigeria in 2021 was at 213,401,323<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-228">[226]</a>, distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. Around 42.5% of the population were 14 years or younger, 19.6% were aged 15–24, 30.7% were aged 25–54, 4.0% were aged 55–64, and 3.1% were aged 65 years or older. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years.<a href="#cite_note-People_and_Society:_Population22-229">[227]</a> Nigeria is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population#Sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">world's sixth-most populous country</a>. The birth rate is 35.2-births/1,000 population and the death rate is 9.6 deaths/1,000 population as of 2017, while the total fertility rate is 5.07 children born/woman.<a href="#cite_note-People_and_Society:_Population22-229">[227]</a> Nigeria's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades.<a href="#cite_note-IEApop20112-230">[228]</a> Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as of 2017; however, exactly how populous is a subject of speculation.<a href="#cite_note-auto12-232">[230]</a> Millions of Nigerians have emigrated during times of economic hardship, primarily to Europe, North America and Australia. It is estimated that over a million Nigerians have emigrated to the United States and constitute the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian American">Nigerian American</a> populace. Individuals in many such Diasporic communities have joined the "Egbe Omo Yoruba" society, a national association of Yoruba descendants in North America.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> Nigeria's largest city is <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>. Lagos has grown from about 300,000 in 1950<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> to an estimated 13.4 million in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Major_Urban_Areas:_Population-236">[234]</a> Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity. The three largest ethnic groups are the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a>, together accounting for more than 60% of the population, while the <a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulɓe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo-Isoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebira_people" title="Ebira people">Ebira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)" title="Jukun people (West Africa)">Jukun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idoma_people" title="Idoma people">Idoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a> account for between 35 and 40%; other minorities make up the remaining 5%.<a href="#cite_note-NGeo-237">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Belt" title="Middle Belt">Middle Belt</a> of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Atyap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Atyap people">Atyap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berom_people" title="Berom people">Berom</a>, Goemai, Igala, <a href="/wiki/Kofyar_people" title="Kofyar people">Kofyar</a>, Pyem, and <a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-felix2-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> There are small minorities of British, American, <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Nigeria" title="Chinese people in Nigeria">Chinese</a> (est. 50,000),<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">white Zimbabwean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Japanese, Greek, Syrian and Lebanese immigrants. Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages of Nigeria</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Nigeria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nigeria%22">"Nigeria"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nigeria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nigeria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nigeria%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nigeria%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nigeria%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_linguistical_map_1979.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nigeria_linguistical_map_1979.svg/320px-Nigeria_linguistical_map_1979.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nigeria_linguistical_map_1979.svg/480px-Nigeria_linguistical_map_1979.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nigeria_linguistical_map_1979.svg/640px-Nigeria_linguistical_map_1979.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Map of Nigeria's linguistic groups</figcaption></figure><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:yellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2651.3256287233px; border-left-color:grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 117.83254560581px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:21.814324139654px 97.591676193875px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Nigeria (2018 estimate in <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> of <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Islam</a> (53.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Nigeria" title="Protestantism in Nigeria">Protestant</a> (35.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nigeria" title="Catholic Church in Nigeria">Roman Catholic</a> (10.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (0.6%)</div> </div> </div></div>Five hundred and twenty-five languages have been spoken in Nigeria; out of these 525 languages, eight are now extinct.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country, owing to the influence of British colonisation which ended in 1960. Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries. The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some native languages and English.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">languages of Africa</a>: the majority are <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a>, spoken in the northeast, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe State</a>, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> family, and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> language. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and official purposes. English as a first language is used by only a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the three main languages spoken in Nigeria. With the majority of Nigeria's populace in rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from several different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin" title="Nigerian Pidgin">Nigerian Pidgin English</a>, often known simply as "<a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>" or "Broken" (Broken English), is also a popular <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Region.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nigeria#Disputed" title="Talk:Nigeria">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion in Nigeria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Nigeria" title="Secularism in Nigeria">Secularism in Nigeria</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:312px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Nacional_em_Abuja,_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Catedral_Nacional_em_Abuja%2C_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg/238px-Catedral_Nacional_em_Abuja%2C_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Catedral_Nacional_em_Abuja%2C_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg/357px-Catedral_Nacional_em_Abuja%2C_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Catedral_Nacional_em_Abuja%2C_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg/476px-Catedral_Nacional_em_Abuja%2C_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="945" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Centre" title="National Christian Centre">National Church of Nigeria, Abuja</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Abuja_Central_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Abuja_Central_mosque.jpg/238px-Abuja_Central_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Abuja_Central_mosque.jpg/357px-Abuja_Central_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Abuja_Central_mosque.jpg/476px-Abuja_Central_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3932" data-file-height="2947" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Abuja_National_Mosque" title="Abuja National Mosque">Abuja National Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina..jpg/238px-The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina..jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina..jpg/357px-The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina..jpg/476px-The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_Christ,_Lagos" title="Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos">The Cathedral Church of Christ Marina</a></div></div></div></div></div> Nigeria is a religiously diverse society, with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (predominantly in the north) and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (predominantly in the south) being the most widely professed religions. Nigerians are nearly equally divided into <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, with a tiny minority of adherents of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a> and other religions.<a href="#cite_note-Cia_19-245">[243]</a> The Christian share of Nigeria's population is in decline because of the lower <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> compared to Muslims in the country.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> As in other parts of Africa where Islam and Christianity are dominant, religious <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> with the traditional African religions is common.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> A 2012 report on religion and public life by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> stated that in 2010, 49.3% of Nigeria's population was Christian, 48.8% was Muslim, and 1.9% were followers of indigenous and other religions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Bori</a> in the North) or unaffiliated.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Forum_on_Religion2-248">[246]</a> However, in a report released by Pew Research Center in 2015, the Muslim population was estimated to be 50%, and by 2060, according to the report, Muslims will account for about 60% of the country.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> The 2010 census of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> has also reported that 48.8% of the total population was Christian, slightly larger than the Muslim population of 43.4%, while 7.5% were members of other religions.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-250">[248]</a> However, these estimates should be taken with caution because sample data is mostly collected from major urban areas in the south, which are predominantly Christian.<a href="#cite_note-Regional_Distribution_of_Christians2-251">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> According to a 2018 estimate in The <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, the population is estimated to be 53.5% Muslim, 45.9% Christian (10.6% Roman Catholic and 35.3% Protestant and other Christian), and 0.6% as other.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Islam dominates northwestern Nigeria and northeastern Nigeria (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa,_Kanuri_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hausa, Kanuri people (page does not exist)">Kanuri</a>, Fulani and other groups). In the west, the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> people are predominantly Muslim with a significant Christian minority in addition to a few adherents of traditional religions.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and locally cultivated Christianity are widely practised in Western areas, while <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> is a more prominent Christian feature of southeastern Nigeria. Both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism are observed in the Ibibio, <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a> lands of the south. The <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbos</a> (predominant in the east) and the <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a> (south) are 98% Christian, with 2% practising traditional religions.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Belt" title="Middle Belt">middle belt</a> of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be majority Christians and members of traditional religions, with a significant Muslim minority.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nigeria" title="Health in Nigeria">Health in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paediatric_ward,_General_hospital,_Ilorin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paediatric_ward%2C_General_hospital%2C_Ilorin.jpg/220px-Paediatric_ward%2C_General_hospital%2C_Ilorin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paediatric_ward%2C_General_hospital%2C_Ilorin.jpg/330px-Paediatric_ward%2C_General_hospital%2C_Ilorin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paediatric_ward%2C_General_hospital%2C_Ilorin.jpg/440px-Paediatric_ward%2C_General_hospital%2C_Ilorin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Paediatric ward, General hospital, Ilorin</figcaption></figure> Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the <a href="/wiki/Bamako_Initiative" title="Bamako Initiative">Bamako Initiative</a> of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based health care reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> Almost half of Nigerians, or 48%, report that they or a household member has fallen ill in the last three months. <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> had been diagnosed in 88% of the cases and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> in 32%.<a href="#cite_note-:13-261">[259]</a> High blood pressure was in third place with 8%. For symptoms of malaria, 41% of Nigerians turn to a <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a>, 22% to a chemist's shop, 21% to a pharmacy and 11% seek cure through herbs.<a href="#cite_note-:13-261">[259]</a> The <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria</a> is much lower than in other African nations such as Botswana or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> prevalence rate among adults of ages 15–49 was 1.5 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-:0-262">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> in Nigeria is 54.7 years on average,<a href="#cite_note-:0-262">[260]</a> and 71% and 39% of the population have access to improved water sources and improved <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=edit">[update]</a>, the infant mortality is 74.2 deaths per 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Live_birth_(human)" title="Live birth (human)">live births</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nigeria" title="University of Nigeria">University of Nigeria</a> to help people with <a href="/wiki/Leukaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukaemia">leukaemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">sickle cell disease</a> to find a compatible donor for a life-saving <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation" title="Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation">bone marrow transplant</a>, which cures them of their conditions. Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery.<a href="#cite_note-McNeil-265">[263]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">2014 Ebola outbreak</a>, Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region; the unique method of <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">contact tracing</a> employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries such as the United States when Ebola threats were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-Matt_Schiavenza-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Punch-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vanguard-268">[266]</a> The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as "<a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drain</a>", because of emigration by skilled Nigerian doctors to North America and Europe. In 1995, an estimated 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practising in the United States alone, which is about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the government.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abisogun_Leigh_Science_Building,_Faculty_of_Science,_Lagos_State_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abisogun_Leigh_Science_Building%2C_Faculty_of_Science%2C_Lagos_State_University.jpg/220px-Abisogun_Leigh_Science_Building%2C_Faculty_of_Science%2C_Lagos_State_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abisogun_Leigh_Science_Building%2C_Faculty_of_Science%2C_Lagos_State_University.jpg/330px-Abisogun_Leigh_Science_Building%2C_Faculty_of_Science%2C_Lagos_State_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abisogun_Leigh_Science_Building%2C_Faculty_of_Science%2C_Lagos_State_University.jpg/440px-Abisogun_Leigh_Science_Building%2C_Faculty_of_Science%2C_Lagos_State_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Abisogun Leigh Science Building, for the <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State_University" title="Lagos State University">Lagos State University</a>'s Faculty of Science</figcaption></figure> Education in Nigeria is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Education_(Nigeria)" title="Federal Ministry of Education (Nigeria)">Ministry of Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria" title="Local government areas of Nigeria">Local authorities</a> take responsibility for implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools at a regional level. The education system is divided into <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>. After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. 68% of the Nigerian population is literate, and the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%).<a href="#cite_note-CP2006-270">[268]</a> Nigeria provides free, government-supported education, but attendance is not compulsory at any level, and certain groups, such as nomads and the handicapped, are under-served. Nearly 10.5 million Nigerian children aged 5–14 years are not in school. Only 61% of 6–11 year-olds regularly attend primary school.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The education system consists of six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four, five or six years of university education leading to a bachelor's degree.<a href="#cite_note-CP2006-270">[268]</a> The government has majority control of university education. Tertiary education in Nigeria consists of universities (public and private), polytechnics, monotechnics, and colleges of education. The country has a total of 138 universities, with 40 federally owned, 39 state-owned, and 59 privately owned. Nigeria was ranked 113th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nigeria" title="Crime in Nigeria">Crime in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerian_female_police.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nigerian_female_police.jpg/220px-Nigerian_female_police.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nigerian_female_police.jpg/330px-Nigerian_female_police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nigerian_female_police.jpg/440px-Nigerian_female_police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Police_Force" title="Nigeria Police Force">Nigerian police officer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Eyo_festival" title="Eyo festival">Eyo festival</a> in Lagos</figcaption></figure>The security situation in Nigeria is considered inadequate despite political stability. 68% of Nigerians feel "not safe" in their country. 77% do not know of an alarm number ("helpline") for emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-:14-273">[271]</a> Nigerians, according to the above survey, fear being robbed (24%) or kidnapped (also 24%), being victims of armed bandits or of petty theft (both 8%), or being harmed in the herdsmen-farmers conflict (also 8%).<a href="#cite_note-:14-273">[271]</a> This is followed by "ritual killings" (4%) and "Boko Haram" (3.5%). Respondents see "more security personnel and better training" (37%), "reduction of unemployment" (13%) and "prayers / divine intervention" (8%) as promising countermeasures.<a href="#cite_note-:14-273">[271]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crime_rate_nigeria_uk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crime_rate_nigeria_uk.jpg/220px-Crime_rate_nigeria_uk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crime_rate_nigeria_uk.jpg/330px-Crime_rate_nigeria_uk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crime_rate_nigeria_uk.jpg/440px-Crime_rate_nigeria_uk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Homicides by Nigerian state per year and per 1 million inhabitants, comparing the UK and Turkey (Source: Nigeria Security Tracker 1/2020-6/2023)</figcaption></figure> The number of homicides in Nigeria varies greatly depending on the state. Metropoles such as <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a> seem much safer than rural areas. Kano has better statistics than the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, with one and one-half homicides per year and one million inhabitants - which can be explained by the fact that the region's religious and morality police not only monitor the morality of the inhabitants and crack down on drug users, but also have a curbing effect on murder and manslaughter.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> This contrasts with other cities that are also Islamic, such as <a href="/wiki/Maiduguri" title="Maiduguri">Maiduguri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaduna" title="Kaduna">Kaduna</a>, which have worrying statistics on homicides. There is some <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">piracy in the Gulf of Guinea</a>, with attacks directed at all types of vessels. However, security measures on board of mentioned vessels have recently meant that pirates are now more likely to attack fishing villages.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a type of <a href="/wiki/Advance-fee_scam" title="Advance-fee scam">advance-fee scam</a> along with a form of <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">confidence trick</a>. The victim is talked into sending money or bank account information to the scammer on the premise that a larger amount of money will be transferred to them. In reality, the scammer collects money from the victim with no payout occurring.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> In 2003, the Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission" title="Economic and Financial Crimes Commission">Economic and Financial Crimes Commission</a> was created to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> The EFCC is quite active.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Poverty in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starved_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/220px-Starved_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/330px-Starved_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/440px-Starved_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>A starved girl in the late 1960s</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, 32% of Nigeria's population lives in extreme poverty (as of 2017), living on less than US$2.15 a day.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> stated in March 2022 that the number of poor Nigerians had increased by 5 million to 95.1 million during the Covid period.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> Accordingly, 40% of Nigerians live below the poverty line of US$1.90 as handled by the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> The threshold amounts used internationally by the IMF and the World Bank do not take into account the local purchasing power of a US dollar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The methodology is therefore not without controversy.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> Despite the undoubted existence of slums in Nigeria, for example, the fact that 92% of men and 88% of women in Nigeria own a mobile phone<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> is difficult to reconcile with the poverty percentages published by the IMF and the World Bank. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights in Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">LGBT rights in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_at_the_endSARS_protest_in_Lagos,_Nigeria_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Protesters_at_the_endSARS_protest_in_Lagos%2C_Nigeria_19.jpg/220px-Protesters_at_the_endSARS_protest_in_Lagos%2C_Nigeria_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Protesters_at_the_endSARS_protest_in_Lagos%2C_Nigeria_19.jpg/330px-Protesters_at_the_endSARS_protest_in_Lagos%2C_Nigeria_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Protesters_at_the_endSARS_protest_in_Lagos%2C_Nigeria_19.jpg/440px-Protesters_at_the_endSARS_protest_in_Lagos%2C_Nigeria_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/End_SARS" title="End SARS">End SARS</a> is a decentralised social movement and series of mass protests against <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> in Nigeria.</figcaption></figure> Nigeria's human rights record remains poor.<a href="#cite_note-StateDeptHumanRights2-287">[285]</a> According to the U.S. Department of State,<a href="#cite_note-StateDeptHumanRights2-287">[285]</a> the most significant human rights problems are the use of excessive force by security forces, impunity for abuses by security forces, arbitrary arrests, prolonged pretrial detention, judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary, rape, torture and other cruel, <a href="/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman or degrading treatment">inhuman or degrading treatment</a> of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for prostitution and forced labour, societal violence and vigilante killings, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nigeria" title="Child labour in Nigeria">child labour</a>, child abuse and <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">child sexual exploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">domestic violence</a>, discrimination based on ethnicity, region and religion. Nigeria is a state party of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> It also has signed the <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Maputo Protocol</a>, an international treaty on women's rights, and the African Union Women's Rights Framework.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> Discrimination based on sex is a significant human rights issue. Forced marriages are common.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">Child marriage</a> remains common in Northern Nigeria;<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> 39% of girls are married before age 15, although the Marriage Rights Act banning marriage of girls under 18 was introduced on a federal level in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> There is rampant <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria" title="Polygamy in Nigeria">polygamy in Northern Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Domestic violence is common</a>. Women have fewer land rights.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal mortality</a> was at 814 per 100,000 live births in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria" title="Female genital mutilation in Nigeria">Female genital mutilation is common</a>, although a ban was implemented in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> At least half a million suffer from <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_fistula" title="Urogenital fistula">vaginal fistula</a>, largely as a result of lack of medical care.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria" title="Gender inequality in Nigeria">Women face a large amount of inequality</a> Politically in Nigeria, being subjugated to a bias that is <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexist</a> and reinforced by socio-cultural, economic and oppressive ways.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> Women throughout the country were only politically <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipated</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> Yet husbands continue to dictate the votes for many women, which upholds the patriarchal system.<a href="#cite_note-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723-301">[299]</a> Most workers in the <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal sector</a> are women.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> Women's representation in government since independence from Britain is very poor. Women have been reduced to sideline roles in appointive posts throughout all levels of government and still make up a tiny minority of elected officials.<a href="#cite_note-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723-301">[299]</a> But nowadays with more education available to the public, Nigerian women are taking steps to have more active roles in the public, and with the help of different initiatives, more businesses are being started by women. Under the <a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Shari'a</a> penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offences such as alcohol consumption, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">homosexuality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms.<a href="#cite_note-UKtravel2-304">[302]</a> Nigeria is considered to be one of the most <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobic</a> countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-pewglobal.org2-305">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> In the 23 years up to September 2022, university workers in Nigeria went on strike 17 times, for a total of 57 months.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> As a result, the 2022 summer semester was cancelled nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture of Nigeria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinua_Achebe,_1966_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Chinua_Achebe%2C_1966_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, winner <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> 2007 and <a href="/wiki/Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels" title="Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels">Peace Award of the German book trade</a> 2002</figcaption></figure> Most Nigerian literature is written in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, partly because this language is understood by most Nigerians. Literature in the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a> languages (the three most populous language groups in Nigeria) does exist, however, and in the case of the Hausa, for example, can look back on a centuries-old tradition. With <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a>, Nigeria can present a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize winner for literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Okri" title="Ben Okri">Ben Okri</a> won the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> in 1991; <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a> did the same in 2007. Achebe also won the <a href="/wiki/Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels" title="Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels">Peace Award of the German Book Trade</a> in 2002. <a href="/wiki/Lola_Shoneyin" title="Lola Shoneyin">Lola Shoneyin</a> has won several awards for her book <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Lives_of_Baba_Segi%27s_Wives_(novel)" title="The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives (novel)">The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Music of Nigeria</a></div> The earliest known form of popular music in Nigeria was the <a href="/wiki/Palm-wine_music" title="Palm-wine music">palm-wine music</a> which dominated the music landscape in the 1920s. <a href="/wiki/Tunde_King" title="Tunde King">Tunde King</a> was a prominent name in the genre.<a href="#cite_note-theconversation-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunng-311">[309]</a> The 1930s saw the emergence of Onitsha Native Orchestra. They explored various social themes and trends in their native singing style.<a href="#cite_note-theconversation-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunng-311">[309]</a> In the 1950s and 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife music</a> became a popular staple in the country with regional genres such as the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_highlife" title="Igbo highlife">Igbo Highlife</a>. A notable exponent of the genre were the genre's first Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Boy_band" title="Boy band">boy band</a> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Brothers_International" title="Oriental Brothers International">Oriental Brothers International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Benson" title="Bobby Benson">Bobby Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Stephen_Osita_Osadebe" title="Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe">Osita Osadebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Olaiya" title="Victor Olaiya">Victor Olaiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rex_Lawson" title="Rex Lawson">Rex Lawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr_Sir_Warrior" title="Dr Sir Warrior">Dr Sir Warrior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_De_Coque" title="Oliver De Coque">Oliver De Coque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theconversation-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunng-311">[309]</a> The 1970s was the era of <a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a>, the pioneer of Afrobeat genre - fused from <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_music" title="Yoruba music">Yoruba Music</a>. Fela later evolved into social activism and black consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-theconversation-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunng-311">[309]</a> In the 1980s, King Sunny Ade achieved success with <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Juju Music</a>. Prominent singer of the era is <a href="/wiki/William_Onyeabor" title="William Onyeabor">William Onyeabor</a> who is known for his fusion of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theconversation-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> By the 1990s, reggae music transitioned into the music scene. Prominent reggae artiste of the era was <a href="/wiki/Majek_Fashek" title="Majek Fashek">Majek Fashek</a>. By the mid-1990s, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop Music</a> began to gain popularity, led by acts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Remedies" title="The Remedies">Remedies</a>, Trybes Men, JJC, etc. Throughout the years, <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">highlife music</a> retained its popularity in the country. At the turn of the century, famous 2000s acts like <a href="/wiki/P-Square" title="P-Square">P-Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/2Baba" title="2Baba">2face</a>, and <a href="/wiki/D%27banj" title="D'banj">Dbanj</a> were credited to have made tremendous impact in the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a> and its popularization on the international stage.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> In November 2008, Nigeria's music scene (and that of Africa) received international attention when MTV hosted the continent's first African music awards show in Abuja.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> Over a decade later, the Afrobeat genre has widely taken over, with artist like <a href="/wiki/Davido" title="Davido">Davido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wizkid" title="Wizkid">Wizkid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burna_Boy" title="Burna Boy">Burna Boy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Cinema of Nigeria</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Top five <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Nigerian_films" title="List of highest-grossing Nigerian films">highest grossing Nigerian films</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omo_Ghetto:_The_Saga" title="Omo Ghetto: The Saga">Omo Ghetto: The Saga</a> (₦636 million)<a href="#cite_note-Top_20_films_9th_15th_April_2021_-_Cinema_Exhibitors_Association_of_Nigeria-317">[315]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Party_(2016_film)" title="The Wedding Party (2016 film)">The Wedding Party</a> (₦452 million)<a href="#cite_note-premiumtimesng.com-318">[316]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Party_2" title="The Wedding Party 2">The Wedding Party 2</a> (₦433 million)<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Daddy" title="Chief Daddy">Chief Daddy</a> (₦387 million)<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Thieves_(2022_film)" title="King of Thieves (2022 film)">King of Thieves</a> (2022, ₦321 million)<a href="#cite_note-Top_20_films_24th_26th_June_2022_-_Cinema_Exhibitors_Association_of_Nigeria-321">[319]</a></li></ul> </blockquote> </div> The Nigerian film industry is known as <a href="/wiki/Nollywood" title="Nollywood">Nollywood</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend</a> of "Nigeria" and "Hollywood")<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> and is now the second-largest producer of movies in the world, having surpassed Hollywood. Only India's <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> is larger. Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Film_studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Film studios">film studios</a> are based in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a>, and form a major portion of the local economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year. Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital filming and editing</a> technologies. The 2009 thriller film <a href="/wiki/The_Figurine" title="The Figurine">The Figurine</a> heightened the media attention towards the <a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nigerian Cinema</a> revolution. The film was a critical and commercial success in Nigeria, and it was also screened in international film festivals.<a href="#cite_note-Thorburn,_Jane2-323">[321]</a> The 2010 film <a href="/wiki/Ij%C3%A9" title="Ijé">Ijé</a> by Chineze Anyaene, overtook The Figurine to become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing films in Nigeria">highest-grossing Nigerian film</a>; a record it held for four years until it was overtaken in 2014 by <a href="/wiki/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun_(film)" title="Half of a Yellow Sun (film)">Half of a Yellow Sun</a> (2013).<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist2-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> By 2016, this record was held by <a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Party_(2016_film)" title="The Wedding Party (2016 film)">The Wedding Party</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kemi_Adetiba" title="Kemi Adetiba">Kemi Adetiba</a>. By the end of 2013, the film industry reportedly hit a record-breaking revenue of ₦1.72 trillion (US$4.1 billion). As of 2014, the industry was worth ₦853.9 billion (US$5.1 billion), making it the third most valuable film industry in the world behind the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It contributed about 1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/T.B._Joshua" class="mw-redirect" title="T.B. Joshua">T.B. Joshua</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_TV" title="Emmanuel TV">Emmanuel TV</a>, originating from Nigeria, is one of the most viewed television stations across Africa.<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festival">Festival</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals in Nigeria">Festivals in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ofala_Onitsha_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ofala_Onitsha_13.jpg/220px-Ofala_Onitsha_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ofala_Onitsha_13.jpg/330px-Ofala_Onitsha_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ofala_Onitsha_13.jpg/440px-Ofala_Onitsha_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ofala Festival of Onitsha People</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_Warriors_elite_guards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Palace_Warriors_elite_guards.jpg/220px-Palace_Warriors_elite_guards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Palace_Warriors_elite_guards.jpg/330px-Palace_Warriors_elite_guards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Palace_Warriors_elite_guards.jpg/440px-Palace_Warriors_elite_guards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4186" data-file-height="2108" /></a><figcaption>Annual Sallah Durbar procession in Bauchi</figcaption></figure> There are many <a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals in Nigeria">festivals in Nigeria</a>, some of which date to the period before the arrival of the major religions in this ethnically and culturally diverse society. The main Muslim and Christian festivals are often celebrated in ways that are unique to Nigeria or unique to the people of a locality.<a href="#cite_note-OnlineNigeria2-329">[327]</a> The Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation has been working with the states to upgrade the traditional festivals, which may become important sources of tourism revenue.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford20102-330">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooked_masa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cooked_masa.jpg/170px-Cooked_masa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cooked_masa.jpg/255px-Cooked_masa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cooked_masa.jpg/340px-Cooked_masa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Masa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suya_with_pepper_sauce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Suya_with_pepper_sauce.jpg/170px-Suya_with_pepper_sauce.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Suya_with_pepper_sauce.jpg/255px-Suya_with_pepper_sauce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Suya_with_pepper_sauce.jpg/340px-Suya_with_pepper_sauce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption> Suya With Pepper Sauce </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKARA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/AKARA.jpg/170px-AKARA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/AKARA.jpg/255px-AKARA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/AKARA.jpg/340px-AKARA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption> Akara</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nkwobi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nkwobi.jpg/170px-Nkwobi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nkwobi.jpg/255px-Nkwobi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nkwobi.jpg/340px-Nkwobi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption> Nkwobi</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian cuisine</a>, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different spices, herbs, and flavourings are used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnut</a> oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilli peppers</a>. Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied. <a href="/wiki/Suya" title="Suya">Suya</a> is usually sold in urban areas especially during night-time.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria" title="Fashion in Nigeria">Fashion in Nigeria</a></div> The fashion industry in Nigeria contributes significantly to the country's economics. Casual attire is commonly worn but formal and traditional styles are also worn depending on the occasion. Nigeria is known not only for its fashionable textiles and garments, but also for its fashion designers who have increasingly gained international recognition. <a href="/wiki/Euromonitor_International" title="Euromonitor International">Euromonitor</a> estimates the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> fashion <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> to be worth $31 billion, with Nigeria accounting for 15% of these $31 billion.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> Nigeria is not only known for their many fashion textiles and garment pieces that are secret to their culture. They also outputted many fashion designers who have developed many techniques and businesses along the way. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Nigeria">Sports in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIG-ARG_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NIG-ARG_%282%29.jpg/220px-NIG-ARG_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NIG-ARG_%282%29.jpg/330px-NIG-ARG_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NIG-ARG_%282%29.jpg/440px-NIG-ARG_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team" title="Nigeria national football team">Nigeria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is largely considered Nigeria's national sport, and the country has its own <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Professional_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigeria Professional Football League">Premier League</a> of football. <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team" title="Nigeria national football team">Nigeria's national football team</a>, known as the "Super Eagles", has played in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> on six occasions (<a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018</a>). In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked fifth in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Rankings">FIFA World Rankings</a>, the highest ranking achieved by an African team. They won the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/1980_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1980 African Cup of Nations">1980</a>, <a href="/wiki/1994_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1994 African Cup of Nations">1994</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2013_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2013 Africa Cup of Nations">2013</a>, and have also hosted both the U17 and U20 FIFA World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic football. Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket and track and field.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Nigeria men's national basketball team">Nigeria's national basketball team</a> made the headlines internationally when it became the first African team to beat the <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="United States men's national basketball team">United States men's national team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> In earlier years, Nigeria qualified for the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as <a href="/wiki/Greece_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Greece men's national basketball team">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Lithuania men's national basketball team">Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally recognised basketball players in the world's top leagues in America, Europe and Asia. These players include <a href="/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame">Basketball Hall of Famer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Olajuwon" title="Hakeem Olajuwon">Hakeem Olajuwon</a>, and later players in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Premier_League_(basketball)" title="Nigerian Premier League (basketball)">Nigerian Premier League</a> has become one of the biggest and most-watched basketball competitions in Africa. The games have aired on Kwese TV and have averaged a viewership of over a million people.<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> Nigeria made history by qualifying the first <a href="/wiki/Bobsled" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobsled">bobsled</a> team for the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a> from Africa when their women's two-person team qualified for <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics">the bobsled competition at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Scrabble" title="Scrabble">Scrabble</a> was made an official sport in Nigeria; by the end of 2017, there were around 4,000 players in more than 100 clubs in the country.<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> In 2018, the Nigerian Curling Federation was established to introduce a new sport to the country with the hope of getting the game to be a part of the curriculum at the elementary, high school, and university levels respectively. At the <a href="/wiki/2019_World_Mixed_Doubles_Curling_Championship" title="2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship">2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship</a> in Norway, Nigeria won their first international match beating France 8–5.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> Nigeria's women's and men's national teams in <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a> competed at the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_CAVB_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup" title="2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup">2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> The country's U21 national teams qualified for the 2019 <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Beach_Volleyball_U21_World_Championships" title="FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships">FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> Nigeria is the birthplace of the sport <a href="/wiki/Loofball" title="Loofball">loofball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">Index of Nigeria-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria" title="Outline of Nigeria">Outline of Nigeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/naɪˈdʒɪəriə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/72\/En-us-Nigeria.ogg\/En-us-Nigeria.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Nigeria.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/En-us-Nigeria.ogg/En-us-Nigeria.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Nigeria.ogg" title="File:En-us-Nigeria.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ny-JEER-ee-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>: Najeriya <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Hausa pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[nàː.(d)ʒéː.rí.jàː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5b\/Ha-Najeriya.ogg\/Ha-Najeriya.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ha-Najeriya.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Ha-Najeriya.ogg/Ha-Najeriya.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ha-Najeriya.ogg" title="File:Ha-Najeriya.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>: Naìjíríyà, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>: Nàìjíríà, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Pidgin language">Nigerian Pidgin</a>: Naijá <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈnaɪ.dʒə]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: Naajeeriya, <a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap</a>: Naijeriya </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_weather_and_communications_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian weather and communications satellites">NigeriaSat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_weather_and_communications_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian weather and communications satellites">NigeriaSat-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_weather_and_communications_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian weather and communications satellites">NigeriaSat-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/NigComSat-1" title="NigComSat-1">NigComSat-1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NigComSat-1" title="NigComSat-1">NigComSat-1</a>R </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ng">"Languages of Nigeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915183101/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NG">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Nigeria&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2014" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2014). An Atlas Of Nigerian Languages. Oxford: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+Of+Nigerian+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Kay+Williamson+Educational+Foundation&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africa:_Nigeria-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Africa:_Nigeria_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/">"Africa: Nigeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Africa%3A+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria">"Nigeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2022.zip">(Archived 2022 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.NG-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NG_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NG_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NG_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NG_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=694,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Nigeria)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041349/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=694,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Nigeria%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D694%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1092">"Poverty and Inequality Index"</a>. National Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413210925/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1092">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Poverty+and+Inequality+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigerianstat.gov.ng%2Fdownload%2F1092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-7"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkinbode,_Ayomide2019" class="citation web cs1">Akinbode, Ayomide (2 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192243/https://www.thehistoryville.com/nigeria-left-hand-drive-right-hand-drive/">"Why Nigeria changed from Right-Hand Drive to Left-Hand Drive in 1972"</a>. thehistoryville.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehistoryville.com/nigeria-left-hand-drive-right-hand-drive/">the original</a> on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. <q>The terms 'right- and left-hand drive' refer to the position of the driver in the vehicle and are the reverse of the terms 'right- and left-hand traffic'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thehistoryville.com&rft.atitle=Why+Nigeria+changed+from+Right-Hand+Drive+to+Left-Hand+Drive+in+1972&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.au=Akinbode%2C+Ayomide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistoryville.com%2Fnigeria-left-hand-drive-right-hand-drive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nigeriaembassygermany.org/about-nigeria.htm">"About Nigeria"</a>. nigeriaembassygermany.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015033706/https://nigeriaembassygermany.org/about-nigeria.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nigeriaembassygermany.org&rft.atitle=About+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnigeriaembassygermany.org%2Fabout-nigeria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/History">"Nigeria - Colonialism, Independence, Civil War"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002112646/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/History">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Nigeria+-+Colonialism%2C+Independence%2C+Civil+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNigeria%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchebe" class="citation book cs1">Achebe, Nwando. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707092916">The female king of colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe</a>. Bloomington. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00507-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00507-6"><bdi>978-0-253-00507-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707092916">707092916</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305145344/https://www.worldcat.org/title/female-king-of-colonial-nigeria-ahebi-ugbabe/oclc/707092916">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+female+king+of+colonial+Nigeria+%3A+Ahebi+Ugbabe&rft.place=Bloomington&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707092916&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00507-6&rft.aulast=Achebe&rft.aufirst=Nwando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F707092916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05/">"Ethnicity in Nigeria"</a>. PBS. 5 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006235712/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+in+Nigeria&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fupdates%2Fafrica-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG">"Nigeria"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227084603/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FNG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaig2011" class="citation web cs1">Pereltsvaig, Asya (16 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html">"Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistic+diversity+in+Africa+and+Europe+%E2%80%93+Languages+Of+The+World&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesoftheworld.info%2Fgeolinguistics%2Flinguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923163518/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf">"Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+%E2%80%93+CIA+World+Factbook+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fattachments%2Fsummaries%2FNI-summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1990" class="citation web cs1">Mann, Charles C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf">"Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033702/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choosing+an+Indigenous+Official+Language+for+Nigeria&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED397681.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria">"Nigerian Constitution"</a>. Nigeria Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160525192058/http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nigeria+Law&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigeria-law.org%2FConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm%23Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/">"The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations"</a>. Pew Research Center. April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118120245/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+countries+with+the+10+largest+Christian+populations+and+the+10+largest+Muslim+populations&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F04%2F01%2Fthe-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USEN-20"><a href="#cite_ref-USEN_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101915/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf">"Nigeria Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=United+States+Embassy+in+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotos.state.gov%2Flibraries%2Fnigeria%2F487468%2Fpdfs%2FNigeria%2520overview%2520Fact%2520Sheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Nigeria: The African giant". <a href="/wiki/The_Round_Table_(journal)" title="The Round Table (journal)">The Round Table</a>. 50 (197): 55–63. 1959. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00358535908452221">10.1080/00358535908452221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8533">0035-8533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Round+Table&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+The+African+giant&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=197&rft.pages=55-63&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00358535908452221&rft.issn=0035-8533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam">"Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) - The Nuclear Threat Initiative"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019023811/https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-Aligned+Movement+%28NAM%29+-+The+Nuclear+Threat+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Feducation-center%2Ftreaties-and-regimes%2Fnon-aligned-movement-nam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The Arabic name nahr al-anhur is a direct translation of the Tuareg. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Niger">"Online Etymological Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702152902/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Niger">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DNiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKperogi" class="citation web cs1">Kperogi, Farooq A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2019/04/natasha-h-akpotis-wildly-inaccurate.html?m=1">"Natasha H. Akpoti's Wildly Inaccurate History of Nigeria"</a>. Notes From Atlanta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811040153/https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2019/04/natasha-h-akpotis-wildly-inaccurate.html?m=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+From+Atlanta&rft.atitle=Natasha+H.+Akpoti%27s+Wildly+Inaccurate+History+of+Nigeria&rft.aulast=Kperogi&rft.aufirst=Farooq+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farooqkperogi.com%2F2019%2F04%2Fnatasha-h-akpotis-wildly-inaccurate.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tylecote_1975_see_below-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tylecote_1975_see_below_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tylecote_1975_see_below_26-1">b</a> Tylecote 1975 (see below) </li> <li id="cite_note-Eggert_2014_51–59-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggert2014" class="citation book cs1">Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+iron+in+West+and+Central+Africa&rft.btitle=Nok%3A+African+Sculpture+in+Archaeological+Context&rft.place=Frankfurt%2C+Germany&rft.pages=51-59&rft.pub=Africa+Magna+Verlag+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eggert_2014_53–54-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_53–54_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_53–54_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggert2014" class="citation book cs1">Eggert, Manfred (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBn1BQAAQBAJ&q=Nok+Breunig&pg=PA38">"Early iron in West and Central Africa"</a>. In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937248462" title="Special:BookSources/9783937248462"><bdi>9783937248462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+iron+in+West+and+Central+Africa&rft.btitle=Nok%3A+African+Sculpture+in+Archaeological+Context&rft.place=Frankfurt%2C+Germany&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Africa+Magna+Verlag+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783937248462&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBn1BQAAQBAJ%26q%3DNok%2BBreunig%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holl-2020#2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Holl-2020#2_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoll2020" class="citation journal cs1">Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342656145">"The Origins of African Metallurgies"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 (4): 12–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190854584.013.63">10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190854584" title="Special:BookSources/9780190854584"><bdi>9780190854584</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7869925414">7869925414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedias&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+African+Metallurgies&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7869925414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190854584.013.63&rft.isbn=9780190854584&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=Augustin+F.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F342656145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PB_2014-30"><a href="#cite_ref-PB_2014_30-0">^</a> Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/">Exploring the Nok Enigma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112232/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> B.E.B. Fagg, "The Nok Culture in Prehistory", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1.4, December 1959. </li> <li id="cite_note-archaeology-33"><a href="#cite_ref-archaeology_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinerMamiya2009" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&q=Nok+terracotta+earliest">Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives</a> (13, revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57367-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57367-8"><bdi>978-0-495-57367-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages%3A+Non-Western+Perspectives&rft.pages=194&rft.edition=13%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-57367-8&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft.au=Mamiya%2C+Christin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlVeuxIgjwQC%26q%3DNok%2Bterracotta%2Bearliest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm">"Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. Metmuseum.org. 2 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024215836/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nok+Terracottas+%28500+B.C.%E2%80%93200+A.D.%29+%26%23124%3B+Thematic+Essay+%26%23124%3B+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+%26%23124%3B+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fnok%2Fhd_nok.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eze-Uzomaka-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Eze-Uzomaka_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEze–Uzomaka" class="citation journal cs1">Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4103707">"Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja"</a>. Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206183226/https://www.academia.edu/4103707/Iron_and_its_influence_on_the_prehistoric_site_of_Lejja">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Iron+and+its+influence+on+the+prehistoric+site+of+Lejja&rft.aulast=Eze%E2%80%93Uzomaka&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4103707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juang3-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Juang3_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juang3_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuang2008" class="citation book cs1">Juang, Richard M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA597">Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-441-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Americas%3A+culture%2C+politics%2C+and+history%3A+a+multidisciplinary+encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=597&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-441-7&rft.aulast=Juang&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFrAOqfhuGYC%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrbek1992" class="citation book cs1">Hrbek, Ivan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&pg=PA254">Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century</a>. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-093-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-093-9"><bdi>978-0-85255-093-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+from+the+seventh+to+the+eleventh+Century&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-093-9&rft.aulast=Hrbek&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDFcD0BuekQC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzukwu1997" class="citation book cs1">Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC">Worship as Body Language</a>. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6151-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6151-2"><bdi>978-0-8146-6151-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040705/https://books.google.com/books?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship+as+Body+Language&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-6151-2&rft.aulast=Uzukwu&rft.aufirst=E.+Elochukwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hhmzVrYPHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falola13-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falola13_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falola13_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalolaHeaton2008" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&pg=PA23">A History of Nigeria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68157-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68157-5"><bdi>978-0-521-68157-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nigeria&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68157-5&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Heaton%2C+Matthew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXygZjbNRap0C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitin1986" class="citation book cs1">Laitin, David D. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&pg=PA111">Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46790-0"><bdi>978-0-226-46790-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegemony+and+culture%3A+politics+and+religious+change+among+the+Yoruba&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46790-0&rft.aulast=Laitin&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHbrDvGQEbUC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldParenShillingtonStacey2000" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Shillington" title="Kevin Shillington">Shillington, Kevin</a>; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&pg=PA385">Peoples of Africa, Volume 1</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7158-5"><bdi>978-0-7614-7158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7158-5&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Paren%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Shillington%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Gillian&rft.au=Steele%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djoh5yHfcF-8C%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diverse-slavery-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diverse-slavery_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diverse-slavery_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diverse-slavery_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2003" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, April A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&pg=PA54">Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-682-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-682-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-682-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria%27s+Diverse+Peoples%3A+A+Reference+Sourcebook&rft.pages=44-54&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-682-8&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=April+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH26pO3vwmHoC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slave-trade-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slave-trade_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slave-trade_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slave-trade_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalolaGenova2009" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000falo">Historical Dictionary of Nigeria</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000falo/page/n373">328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6316-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-6316-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Nigeria&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6316-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Genova%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000falo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalolaPaddock2012" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin; Paddock, Adam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANzFx1O95eAC&pg=PA78">Environment and Economics in Nigeria</a>. Routledge. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-66247-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-66247-8"><bdi>978-1-136-66247-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environment+and+Economics+in+Nigeria&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-66247-8&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Paddock%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANzFx1O95eAC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz1991" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm">"Nigeria: A Country Study – The Slave Trade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623172414/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+A+Country+Study+%E2%80%93+The+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnigeria%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Shillington, Kevin, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_African_History" title="Encyclopedia of African History">Encyclopedia of African History</a>. (U of Michigan Press, 2005) p. 1401. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tweb.cjcu.edu.tw/journal_abstract/2014_10_02_12_32_45.99.pdf#page=63">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415060148/https://tweb.cjcu.edu.tw/journal_abstract/2014_10_02_12_32_45.99.pdf#page=63">Archived</a> 15 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Derek_R._Peterson" title="Derek R. Peterson">Peterson, Derek R.</a>, ed., Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic (Ohio University Press, 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/regional-history-after-1500/slow-death-slavery-course-abolition-northern-nigeria-18971936,%20https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/regional-history-after-1500">"Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500"</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308001224/https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/regional-history-after-1500/slow-death-slavery-course-abolition-northern-nigeria-18971936,%20https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/regional-history-after-1500">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.atitle=Slow+death+slavery+course+abolition+northern+Nigeria+18971936+%7C+Regional+history+after+1500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fhistory%2Fregional-history-after-1500%2Fslow-death-slavery-course-abolition-northern-nigeria-18971936%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fhistory%2Fregional-history-after-1500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page56.shtml">"The end of slavery"</a>. The Story of Africa. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723083115/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page56.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Story+of+Africa&rft.atitle=The+end+of+slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F1624_story_of_africa%2Fpage56.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBS2-52"><a href="#cite_ref-JBS2_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdofia,_O.E.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193478101100404">10.1177/002193478101100404</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784073">2784073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143073983">143073983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Political+Parties%3A+Their+Role+in+Modernizing+the+Political+System%2C+1920%E2%80%931966&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-447&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143073983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2784073%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002193478101100404&rft.au=Udofia%2C+O.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818121408/https://www.dawodu.com/const63.pdf">"The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria"</a> (PDF). 1963. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawodu.com/const63.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Nigeria&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawodu.com%2Fconst63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrede2022" class="citation news cs1">Irede, Akin (17 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theafricareport.com/182958/aguiyi-ironsi-the-murder-that-birthed-nigerias-northern-hegemony/amp/">"Aguiyi-Ironsi: The murder that birthed Nigeria's northern hegemony"</a>. The Africa Report. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223001544/https://www.theafricareport.com/182958/aguiyi-ironsi-the-murder-that-birthed-nigerias-northern-hegemony/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=Aguiyi-Ironsi%3A+The+murder+that+birthed+Nigeria%27s+northern+hegemony&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft.aulast=Irede&rft.aufirst=Akin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F182958%2Faguiyi-ironsi-the-murder-that-birthed-nigerias-northern-hegemony%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp 158–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2007" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm">"Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305112039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Reopening+Nigeria%27s+civil+war+wounds&rft.date=2007-05-30&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Senan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F6657259.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2020" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108887748">10.1017/9781108887748</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-88774-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-88774-8"><bdi>978-1-108-88774-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225266768">225266768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Republic+of+Biafra&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225266768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108887748&rft.isbn=978-1-108-88774-8&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Fury+Childs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDRS-58"><a href="#cite_ref-DDRS_58-0">^</a> "Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents Reference System. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz1991" class="citation web cs1">Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm">"Nigeria: A Country Study – Civil War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003652/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+A+Country+Study+%E2%80%93+Civil+War&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnigeria%2F23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820081648/https://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php">"The Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence"</a>. Litencyc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php">the original</a> on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biafra+War+and+the+Age+of+Pestilence&rft.pub=Litencyc.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Ftheliterarymagazine%2Fbiafra.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Michael I. Draper, Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> McDonald, Gordon C., Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa) (1971), p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Stearns, Jason K. <a href="/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Glory_of_Monsters:_The_Collapse_of_the_Congo_and_the_Great_War_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa">Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa</a> (2011), p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Watts, Michael (1987) State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, Institute of International Studies, University of California, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87725-166-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87725-166-5">0-87725-166-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201142–43Derfler201181-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201142–43Derfler201181_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIliffe2011">Iliffe 2011</a>, pp. 42–43; <a href="#CITEREFDerfler2011">Derfler 2011</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerfler201182-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerfler201182_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerfler2011">Derfler 2011</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201143Derfler201181-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201143Derfler201181_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIliffe2011">Iliffe 2011</a>, p. 43; <a href="#CITEREFDerfler2011">Derfler 2011</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201144-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201144_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIliffe2011">Iliffe 2011</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoliba2015" class="citation web cs1">Joliba (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joliba-africa.com/2015/02/13/failed-coup-attempt-of-1976/">"Failed Coup Attempt of 1976"</a>. Joliba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627112021/https://joliba-africa.com/2015/02/13/failed-coup-attempt-of-1976/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joliba&rft.atitle=Failed+Coup+Attempt+of+1976&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.au=Joliba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoliba-africa.com%2F2015%2F02%2F13%2Ffailed-coup-attempt-of-1976%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIliffe2011">Iliffe 2011</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148–49Derfler201185-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148–49Derfler201185_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIliffe2011">Iliffe 2011</a>, pp. 48–49; <a href="#CITEREFDerfler2011">Derfler 2011</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201150Derfler201185-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201150Derfler201185_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIliffe2011">Iliffe 2011</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFDerfler2011">Derfler 2011</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> David Williams, President and power in Nigeria: The life of Shehu Shagari (Routledge, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> "Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3 March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiollun2018" class="citation cs2">Siollun, Max (25 October 2018), Levan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (eds.), "Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria", The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics, Oxford University Press, pp. 272–287, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198804307.013.13">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7"><bdi>978-0-19-880430-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Nigerian+Politics&rft.atitle=Civil+Military+Affairs+and+Military+Culture+in+Post-Transition+Nigeria&rft.pages=272-287&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198804307.013.13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880430-7&rft.aulast=Siollun&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Diamond, Larry; <a href="/wiki/Kirk-Greene,_Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirk-Greene, Anthony">Kirk-Greene, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oyeleye_Oyediran" title="Oyeleye Oyediran">Oyeleye Oyediran</a> (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2458-54-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2458-54-6">978-2458-54-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiwavshell.org/">"Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al"</a>. Center for Constitutional Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326065947/http://wiwavshell.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Constitutional+Rights&rft.atitle=Wiwa+et+al+v.+Royal+Dutch+Petroleum+et+al.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiwavshell.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> "Nigerian Lawyer: Abacha accounts apparently in Switzerland, Luxembourg, France, and Germany", AP press, 10 January 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2391/Abdusalam-Abubakar">"Abdusalam Abubakar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215600/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2391/Abdusalam-Abubakar">Archived</a> 4 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed 26 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp. 211–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216032839/http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf">"Final Report"</a> (PDF). EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report&rft.pub=EU+Election+Observation+Mission+Nigeria+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eueom-ng.org%2FFiles%2Ffinal_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/24352/nass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html">"NASS confirms Sambo as vice president"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nigerian_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nigerian Voice">The Nigerian Voice</a>. 18 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805081015/https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/24352/nass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nigerian+Voice&rft.atitle=NASS+confirms+Sambo+as+vice+president&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenigerianvoice.com%2Fmovie%2F24352%2Fnass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkinlade2010" class="citation web cs1">Akinlade, Muruf (18 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427025349/http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203">"National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President"</a>. MyOndoState.Com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203">the original</a> on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Assembly+confirms+Sambo+as+Vice+President&rft.pub=MyOndoState.Com&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.aulast=Akinlade&rft.aufirst=Muruf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myondostate.com%2Fmyondostate%2Fnewssend.php%3Fid%3D203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York2-87"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York2_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossiter2011" class="citation news cs1">Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&hp">"Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824165122/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nigerians+Vote+in+Presidential+Election&rft.date=2011-04-16&rft.aulast=Nossiter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F04%2F17%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F17nigeria.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D1%26hp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes2014" class="citation web cs1">Times, Premium (23 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html">"Nigerian economy among world's largest - Jonathan"</a>. Premium Times Nigeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085504/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Nigerian+economy+among+world%27s+largest+-+Jonathan&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Premium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-news%2F173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeribake2014" class="citation web cs1">eribake, akintayo (24 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/nigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan/">"Nigeria's economy among largest in the world — Jonathan"</a>. Vanguard News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085507/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/nigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanguard+News&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+economy+among+largest+in+the+world+%E2%80%94+Jonathan&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft.aulast=eribake&rft.aufirst=akintayo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2014%2F12%2Fnigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdo2015" class="citation web cs1">Udo, Bassey (14 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html">"Missing $20 bn: Sanusi faults Alison-Madueke, says audit report proves at least $18.5bn lost"</a>. Premium Times Nigeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085505/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Missing+%2420+bn%3A+Sanusi+faults+Alison-Madueke%2C+says+audit+report+proves+at+least+%2418.5bn+lost&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.aulast=Udo&rft.aufirst=Bassey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2F182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858">"Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125205929/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Nigeria+election%3A+Muhammadu+Buhari+wins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-32139858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/">"Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat"</a>. Vanguard. 1 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192325/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+praises+Nigeria%27s+president+for+conceding+defeat&rft.pub=Vanguard&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fobama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/">"APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708183124/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=APC+praises+Jonathan+for+conceding+defeat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenationonlineng.net%2Fnew%2Fapc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/">"Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat"</a>. Channels Television. 31 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192329/https://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anyaoku+Praises+Jonathan+For+Conceding+Defeat&rft.pub=Channels+Television&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelstv.com%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2Fanyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfricaNews2019" class="citation web cs1">AfricaNews (27 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/27/buhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president/">"Buhari beats Atiku to secure re-election as Nigeria president"</a>. Africanews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924063323/https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/27/buhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Buhari+beats+Atiku+to+secure+re-election+as+Nigeria+president&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.au=AfricaNews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2019%2F02%2F27%2Fbuhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasisi2022" class="citation web cs1">Lasisi, Olukayode Joshua (29 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessday.ng/politics/article/peter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest/">"Peter Obi leads in new poll, Google search interest"</a>. Businessday NG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202040603/https://businessday.ng/politics/article/peter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Businessday+NG&rft.atitle=Peter+Obi+leads+in+new+poll%2C+Google+search+interest&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft.aulast=Lasisi&rft.aufirst=Olukayode+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessday.ng%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2Fpeter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlurounbi" class="citation news cs1">Olurounbi, Eromo Egbejule,Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/1/kwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard">"How Rabiu Kwankwaso became wildcard in Nigerian presidential race"</a>. aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924073749/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/1/kwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=How+Rabiu+Kwankwaso+became+wildcard+in+Nigerian+presidential+race&rft.aulast=Olurounbi&rft.aufirst=Eromo+Egbejule%2CRuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2023%2F2%2F1%2Fkwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023">"Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers"</a>. aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230809010308/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Nigeria+presidential+election+results+2023+by+the+numbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F2%2F28%2Fnigeria-presidential-election-results-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/18/nigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote">"Nigeria local elections open in shadow of contested national vote"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818143649/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/18/nigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Nigeria+local+elections+open+in+shadow+of+contested+national+vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F3%2F18%2Fnigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/tinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari">"Bola Tinubu sworn in as Nigeria's president, succeeds Buhari"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906193842/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/tinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Bola+Tinubu+sworn+in+as+Nigeria%27s+president%2C+succeeds+Buhari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F5%2F29%2Ftinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmanuel_Akinwotu2024" class="citation news cs1">Emmanuel Akinwotu (16 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devone.com.ng/2024/01/shocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html">"A kidnapping of six sisters and a murder has gripped Nigeria"</a>. DevOne Africa. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219180223/https://devone.com.ng/2024/01/shocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DevOne+Africa&rft.atitle=A+kidnapping+of+six+sisters+and+a+murder+has+gripped+Nigeria&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft.au=Emmanuel+Akinwotu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevone.com.ng%2F2024%2F01%2Fshocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">"Rank Order – Area"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Rank+Order+%E2%80%93+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2147rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/">"Africa :: Nigeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 17 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Africa+%3A%3A+Nigeria&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> *Note that coastlines, and borders based on rivers or natural features, are fractals, the length of which is imprecise and depends on the measurement convention adopted. </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta22-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encarta22_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta22_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031111170137/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html">"Nigeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2003. Retrieved 19 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761557915%2FNigeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gai52-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gai52_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gai52_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gai52_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414075757/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard5.html">"Regions Used to Interpret the Complexity of Nigeria"</a>. Geographical Alliance of Iowa. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard5.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Alliance+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=Regions+Used+to+Interpret+the+Complexity+of+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni.edu%2Fgai%2FNigeria%2FBackground%2FStandard5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gai42-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gai42_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gai42_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html">"The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria"</a>. Geographical Alliance of Iowa. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Alliance+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=The+Human+and+Physical+Characteristics+of+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni.edu%2Fgai%2FNigeria%2FBackground%2FStandard4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGbolagade2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gbolagade, Lameed (2011). "Species diversity and richness of wild birds in Dagona Waterfowl Sanctuary, Nigeria". African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (5 ed.): 855–866. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-0786">1996-0786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Environmental+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Species+diversity+and+richness+of+wild+birds+in+Dagona+Waterfowl+Sanctuary%2C+Nigeria&rft.pages=855-866&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1996-0786&rft.aulast=Gbolagade&rft.aufirst=Lameed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002082125/http://cbnp.nigeriaparkservice.org/sectors.php">"Chad Basin National Park"</a>. 2 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbnp.nigeriaparkservice.org/sectors.php">the original</a> on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Basin+National+Park&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbnp.nigeriaparkservice.org%2Fsectors.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105554/http://lakechad.iwlearn.org/publications/reports/lake-cha-basin-tda-report-english">"TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE LAKE CHAD BASIN"</a>. 4 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakechad.iwlearn.org/publications/reports/lake-cha-basin-tda-report-english">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRANSBOUNDARY+DIAGNOSTIC+ANALYSIS+OF+THE+LAKE+CHAD+BASIN&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakechad.iwlearn.org%2Fpublications%2Freports%2Flake-cha-basin-tda-report-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gai4-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gai4_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gai4_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gai4_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html">"The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria"</a>. Geographical Alliance of Iowa. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Alliance+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=The+Human+and+Physical+Characteristics+of+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni.edu%2Fgai%2FNigeria%2FBackground%2FStandard4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFashae2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fashae, Olutoyin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321953126">"Geospatial Analysis of Changes in Vegetation Cover over Nigeria"</a>. Bulletin of Geography (13): 17–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040712/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321953126_Geospatial_Analysis_of_Changes_in_Vegetation_Cover_over_Nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Geography&rft.atitle=Geospatial+Analysis+of+Changes+in+Vegetation+Cover+over+Nigeria&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=17-27&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Fashae&rft.aufirst=Olutoyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F321953126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgbonnaEkweozorIgwe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ogbonna, D.N.; Ekweozor, I.K.E.; Igwe, F.U. (2002). "Waste Management: A Tool for Environmental Protection in Nigeria". Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment. 31 (1): 55–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0044-7447%282002%29031%5B0055%3Awmatfe%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0055:wmatfe]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4315211">4315211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio%3A+A+Journal+of+the+Human+Environment&rft.atitle=Waste+Management%3A+A+Tool+for+Environmental+Protection+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-57&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1639%2F0044-7447%282002%29031%5B0055%3Awmatfe%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4315211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ogbonna&rft.aufirst=D.N.&rft.au=Ekweozor%2C+I.K.E.&rft.au=Igwe%2C+F.U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1117-forests.html">"News.mongabay.com"</a>. News.mongabay.com. 17 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618101657/http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1117-forests.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News.mongabay.com&rft.pub=News.mongabay.com&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2005%2F1117-forests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Nigeria.htm">"Rainforest analysis at Mongabay.com"</a>. Rainforests.mongabay.com. 1 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212134304/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Nigeria.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainforest+analysis+at+Mongabay.com&rft.pub=Rainforests.mongabay.com&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frainforests.mongabay.com%2Fdeforestation%2F2000%2FNigeria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material"</a>. Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G">2020NatCo..11.5978G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3">10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">7723057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+-+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashirUmar-TsafeGetsoKaita2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bashir, Muhammed; Umar-Tsafe, Nasir; Getso, Kabiru; Kaita, Ibrahim M.; Nasidi, Abdulsalami; Sani-Gwarzo, Nasir; Nguku, Patrick; Davis, Lora; Brown, Mary Jean (18 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779393">"Assessment of blood lead levels among children aged ≤ 5 years—Zamfara State, Nigeria, June–July 2012"</a>. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 63 (15): 325–327. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-861X">1545-861X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779393">5779393</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24739340">24739340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+blood+lead+levels+among+children+aged+%E2%89%A4+5+years%E2%80%94Zamfara+State%2C+Nigeria%2C+June%E2%80%93July+2012&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=325-327&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5779393%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1545-861X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24739340&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Muhammed&rft.au=Umar-Tsafe%2C+Nasir&rft.au=Getso%2C+Kabiru&rft.au=Kaita%2C+Ibrahim+M.&rft.au=Nasidi%2C+Abdulsalami&rft.au=Sani-Gwarzo%2C+Nasir&rft.au=Nguku%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Davis%2C+Lora&rft.au=Brown%2C+Mary+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5779393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonatus2016" class="citation web cs1">Donatus, Peter (15 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis,%20https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis">"Shell's Nigeria ecocide is creating a refugee crisis"</a>. greenleft.org.au. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greenleft.org.au&rft.atitle=Shell%27s+Nigeria+ecocide+is+creating+a+refugee+crisis&rft.date=2016-10-15&rft.aulast=Donatus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenleft.org.au%2Fcontent%2Fshell%25E2%2580%2599s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenleft.org.au%2Fcontent%2Fshell%25E2%2580%2599s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and">"UNEP Ogoniland Oil Assessment Reveals Extent of Environmental Contamination and Threats to Human Health"</a>. UNEP. 7 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708085021/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNEP&rft.atitle=UNEP+Ogoniland+Oil+Assessment+Reveals+Extent+of+Environmental+Contamination+and+Threats+to+Human+Health&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fstory%2Funep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142">"'Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction"</a>. NBC News. 7 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622071013/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Ecocide%27+movement+pushes+for+a+new+international+crime%3A+Environmental+destruction&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria">"Fighting ecocide in Nigeria"</a>. theecologist.org. 5 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206022748/https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theecologist.org&rft.atitle=Fighting+ecocide+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheecologist.org%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F05%2Ffighting-ecocide-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/article/19131">"UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making?"</a>. unpo.org. 2 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161752/https://unpo.org/article/19131">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+Ogoni%3A+An+Ecocide+in+the+Making%3F&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F19131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster">"How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster"</a>. The Guardian. 22 August 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040706/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+an+ecocide+law+could+prevent+another+Nigerian+oil+disaster&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2011%2Faug%2F22%2Fecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2023/06/spotlighting-oil-majors-ecocide-of-niger-delta-qa-with-michael-j-watts/">"Spotlighting oil majors' 'ecocide' of Niger Delta: Q&A with Michael J. Watts"</a>. Mongabay Environmental News. 2 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162730/https://news.mongabay.com/2023/06/spotlighting-oil-majors-ecocide-of-niger-delta-qa-with-michael-j-watts/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay+Environmental+News&rft.atitle=Spotlighting+oil+majors%27+%27ecocide%27+of+Niger+Delta%3A+Q%26A+with+Michael+J.+Watts&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2023%2F06%2Fspotlighting-oil-majors-ecocide-of-niger-delta-qa-with-michael-j-watts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61216157">"Nigeria's illegal oil refineries: Dirty, dangerous, lucrative"</a>. BBC News. 26 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010091114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61216157">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+illegal+oil+refineries%3A+Dirty%2C+dangerous%2C+lucrative&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-61216157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkerekeEmodiDiemuodeke2022" class="citation web cs1">Okereke, Chukwumerije; Emodi, Nnaemeka Vincent; Diemuodeke, Ogheneruona E. (9 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/three-things-that-can-go-wrong-at-an-illegal-oil-refinery-in-nigeria-182459">"Three things that can go wrong at an illegal oil refinery in Nigeria"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012233230/https://theconversation.com/three-things-that-can-go-wrong-at-an-illegal-oil-refinery-in-nigeria-182459">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Three+things+that+can+go+wrong+at+an+illegal+oil+refinery+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft.aulast=Okereke&rft.aufirst=Chukwumerije&rft.au=Emodi%2C+Nnaemeka+Vincent&rft.au=Diemuodeke%2C+Ogheneruona+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthree-things-that-can-go-wrong-at-an-illegal-oil-refinery-in-nigeria-182459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnukwue2022" class="citation web cs1">Onukwue, Alexander (25 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/africa/2158492/nigerias-illegal-oil-refineries-keep-killing-people/">"Nigeria's illegal oil refineries keep killing people"</a>. Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015193024/https://qz.com/africa/2158492/nigerias-illegal-oil-refineries-keep-killing-people/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+illegal+oil+refineries+keep+killing+people&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft.aulast=Onukwue&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fafrica%2F2158492%2Fnigerias-illegal-oil-refineries-keep-killing-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Charles Mwalimu. The Nigerian Legal System: Public Law. Peter Lang. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QWrGlYsCwPIC&pg=PA6">p. 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405100311/https://books.google.com/books?id=QWrGlYsCwPIC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook3-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook3_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook3_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/">"Nigeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (United States). 14 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecable.ng/patrick-obahiagbon-labour-party-wont-get-25-of-votes-in-24-states">"Patrick Obahiagbon: Labour Party won't get 25% of votes in 24 states"</a>. TheCable. 4 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015201541/https://www.thecable.ng/patrick-obahiagbon-labour-party-wont-get-25-of-votes-in-24-states">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheCable&rft.atitle=Patrick+Obahiagbon%3A+Labour+Party+won%27t+get+25%25+of+votes+in+24+states&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecable.ng%2Fpatrick-obahiagbon-labour-party-wont-get-25-of-votes-in-24-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/constitution-amendment-what-the-people-want/">"Constitution amendment: What the people want"</a>. 4 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301141957/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/constitution-amendment-what-the-people-want/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+amendment%3A+What+the+people+want&rft.date=2012-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2012%2F11%2Fconstitution-amendment-what-the-people-want%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511123924/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106778%3Aconstitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-&catid=203%3Ayouth-speak&Itemid=730">"Constitutional review: Nigeria needs broader representation"</a>. 6 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106778:constitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-&catid=203:youth-speak&Itemid=730">the original</a> on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+review%3A+Nigeria+needs+broader+representation&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngrguardiannews.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D106778%3Aconstitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-%26catid%3D203%3Ayouth-speak%26Itemid%3D730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-felix2-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-felix2_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-felix2_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnuah2006" class="citation news cs1">Onuah, Felix (29 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126015018/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm">"Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm">the original</a> on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria+gives+census+result%2C+avoids+risky+details&rft.date=2006-12-29&rft.aulast=Onuah&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertnet.org%2Fthenews%2Fnewsdesk%2FL29819278.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/cities/agglos/">"Nigeria: States & Agglomerations - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. citypopulation.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930123432/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/cities/agglos/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+States+%26+Agglomerations+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fnigeria%2Fcities%2Fagglos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiliquini-CinelliHutchison2017" class="citation book cs1">Siliquini-Cinelli, Luca; Hutchison, Andrew (6 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9ifDgAAQBAJ&q=English+law+in+Nigeria+is+derived+from+the+colonial+Nigeria%2C+while+common+law+is+a+development+from+its+post+colonial+independence.&pg=PA173">The Constitutional Dimension of Contract Law: A Comparative Perspective</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-49843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-49843-0"><bdi>978-3-319-49843-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040706/https://books.google.com/books?id=l9ifDgAAQBAJ&q=English+law+in+Nigeria+is+derived+from+the+colonial+Nigeria%2C+while+common+law+is+a+development+from+its+post+colonial+independence.&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q=English%20law%20in%20Nigeria%20is%20derived%20from%20the%20colonial%20Nigeria%2C%20while%20common%20law%20is%20a%20development%20from%20its%20post%20colonial%20independence.&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Dimension+of+Contract+Law%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.isbn=978-3-319-49843-0&rft.aulast=Siliquini-Cinelli&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.au=Hutchison%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9ifDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DEnglish%2Blaw%2Bin%2BNigeria%2Bis%2Bderived%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bcolonial%2BNigeria%252C%2Bwhile%2Bcommon%2Blaw%2Bis%2Ba%2Bdevelopment%2Bfrom%2Bits%2Bpost%2Bcolonial%2Bindependence.%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProjectSolutionz2021" class="citation web cs1">ProjectSolutionz (22 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projectsolutionz.com.ng/law-and-the-political-structure-in-nigeria/">"Law and the political structure in Nigeria"</a>. ProjectSolutionz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708043422/https://projectsolutionz.com.ng/law-and-the-political-structure-in-nigeria/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProjectSolutionz&rft.atitle=Law+and+the+political+structure+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.au=ProjectSolutionz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojectsolutionz.com.ng%2Flaw-and-the-political-structure-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/">"Africa :: Nigeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (United States). 12 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Africa+%3A%3A+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Young, Andrew (20 July 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200607200078.html">"Collins Edomaruse, how Obasanjo cut UK, US to size"</a>, This Day (Nigeria). </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Burkett, Elinor (2009) Golda, HarperCollins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-187395-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-187395-0">0-06-187395-0</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518172006/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/November/SummitASA/summit.htm">"ASAS – Africa-South America Summit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. 30 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/November/SummitASA/summit.htm">the original</a> on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASAS+%E2%80%93+Africa-South+America+Summit&rft.pub=African+Union&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa-union.org%2Froot%2Fau%2FConferences%2FPast%2F2006%2FNovember%2FSummitASA%2Fsummit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy,_Shaw1984" class="citation journal cs1">Timothy, Shaw (1984). "The State of Nigeria: Oil Prices Power Bases and Foreign Policy". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 18 (2): 393–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F484337">10.2307/484337</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/484337">484337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Nigeria%3A+Oil+Prices+Power+Bases+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=393-405&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F484337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F484337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Timothy%2C+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> LeVan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 751. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7">978-0-19-880430-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> LeVan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 756. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7">978-0-19-880430-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> LeVan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 754. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7">978-0-19-880430-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> LeVan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 754–755. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7">978-0-19-880430-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Elliot (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/29/west-africas-new-currency-could-now-be-delayed-by-five-years.html">"West Africa's new currency could now be delayed by five years"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213014223/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/29/west-africas-new-currency-could-now-be-delayed-by-five-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Africa%27s+new+currency+could+now+be+delayed+by+five+years&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F09%2F29%2Fwest-africas-new-currency-could-now-be-delayed-by-five-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.TOTL.P1">"Armed forces personnel, total – Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118135008/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.TOTL.P1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armed+forces+personnel%2C+total+%E2%80%93+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FMS.MIL.TOTL.P1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_(IISS)2022" class="citation book cs1">The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2022). The Military Balance 2022. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032279008" title="Special:BookSources/9781032279008"><bdi>9781032279008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2022&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781032279008&rft.au=The+International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies+%28IISS%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> 3_Data for all countries from 1988 to 2017 as a share of GDP.pdf (sipri.org) </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> 1_Data for all countries from 1988 to 2017 in constant (2016) USD.pdf (sipri.org) </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_150-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483">"Nigeria Security Tracker"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115063510/https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Nigeria+Security+Tracker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fnigeria%2Fnigeria-security-tracker%2Fp29483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency_Report2022" class="citation web cs1">Agency Report (24 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/519364-over-40000-terrorists-surrender-to-troops-dhq.html">"Over 40,000 terrorists surrender to troops – DHQ"</a>. Premium Times Nigeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005072510/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/519364-over-40000-terrorists-surrender-to-troops-dhq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Over+40%2C000+terrorists+surrender+to+troops+%E2%80%93+DHQ&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.au=Agency+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-news%2F519364-over-40000-terrorists-surrender-to-troops-dhq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankole2022" class="citation web cs1">Bankole, Idowu (15 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/09/niger-delta-militants-at-war-over-pipelines-surveillance-contract/">"Niger Delta militants at war over pipelines surveillance contract"</a>. Vanguard News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018071457/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/09/niger-delta-militants-at-war-over-pipelines-surveillance-contract/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanguard+News&rft.atitle=Niger+Delta+militants+at+war+over+pipelines+surveillance+contract&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft.aulast=Bankole&rft.aufirst=Idowu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fniger-delta-militants-at-war-over-pipelines-surveillance-contract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/nigeria-oil-idUSL8N1N93JA">"Niger Delta Avengers group says ends ceasefire in Nigeria oil hub - website"</a>. Reuters. 3 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015102943/https://www.reuters.com/article/nigeria-oil-idUSL8N1N93JA">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Niger+Delta+Avengers+group+says+ends+ceasefire+in+Nigeria+oil+hub+-+website&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fnigeria-oil-idUSL8N1N93JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2022" class="citation web cs1">ACN (7 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/massacre-in-owo-nigeria/">"ACN statement about the Pentecost massacre in St. Francis Xavier Church in Owo, Nigeria"</a>. ACN International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118132704/https://acninternational.org/massacre-in-owo-nigeria/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=ACN+statement+about+the+Pentecost+massacre+in+St.+Francis+Xavier+Church+in+Owo%2C+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fmassacre-in-owo-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldeconomics.com/Wealth/default.aspx">"GDP Per Capita | By Country | 2022 | Data"</a>. World Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510092938/https://www.worldeconomics.com/Wealth/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economics&rft.atitle=GDP+Per+Capita+%7C+By+Country+%7C+2022+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldeconomics.com%2FWealth%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune.com.ng2-156"><a href="#cite_ref-tribune.com.ng2_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGbola_Subair-Abuja2014" class="citation news cs1">Gbola Subair-Abuja (8 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317150032/http://www.tribune.com.ng/business/tribune-business/item/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy">"Remittances from diaspora Nigerians as lubricant for the economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Tribune" title="Nigerian Tribune">Nigerian Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribune.com.ng/business/tribune-business/item/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy">the original</a> on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nigerian+Tribune&rft.atitle=Remittances+from+diaspora+Nigerians+as+lubricant+for+the+economy&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft.au=Gbola+Subair-Abuja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribune.com.ng%2Fbusiness%2Ftribune-business%2Fitem%2F15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy%2F15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA168">Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4"><bdi>978-0-472-06980-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040707/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Apart%3A+Oil%2C+Politics%2C+and+Economic+Change+in+Indonesia+and+Nigeria&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06980-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4-rlVeb1n0C%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522153925/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/CLASS.XLS">"World Bank list of economies"</a>. http: www.worldbank.org. January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/CLASS.XLS">the original</a> on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+list+of+economies&rft.pub=http%3A+www.worldbank.org&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FDATASTATISTICS%2FResources%2FCLASS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkene2020" class="citation web cs1">Ekene, Mfon Abel (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makemoney.ng/natural-resources-in-nigeria-and-their-locations-full-list/">"Natural resources in Nigeria and their locations"</a>. MakeMoney.ng. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610154927/https://www.makemoney.ng/natural-resources-in-nigeria-and-their-locations-full-list/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MakeMoney.ng&rft.atitle=Natural+resources+in+Nigeria+and+their+locations&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.aulast=Ekene&rft.aufirst=Mfon+Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makemoney.ng%2Fnatural-resources-in-nigeria-and-their-locations-full-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NG">"Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112053830/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NG">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Agriculture%2C+forestry%2C+and+fishing%2C+value+added+%28%25+of+GDP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNV.AGR.TOTL.ZS%3Flocations%3DNG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/">"Nigeria at a glance|FAO in Nigeria|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"</a>. fao.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607163145/https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=Nigeria+at+a+glance%7CFAO+in+Nigeria%7CFood+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnigeria%2Ffao-in-nigeria%2Fnigeria-at-a-glance%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/">"Nigeria at a glance"</a>. fao.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607163145/https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=Nigeria+at+a+glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnigeria%2Ffao-in-nigeria%2Fnigeria-at-a-glance%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadoni2013" class="citation cs2">Cadoni, P. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/at586e/at586e.pdf">"Analysis of Incentives and Disincentives for Cocoa in Nigeria"</a> (PDF), Technical notes series, MAFAP, Rome: FAO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130065015/https://www.fao.org/3/at586e/at586e.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2023, retrieved 26 March 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+notes+series%2C+MAFAP&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Incentives+and+Disincentives+for+Cocoa+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cadoni&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fat586e%2Fat586e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbirogba2018" class="citation web cs1">Ibirogba, Femi (17 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guardian.ng/features/stakeholders-strategies-for-re-awakening-nigerias-cocoa-economy/">"Stakeholders' strategies for re-awakening Nigeria's cocoa economy"</a>. The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141838/https://guardian.ng/features/stakeholders-strategies-for-re-awakening-nigerias-cocoa-economy/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023. <q>"Among the six major agricultural exports of the pre-petroleum exporting years (cocoa, palm oil, palm kernel, rubber, groundnuts and cotton), cocoa is the one still standing tall in terms of non-oil exports," [Professor Adegboyega Oguntade] said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+Nigeria+News+-+Nigeria+and+World+News&rft.atitle=Stakeholders%27+strategies+for+re-awakening+Nigeria%27s+cocoa+economy&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.aulast=Ibirogba&rft.aufirst=Femi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Ffeatures%2Fstakeholders-strategies-for-re-awakening-nigerias-cocoa-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/rubber/reporter/nga">"Rubber in Nigeria | OEC"</a>. OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141839/https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/rubber/reporter/nga">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OEC+-+The+Observatory+of+Economic+Complexity&rft.atitle=Rubber+in+Nigeria+%7C+OEC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foec.world%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fbilateral-product%2Frubber%2Freporter%2Fnga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkpo1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ekpo, Akpan H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=119536714">"Food dependency and the Nigerian economy: an ex-post analysis, 1960-80"</a>. The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies. 28 (2): 257–273. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141838/https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=119536714">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023. <q>Up to 1974, the Nigerian economy was self-sufficient in the production of food. In recent years, however, Nigeria has become a net importer of basic foods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nigerian+Journal+of+Economic+and+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Food+dependency+and+the+Nigerian+economy%3A+an+ex-post+analysis%2C+1960-80&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-273&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ekpo&rft.aufirst=Akpan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D119536714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwozorOlanrewajuAke2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nwozor, Agaptus; Olanrewaju, John Shola; Ake, Modupe B. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/2805/1/10603-Article%20Text-41107-1-10-20191221.pdf">"National Insecurity and the Challenges of Food Security in Nigeria"</a> (PDF). Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 8 (4). Richtmann Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36941%2Fajis-2019-0032">10.36941/ajis-2019-0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2281-3993">2281-3993</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213869061">213869061</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502041918/https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/2805/1/10603-Article%20Text-41107-1-10-20191221.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Studies&rft.atitle=National+Insecurity+and+the+Challenges+of+Food+Security+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213869061%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2281-3993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36941%2Fajis-2019-0032&rft.aulast=Nwozor&rft.aufirst=Agaptus&rft.au=Olanrewaju%2C+John+Shola&rft.au=Ake%2C+Modupe+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.lmu.edu.ng%2F2805%2F1%2F10603-Article%2520Text-41107-1-10-20191221.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkotie2018" class="citation cs2">Okotie, Sylvester (1 January 2018), Ndimele, Prince E. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128093993000057">"Chapter 5 - The Nigerian Economy Before the Discovery of Crude Oil"</a>, The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem, Academic Press, pp. 71–81, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809399-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809399-3"><bdi>978-0-12-809399-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141838/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128093993000057">archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023, retrieved 26 March 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Ecology+of+Oil+and+Gas+Activities+in+the+Nigerian+Aquatic+Ecosystem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5+-+The+Nigerian+Economy+Before+the+Discovery+of+Crude+Oil&rft.pages=71-81&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-12-809399-3&rft.aulast=Okotie&rft.aufirst=Sylvester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780128093993000057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAke1996" class="citation book cs1">Ake, Claude (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48">Democracy and Development in Africa</a>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0220-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0220-7"><bdi>978-0-8157-0220-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040707/https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Development+in+Africa&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0220-7&rft.aulast=Ake&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbs5rTH7GClgC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49367968">"Why Nigeria has restricted food imports"</a>. BBC News. 16 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141844/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49367968">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Nigeria+has+restricted+food+imports&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-49367968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pasquini2-171"><a href="#cite_ref-pasquini2_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasquiniAlexander2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pasquini, MW; Alexander, MJ (2005). "Soil fertility management strategies on the Jos Plateau: the need for integrating 'empirical' and 'scientific' knowledge in agricultural development". Geographical Journal. 171 (2): 112–124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeogJ.171..112P">2005GeogJ.171..112P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4959.2005.00154.x">10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00154.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Soil+fertility+management+strategies+on+the+Jos+Plateau%3A+the+need+for+integrating+%27empirical%27+and+%27scientific%27+knowledge+in+agricultural+development&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112-124&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4959.2005.00154.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GeogJ.171..112P&rft.aulast=Pasquini&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Alexander%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guardian.ng/features/rice-pyramids-and-nigerias-production-puzzle/">"Rice pyramids and Nigeria's production puzzle"</a>. The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 22 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605085413/https://guardian.ng/features/rice-pyramids-and-nigerias-production-puzzle/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+Nigeria+News+-+Nigeria+and+World+News&rft.atitle=Rice+pyramids+and+Nigeria%27s+production+puzzle&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Ffeatures%2Frice-pyramids-and-nigerias-production-puzzle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829113752/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1VJ0PH-OZATP">"Nigeria closes part of border with Benin to check rice smuggling"</a>. Reuters. 29 August 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1VJ0PH-OZATP">the original</a> on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria+closes+part+of+border+with+Benin+to+check+rice+smuggling&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidAFKCN1VJ0PH-OZATP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecable.ng/lagos-today-like-tinubu-like-sanwo-olu">"Lagos today: Like Tinubu like Sanwo-Olu"</a>. TheCable. 4 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522125209/https://www.thecable.ng/lagos-today-like-tinubu-like-sanwo-olu">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheCable&rft.atitle=Lagos+today%3A+Like+Tinubu+like+Sanwo-Olu&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecable.ng%2Flagos-today-like-tinubu-like-sanwo-olu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNnodim2022" class="citation web cs1">Nnodim, Okechukwu (29 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchng.com/nigerias-proven-gas-reserves-worth-over-803-4tn-fg/">"Nigeria's proven gas reserves worth over $803.4tn – FG"</a>. Punch Newspapers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421165556/https://punchng.com/nigerias-proven-gas-reserves-worth-over-803-4tn-fg/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punch+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+proven+gas+reserves+worth+over+%24803.4tn+%E2%80%93+FG&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft.aulast=Nnodim&rft.aufirst=Okechukwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2Fnigerias-proven-gas-reserves-worth-over-803-4tn-fg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPricewaterhouseCoopers" class="citation web cs1">PricewaterhouseCoopers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/evaluating-nigeria-gas-value-chain.html">"Evaluating Nigeria's Gas Value Chain"</a>. PwC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614022004/https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/evaluating-nigeria-gas-value-chain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaluating+Nigeria%27s+Gas+Value+Chain&rft.pub=PwC&rft.au=PricewaterhouseCoopers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fng%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fevaluating-nigeria-gas-value-chain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEjiogu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ejiogu, Amanze R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43735213">"Gas Flaring in Nigeria: Costs and Policy"</a>. Energy & Environment. 24 (6): 983–998. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EnEnv..24..983E">2013EnEnv..24..983E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1260%2F0958-305X.24.6.983">10.1260/0958-305X.24.6.983</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-305X">0958-305X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43735213">43735213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153746438">153746438</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614022003/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43735213">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Gas+Flaring+in+Nigeria%3A+Costs+and+Policy&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=983-998&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153746438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EnEnv..24..983E&rft.issn=0958-305X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1260%2F0958-305X.24.6.983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43735213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ejiogu&rft.aufirst=Amanze+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43735213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnuah2022" class="citation news cs1">Onuah, Felix (19 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-buhari-worried-over-large-scale-crude-oil-theft-2022-08-19/">"Nigeria's Buhari worried over large scale crude oil theft"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614022003/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-buhari-worried-over-large-scale-crude-oil-theft-2022-08-19/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+Buhari+worried+over+large+scale+crude+oil+theft&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft.aulast=Onuah&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnigerias-buhari-worried-over-large-scale-crude-oil-theft-2022-08-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-nigeria-says-crude-oil-theft-an-existential-threat-industry-2022-07-06/">"Shell Nigeria says crude oil theft an existential threat to industry"</a>. Reuters. 7 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211125042/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-nigeria-says-crude-oil-theft-an-existential-threat-industry-2022-07-06/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Shell+Nigeria+says+crude+oil+theft+an+existential+threat+to+industry&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fshell-nigeria-says-crude-oil-theft-an-existential-threat-industry-2022-07-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Lizzie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA26">Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-239-2"><bdi>978-1-84162-239-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040707/https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-239-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwuQ71ZbaOcC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDES2-181"><a href="#cite_ref-NDES2_181-0">^</a> Environmental Resources Managers Ltd, Niger Delta Environmental Survey Final Report Phase I; Volume I: Environmental and Socio-Economic Characteristics (Lagos: Niger Delta Environmental Survey, September 1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-politicaleconomy2-182"><a href="#cite_ref-politicaleconomy2_182-0">^</a> Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-730014-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-730014-6">0-19-730014-6</a> (Khan, Ahmad) </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1241147">"Reports | National Bureau of Statistics"</a>. nigerianstat.gov.ng. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617202838/https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1241147">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nigerianstat.gov.ng&rft.atitle=Reports+%7C+National+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnigerianstat.gov.ng%2Felibrary%2Fread%2F1241147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Nelson, P.H.H., Role of Reflection Seismic in Development of Nembe Creek Field, Nigeria, 1980, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89181-306-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89181-306-3">0-89181-306-3</a>, pp. 565–576 </li> <li id="cite_note-ShellNigeria2-185"><a href="#cite_ref-ShellNigeria2_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigeriasun.com/index.php/sid/225153307">"Stakes in four Nigerian oil fields being sold by Shell"</a>. Nigeria Sun. 27 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140831130922/http://www.nigeriasun.com/index.php/sid/225153307">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stakes+in+four+Nigerian+oil+fields+being+sold+by+Shell&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigeriasun.com%2Findex.php%2Fsid%2F225153307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atalayar.com/en/content/morocco-closer-activating-gas-pipeline-nigeria">"Morocco closer to activating the gas pipeline with Nigeria"</a>. Atalayar. 27 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103335/https://atalayar.com/en/content/morocco-closer-activating-gas-pipeline-nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atalayar&rft.atitle=Morocco+closer+to+activating+the+gas+pipeline+with+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatalayar.com%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fmorocco-closer-activating-gas-pipeline-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/natural-gas/nigerias-president-launches-new-gas-pipeline-project/29750">"Nigeria's president launches new gas pipeline project"</a>. aa.com.tr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522125209/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/natural-gas/nigerias-president-launches-new-gas-pipeline-project/29750">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+president+launches+new+gas+pipeline+project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fenergy%2Fnatural-gas%2Fnigerias-president-launches-new-gas-pipeline-project%2F29750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constructionreviewonline.com/project-timelines/nigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-nmgp-project-updates/">"Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline (NMGP) Project Updates"</a>. Construction Review Online. 9 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528231902/https://constructionreviewonline.com/project-timelines/nigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-nmgp-project-updates/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Construction+Review+Online&rft.atitle=Nigeria-Morocco+Gas+Pipeline+%28NMGP%29+Project+Updates&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstructionreviewonline.com%2Fproject-timelines%2Fnigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-nmgp-project-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"</a>. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XXVI%3A+Disarmament+%E2%80%93+No.+9+Treaty+on+the+Prohibition+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVI-9%26chapter%3D26%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_190-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noi-polls.com/post/only-57-percent-of-nigerian-electricity-customers-are-metered">"Only 57 Percent of Nigerian Electricity Customers are Metered"</a>. NOIPolls. 23 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163906/https://www.noi-polls.com/post/only-57-percent-of-nigerian-electricity-customers-are-metered">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOIPolls&rft.atitle=Only+57+Percent+of+Nigerian+Electricity+Customers+are+Metered&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noi-polls.com%2Fpost%2Fonly-57-percent-of-nigerian-electricity-customers-are-metered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/06/why-more-companies-are-moving-to-ogun/">"Industrial hub: Why more companies are moving to Ogun"</a>. Vanguard Nigeria. 19 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924000820/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/06/why-more-companies-are-moving-to-ogun/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanguard+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Industrial+hub%3A+Why+more+companies+are+moving+to+Ogun&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2013%2F06%2Fwhy-more-companies-are-moving-to-ogun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140314202910/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/05/05/ogun-states-rising-investment-profile/">"Ogun State's rising investment profile"</a>. Daily NewsWatch. 5 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/05/05/ogun-states-rising-investment-profile/">the original</a> on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ogun+State%27s+rising+investment+profile&rft.pub=Daily+NewsWatch&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mydailynewswatchng.com%2F2013%2F05%2F05%2Fogun-states-rising-investment-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131129151508/http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/top-stories/219914-ogun-state-nigeria%E2%80%99s-new-industrial-hub.html">"Ogun State: Nigeria's new Industrial hub"</a>. Online Nigeria News. 27 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/top-stories/219914-ogun-state-nigeria%E2%80%99s-new-industrial-hub.html">the original</a> on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ogun+State%3A+Nigeria%27s+new+Industrial+hub&rft.pub=Online+Nigeria+News&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews2.onlinenigeria.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-stories%2F219914-ogun-state-nigeria%25E2%2580%2599s-new-industrial-hub.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naijalitz-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Naijalitz_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naijalitz.com/nigeria-now-generates-13000mw-of-power-says-minister/">"Nigeria now generates 13,000mw of power, says Minister – Chukwuma"</a>. Naijalitz – No 1 Entertainment Portal. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+now+generates+13%2C000mw+of+power%2C+says+Minister+%E2%80%93+Chukwuma&rft.pub=Naijalitz+%E2%80%93+No+1+Entertainment+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaijalitz.com%2Fnigeria-now-generates-13000mw-of-power-says-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-195"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntu.edu.sg/cas/news-events/news/details/a-new-car-assembly-plant-begins-operation-in-nigeria">"A new car assembly plant begins operation in Nigeria"</a>. NTU-SBF Centre for African Studies (CAS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704124830/https://www.ntu.edu.sg/cas/news-events/news/details/a-new-car-assembly-plant-begins-operation-in-nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NTU-SBF+Centre+for+African+Studies+%28CAS%29&rft.atitle=A+new+car+assembly+plant+begins+operation+in+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntu.edu.sg%2Fcas%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2Fa-new-car-assembly-plant-begins-operation-in-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYager2022" class="citation web cs1">Yager, Thomas R. (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2017-18/myb3-2017-18-nigeria.pdf">"The Mineral Industry of Nigeria"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610111629/https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2017-18/myb3-2017-18-nigeria.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mineral+Industry+of+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-03&rft.aulast=Yager&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fmyb%2Fvol3%2F2017-18%2Fmyb3-2017-18-nigeria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmoh2018" class="citation web cs1">Umoh, Ruth (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/05/how-nigerian-aliko-dangote-became-the-worlds-richest-black-person.html">"Billionaire Aliko Dangote is the world's richest black person—here's how he made his wealth"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141844/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/05/how-nigerian-aliko-dangote-became-the-worlds-richest-black-person.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billionaire+Aliko+Dangote+is+the+world%27s+richest+black+person%E2%80%94here%27s+how+he+made+his+wealth&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Umoh&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F12%2F05%2Fhow-nigerian-aliko-dangote-became-the-worlds-richest-black-person.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625011058/https://www.ajaokutasteel.com/site/pagef.php?cnt=Products">"Products: Ajaokuta Steel Company: ...the Bedrock of Nigeria's Industrialization"</a>. ajaokutasteel.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajaokutasteel.com/site/pagef.php?cnt=Products">the original</a> on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ajaokutasteel.com&rft.atitle=Products%3A+Ajaokuta+Steel+Company%3A+...the+Bedrock+of+Nigeria%27s+Industrialization.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajaokutasteel.com%2Fsite%2Fpagef.php%3Fcnt%3DProducts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/steel-production-by-country">"Steel Production by Country 2022"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526162821/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/steel-production-by-country">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Steel+Production+by+Country+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Fsteel-production-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/159578-nigeria-revive-steel-rolling-mills-official.html">"Nigeria to revive steel rolling mills – Official | Premium Times Nigeria"</a>. 28 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524193627/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/159578-nigeria-revive-steel-rolling-mills-official.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+to+revive+steel+rolling+mills+%E2%80%93+Official+%7C+Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fbusiness%2F159578-nigeria-revive-steel-rolling-mills-official.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-202"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolycarp2017" class="citation news cs1">Polycarp, Nwafor (18 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nigeria-launch-africas-1st-nanosatellite/">"Nigeria to launch Africa's 1st nanosatellite"</a>. Vanguard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202808/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nigeria-launch-africas-1st-nanosatellite/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=Nigeria+to+launch+Africa%27s+1st+nanosatellite&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft.aulast=Polycarp&rft.aufirst=Nwafor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fnigeria-launch-africas-1st-nanosatellite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnyesi2021" class="citation web cs1">Onyesi, Chika (6 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/06/nigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity/">"'Nigeria's pharmaceutical sector dwindling despite 60 percent production capacity'"</a>. Daily Post Nigeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605182803/https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/06/nigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Post+Nigeria&rft.atitle=%27Nigeria%27s+pharmaceutical+sector+dwindling+despite+60+percent+production+capacity%27&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft.aulast=Onyesi&rft.aufirst=Chika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailypost.ng%2F2021%2F10%2F06%2Fnigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahaya2019" class="citation web cs1">Yahaya, Abdulwali (19 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517172640/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/registered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria/">"Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria & Their Products"</a>. Nigerian Infopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/registered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria/">the original</a> on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nigerian+Infopedia&rft.atitle=Top+10+Best+Pharmaceutical+Companies+in+Nigeria+%26+Their+Products&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.aulast=Yahaya&rft.aufirst=Abdulwali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnigerianinfopedia.com.ng%2Fregistered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emzorpharma.com/about-emzor/">"About Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited"</a>. Emzor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801201737/https://www.emzorpharma.com/about-emzor/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emzor&rft.atitle=About+Emzor+Pharmaceutical+Industries+Limited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emzorpharma.com%2Fabout-emzor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkonji,_Emma2013" class="citation web cs1">Okonji, Emma (24 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027075729/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/zinox-introduces-tablet-range-of-computers-plans-commercial-launch/162517">"Zinox Introduces Tablet Range of Computers, Plans Commercial Launch"</a>. This Day. This Day Live. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/zinox-introduces-tablet-range-of-computers-plans-commercial-launch/162517/">the original</a> on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Day&rft.atitle=Zinox+Introduces+Tablet+Range+of+Computers%2C+Plans+Commercial+Launch&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.au=Okonji%2C+Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisdaylive.com%2Farticles%2Fzinox-introduces-tablet-range-of-computers-plans-commercial-launch%2F162517%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guardian.ng/technology/nigeria-produces-five-of-seven-unicorns-in-africa/">"Nigeria produces five of seven unicorns in Africa"</a>. The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 26 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017085459/https://guardian.ng/technology/nigeria-produces-five-of-seven-unicorns-in-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+Nigeria+News+-+Nigeria+and+World+News&rft.atitle=Nigeria+produces+five+of+seven+unicorns+in+Africa&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Ftechnology%2Fnigeria-produces-five-of-seven-unicorns-in-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRouen,_Karl_R.Bellamy,_Paul2008" class="citation book cs1">DeRouen, Karl R. & Bellamy, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSLeN4U_C6kC&pg=PA546">International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99253-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99253-8"><bdi>978-0-275-99253-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tSLeN4U_C6kC&pg=PA546">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Security+and+the+United+States%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=546&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99253-8&rft.au=DeRouen%2C+Karl+R.&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSLeN4U_C6kC%26pg%3DPA546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212033405/https://www.cgdev.org/reader/new-economy-africa-opportunities-nigerias-emerging-technology-sector">"The New Economy of Africa"</a>. Center For Global Development. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgdev.org/reader/new-economy-africa-opportunities-nigerias-emerging-technology-sector">the original</a> on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+For+Global+Development&rft.atitle=The+New+Economy+of+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgdev.org%2Freader%2Fnew-economy-africa-opportunities-nigerias-emerging-technology-sector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tobyshapshak/2019/07/11/africas-booming-tech-hubs-are-backbone-of-tech-ecosystem-having-grown-40-this-year/#5ed629bf24c2">"Africa's Booming Tech Hubs Are "Backbone of Tech Ecosystem" Having Grown 40% This Year"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115164420/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tobyshapshak/2019/07/11/africas-booming-tech-hubs-are-backbone-of-tech-ecosystem-having-grown-40-this-year/#5ed629bf24c2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+Booming+Tech+Hubs+Are+%22Backbone+of+Tech+Ecosystem%22+Having+Grown+40%25+This+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftobyshapshak%2F2019%2F07%2F11%2Fafricas-booming-tech-hubs-are-backbone-of-tech-ecosystem-having-grown-40-this-year%2F%235ed629bf24c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchng.com/92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma/">"92% of Nigerian adult males own mobile device, says GSMA"</a>. Punch Newspapers. 26 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819153505/https://punchng.com/92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punch+Newspapers&rft.atitle=92%25+of+Nigerian+adult+males+own+mobile+device%2C+says+GSMA&rft.date=2022-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2F92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2019" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Emmanuel (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techpoint.africa/2019/11/28/nigerias-social-media-bill/">"Everything you need to know about Nigeria's Social Media Bill and what you can do about it"</a>. Techpoint Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520174826/https://techpoint.africa/2019/11/28/nigerias-social-media-bill/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techpoint+Africa&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Nigeria%27s+Social+Media+Bill+and+what+you+can+do+about+it&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechpoint.africa%2F2019%2F11%2F28%2Fnigerias-social-media-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suntra2-213"><a href="#cite_ref-suntra2_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibong2004" class="citation news cs1">Archibong, Maurice (18 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070426214225/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2004/mar/18/travels-mar18-01.htm">"Nigeria: Gold mine waiting to be tapped"</a>. The Sun Online. The Sun Publishing Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2004/mar/18/travels-mar18-01.htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Online&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+Gold+mine+waiting+to+be+tapped&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft.aulast=Archibong&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnewsonline.com%2Fwebpages%2Ffeatures%2Ftravels%2F2004%2Fmar%2F18%2Ftravels-mar18-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-METRO2-214"><a href="#cite_ref-METRO2_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513124623/http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf">"Managing Metropolitan Lagos"</a> (PDF). R.Rasaki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+Metropolitan+Lagos&rft.pub=R.Rasaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africaleadership.org%2Frc%2FManaging%2520Metropolitan%2520Lagos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2010" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA53">Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041215/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625172952/https://esrmafrica.org/nigeria-posts-4/">"Sustainability In The Nigerian Financial Sector – ESRM Africa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esrmafrica.org/nigeria-posts-4/">the original</a> on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sustainability+In+The+Nigerian+Financial+Sector+%E2%80%93+ESRM+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesrmafrica.org%2Fnigeria-posts-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306235701/https://t.guardian.ng/business-services/cote-divoire-others-ahead-of-nigeria-on-global-logistics-hub/">"Cote d'Ivoire, others ahead of Nigeria on global logistics hub"</a>. The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 25 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://t.guardian.ng/business-services/cote-divoire-others-ahead-of-nigeria-on-global-logistics-hub/">the original</a> on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+Nigeria+News+-+Nigeria+and+World+News&rft.atitle=Cote+d%27Ivoire%2C+others+ahead+of+Nigeria+on+global+logistics+hub&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ft.guardian.ng%2Fbusiness-services%2Fcote-divoire-others-ahead-of-nigeria-on-global-logistics-hub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnagor2021" class="citation web cs1">Anagor, Amaka (8 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-joins-world-logistics-passport-as-strategic-trade-hub-in-west-africa/">"Nigeria joins World Logistics Passport as strategic trade hub in West Africa"</a>. Businessday NG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415005457/https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-joins-world-logistics-passport-as-strategic-trade-hub-in-west-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Businessday+NG&rft.atitle=Nigeria+joins+World+Logistics+Passport+as+strategic+trade+hub+in+West+Africa&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft.aulast=Anagor&rft.aufirst=Amaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessday.ng%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fnigeria-joins-world-logistics-passport-as-strategic-trade-hub-in-west-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuaibu2022" class="citation web cs1">Shuaibu, Faruk (1 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytrust.com/how-fg-moves-to-save-35000km-road-networks">"How FG moves to save 35,000km road networks"</a>. Daily Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914134253/https://dailytrust.com/how-fg-moves-to-save-35000km-road-networks">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Trust&rft.atitle=How+FG+moves+to+save+35%2C000km+road+networks&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft.aulast=Shuaibu&rft.aufirst=Faruk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytrust.com%2Fhow-fg-moves-to-save-35000km-road-networks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesselitesafrica.com/2022/04/24/7-states-with-the-worst-road-networks-in-nigeria/,%20https://businesselitesafrica.com/2022/04/24/7-states-with-the-worst-road-networks-in-nigeria/">"7 States With the Worst Road Networks in Nigeria"</a>. 24 April 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+States+With+the+Worst+Road+Networks+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesselitesafrica.com%2F2022%2F04%2F24%2F7-states-with-the-worst-road-networks-in-nigeria%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesselitesafrica.com%2F2022%2F04%2F24%2F7-states-with-the-worst-road-networks-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914134254/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Nigeria+Road+Network">"2.3 Nigeria Road Network - Logistics Capacity Assessment - Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments"</a>. dlca.logcluster.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Nigeria+Road+Network">the original</a> on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dlca.logcluster.org&rft.atitle=2.3+Nigeria+Road+Network+-+Logistics+Capacity+Assessment+-+Digital+Logistics+Capacity+Assessments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlca.logcluster.org%2Fdisplay%2Fpublic%2FDLCA%2F2.3%2BNigeria%2BRoad%2BNetwork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saharareporters.com/2020/12/16/updated-motorists-list-nigerias-most-dangerous-roads-say-bandits-built-dens-along-them">"UPDATED: Motorists List Nigeria's Most Dangerous Roads, Say Bandits Built Dens Along Them | Sahara Reporters"</a>. saharareporters.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914134254/https://saharareporters.com/2020/12/16/updated-motorists-list-nigerias-most-dangerous-roads-say-bandits-built-dens-along-them">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saharareporters.com&rft.atitle=UPDATED%3A+Motorists+List+Nigeria%27s+Most+Dangerous+Roads%2C+Say+Bandits+Built+Dens+Along+Them+%7C+Sahara+Reporters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaharareporters.com%2F2020%2F12%2F16%2Fupdated-motorists-list-nigerias-most-dangerous-roads-say-bandits-built-dens-along-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabangida2022" class="citation web cs1">Babangida, Mohammed (18 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/530677-bandits-abduct-motorists-on-abuja-kaduna-highway.html">"Bandits abduct motorists on Abuja - Kaduna highway"</a>. Premium Times Nigeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914134253/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/530677-bandits-abduct-motorists-on-abuja-kaduna-highway.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Bandits+abduct+motorists+on+Abuja+-+Kaduna+highway&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft.aulast=Babangida&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-news%2F530677-bandits-abduct-motorists-on-abuja-kaduna-highway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytrust.com/nigerian-airports-processed-15-8m-passengers-in-1-year">"Nigerian airports processed 15.8m passengers in 1 year | Dailytrust"</a>. dailytrust.com. 22 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020185424/https://dailytrust.com/nigerian-airports-processed-15-8m-passengers-in-1-year">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailytrust.com&rft.atitle=Nigerian+airports+processed+15.8m+passengers+in+1+year+%7C+Dailytrust&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytrust.com%2Fnigerian-airports-processed-15-8m-passengers-in-1-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReport2022" class="citation web cs1">Report, Agency (9 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/504810-new-anambra-airport-records-142-flights-3865-passengers-in-one-month-official.html">"New Anambra airport records 142 flights, 3,865 passengers in one month — Official"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Premium_Times" title="Premium Times">Premium Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226134130/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/504810-new-anambra-airport-records-142-flights-3865-passengers-in-one-month-official.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times&rft.atitle=New+Anambra+airport+records+142+flights%2C+3%2C865+passengers+in+one+month+%E2%80%94+Official&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft.aulast=Report&rft.aufirst=Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fregional%2Fssouth-east%2F504810-new-anambra-airport-records-142-flights-3865-passengers-in-one-month-official.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/lagos-airports-terminal-2-opens--the-nigerian-president-wants-concessions-fast-tracked-602197">"Lagos Airport's Terminal 2 opens – the Nigerian president wants concessions 'fast-tracked'"</a>. CAPA - Centre for Aviation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530162124/https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/lagos-airports-terminal-2-opens--the-nigerian-president-wants-concessions-fast-tracked-602197">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAPA+-+Centre+for+Aviation&rft.atitle=Lagos+Airport%27s+Terminal+2+opens+%E2%80%93+the+Nigerian+president+wants+concessions+%27fast-tracked%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentreforaviation.com%2Fanalysis%2Freports%2Flagos-airports-terminal-2-opens--the-nigerian-president-wants-concessions-fast-tracked-602197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-227"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-228"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-People_and_Society:_Population22-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-People_and_Society:_Population22_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-People_and_Society:_Population22_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/">"People and Society: Population"</a>. The World Fact Book. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Fact+Book&rft.atitle=People+and+Society%3A+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEApop20112-230"><a href="#cite_ref-IEApop20112_230-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS">CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012151137/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS">Archived</a> 12 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Population 1971–2008 IEA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106205757/http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf">Archived</a> 6 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp. 83–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2023" class="citation web cs1">Dunne, Daisy (17 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria/">"The Carbon Brief Profile: Nigeria"</a>. Carbon Brief. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825081628/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=The+Carbon+Brief+Profile%3A+Nigeria&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fthe-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-232"><a href="#cite_ref-auto12_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/data">"Human Development Data (1990–2017)"</a>. United Nations Development Programme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101102154237/http://hdr.undp.org/en/data">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Data+%281990%E2%80%932017%29&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309144042/http://www.yorubanation.org/">"Egbe Omo Yoruba, National Association of Yoruba descendants in North America"</a>. yorubanation.org. 19 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorubanation.org">the original</a> on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egbe+Omo+Yoruba%2C+National+Association+of+Yoruba+descendants+in+North+America&rft.pub=yorubanation.org&rft.date=2007-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorubanation.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentHaub2005" class="citation web cs1">Kent, Mary Mederios; Haub, Carl (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426083256/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2005/TheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx">"The Demographic Divide: What It Is and Why It Matters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2005/TheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx">the original</a> on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Demographic+Divide%3A+What+It+Is+and+Why+It+Matters&rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Mary+Mederios&rft.au=Haub%2C+Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FArticles%2F2005%2FTheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldMcMillen2010" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, John F.; McMillen, Daniel P. (2010). Urban Economics and Real Estate: Theory and Policy. Wiley Desktop Editions (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59148-2"><bdi>978-0-470-59148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Economics+and+Real+Estate%3A+Theory+and+Policy&rft.series=Wiley+Desktop+Editions&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-59148-2&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=McMillen%2C+Daniel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major_Urban_Areas:_Population-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Major_Urban_Areas:_Population_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/">"Major Urban Areas: Population"</a>. The World Fact Book. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Fact+Book&rft.atitle=Major+Urban+Areas%3A+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGeo-237"><a href="#cite_ref-NGeo_237-0">^</a> "Nigeria" in Geographica: The complete Atlas of the world, Random House, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-72037-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-72037-5">0-375-72037-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA132">Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4"><bdi>978-0-472-06980-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041237/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA132#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Apart%3A+Oil%2C+Politics%2C+and+Economic+Change+in+Indonesia+and+Nigeria&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06980-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4-rlVeb1n0C%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuberu2001" class="citation book cs1">Suberu, Rotimi T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKeUMmDlPkEC&pg=PA154">Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria</a>. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-28-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-28-2"><bdi>978-1-929223-28-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041216/https://books.google.com/books?id=WKeUMmDlPkEC&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Nigeria&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-28-2&rft.aulast=Suberu&rft.aufirst=Rotimi+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKeUMmDlPkEC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolitzer2008" class="citation web cs1">Politzer, Malia (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690">"China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration"</a>. Migration Information Source. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140129114909/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+and+Africa%3A+Stronger+Economic+Ties+Mean+More+Migration&rft.pub=Migration+Information+Source&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Politzer&rft.aufirst=Malia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2FFeature%2Fdisplay.cfm%3Fid%3D690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2008" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Sarah (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0502/p04s01-woaf.html">"Why white Zimbabwean farmers plan to stay in Nigeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504072806/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0502/p04s01-woaf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Why+white+Zimbabwean+farmers+plan+to+stay+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2008%2F0502%2Fp04s01-woaf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#people-and-society/">"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. www.cia.gov. 7 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F%23people-and-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbihardSimonsFennig2019" class="citation web cs1">Ebihard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com">"Nigeria"</a>. Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912022921/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdegbija2003" class="citation book cs1">Adegbija, Efurosibina E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auI_WuBrWncC&pg=PA55">Multilingualism: A Nigerian Case Study</a>. Last paragraph: Africa World Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-173-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-173-9"><bdi>978-1-59221-173-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041223/https://books.google.com/books?id=auI_WuBrWncC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingualism%3A+A+Nigerian+Case+Study&rft.place=Last+paragraph&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59221-173-9&rft.aulast=Adegbija&rft.aufirst=Efurosibina+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauI_WuBrWncC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cia_19-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Cia_19_245-0">^</a> CIA Factbook: Nigeria <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110080854/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/401.html">[1]</a> (retrieved 9 May 2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2021" class="citation journal cs1">McKinnon, Andrew (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13644-021-00450-5?platform=hootsuite">"Christians, Muslims and Traditional Worshippers in Nigeria: Estimating the Relative Proportions from Eleven Nationally Representative Social Surveys"</a>. Review of Religious Research. 63 (2): 303–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13644-021-00450-5">10.1007/s13644-021-00450-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F16008">2164/16008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233821494">233821494</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531120236/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13644-021-00450-5?platform=hootsuite">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Christians%2C+Muslims+and+Traditional+Worshippers+in+Nigeria%3A+Estimating+the+Relative+Proportions+from+Eleven+Nationally+Representative+Social+Surveys&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-315&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F16008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233821494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13644-021-00450-5&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs13644-021-00450-5%3Fplatform%3Dhootsuite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Chitando, Ezra (editor: Afe Adogame), African Traditions in the Study of Religion, Diaspora and Gendered Societies, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> (2016), p. 31, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317184188" title="Special:BookSources/9781317184188">9781317184188</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMjeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041224/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMjeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 27 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Forum_on_Religion2-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Forum_on_Religion2_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130101080244/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php">"Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Percentages"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php">the original</a> on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Table%3A+Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+in+Percentages&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.pewforum.org%2Fgrl%2Fpopulation-percentage.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamant2019" class="citation web cs1">Diamant, Jeff (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/">"The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118120245/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+countries+with+the+10+largest+Christian+populations+and+the+10+largest+Muslim+populations&rft.date=2019-04&rft.aulast=Diamant&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F04%2F01%2Fthe-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-250"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016175434/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_166_2.asp">"Religious Adherents, 2010 – Nigeria"</a>. World Christian Database. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_166_2.asp">the original</a> on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Adherents%2C+2010+%E2%80%93+Nigeria&rft.pub=World+Christian+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FinternationalData%2Fcountries%2FCountry_166_2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regional_Distribution_of_Christians2-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Regional_Distribution_of_Christians2_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/">"Regional Distribution of Christians"</a>. Pewforum.org. 19 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801012932/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Distribution+of+Christians&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Fglobal-christianity-regions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-muslim/Regional">"Distribution of Christians"</a>. 4 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+Christians&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-muslim%2FRegional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/">"The Future of the Global Muslim Population"</a>. Pewforum.org. 27 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Fthe-future-of-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/">"Nigeria - The World Factbook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. 6 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA&rft.atitle=Nigeria+-+The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/view-large/35408497">"Research note: Exploring survey data for historical and anthropological research: Muslim–Christian relations in south-west Nigeria"</a>. Academic.oup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930220115/https://academic.oup.com/view-large/35408497">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+note%3A+Exploring+survey+data+for+historical+and+anthropological+research%3A+Muslim%E2%80%93Christian+relations+in+south-west+Nigeria&rft.pub=Academic.oup.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fview-large%2F35408497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306085141/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/columnist/thursday/jide-osuntokun/46858-nigeria-a-secular-or-multi-religious-state-2.html">"Nigeria: a secular or multi-religious state – 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/columnist/thursday/jide-osuntokun/46858-nigeria-a-secular-or-multi-religious-state-2.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+a+secular+or+multi-religious+state+%E2%80%93+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationonlineng.net%2F2011%2Findex.php%2Fcolumnist%2Fthursday%2Fjide-osuntokun%2F46858-nigeria-a-secular-or-multi-religious-state-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229202021/http://www.nasarawastate.org/newsday/news/culture/11129114540.html">"The Middle Belt: History and politics"</a>. Nasarawastate.org. 29 November 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasarawastate.org/newsday/news/culture/11129114540.html">the original</a> on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Belt%3A+History+and+politics&rft.pub=Nasarawastate.org&rft.date=2004-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasarawastate.org%2Fnewsday%2Fnews%2Fculture%2F11129114540.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Akhtar, Rais (1991), Health Care Patterns and Planning in Developing Countries, Greenwood Press, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128203803/http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm">"User fees for health: a background"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm">the original</a> on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User+fees+for+health%3A+a+background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldis.org%2Fhealthsystems%2Fuserfees%2Fbackground.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828093311/http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/378">"Effect of the Bamako-Initiative drug revolving fund on availability and rational use of essential drugs in primary health care facilities in south-east Nigeria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/378">the original</a> on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effect+of+the+Bamako-Initiative+drug+revolving+fund+on+availability+and+rational+use+of+essential+drugs+in+primary+health+care+facilities+in+south-east+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheapol.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F17%2F4%2F378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_261-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noi-polls.com/post/malaria-disease-a-worrisome-health-challenge-in-nigeria">"Malaria Disease: A Worrisome Health Challenge in Nigeria"</a>. NOIPolls. 15 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163906/https://www.noi-polls.com/post/malaria-disease-a-worrisome-health-challenge-in-nigeria">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOIPolls&rft.atitle=Malaria+Disease%3A+A+Worrisome+Health+Challenge+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noi-polls.com%2Fpost%2Fmalaria-disease-a-worrisome-health-challenge-in-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_262-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/NGA">"| Human Development Reports"</a>. hdr.undp.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201161539/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/NGA">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=%7C+Human+Development+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FNGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.countdown2030.org/#/cp/NGA">"Countdown Country Profiles"</a>. profiles.countdown2030.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065727/https://profiles.countdown2030.org/#/cp/NGA">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profiles.countdown2030.org&rft.atitle=Countdown+Country+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.countdown2030.org%2F%23%2Fcp%2FNGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=NG">"Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) - Nigeria | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307152327/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=NG">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Mortality+rate%2C+infant+%28per+1%2C000+live+births%29+-+Nigeria+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.IMRT.IN%3Flocations%3DNG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeil-265"><a href="#cite_ref-McNeil_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2012" class="citation news cs1">McNeil, Donald (11 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/12/health/a-match-and-a-mission-helping-blacks-battle-cancer.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all">"Finding a Match, and a Mission: Helping Blacks Survive Cancer"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411030631/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/12/health/a-match-and-a-mission-helping-blacks-battle-cancer.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Finding+a+Match%2C+and+a+Mission%3A+Helping+Blacks+Survive+Cancer&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F12%2Fhealth%2Fa-match-and-a-mission-helping-blacks-battle-cancer.html%3F_r%3D1%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt_Schiavenza-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Matt_Schiavenza_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiavenza2014" class="citation web cs1">Schiavenza, Matt (14 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/why-nigeria-stopped-ebola-but-not-boko-haram/381442/">"Why Nigeria Was Able to Beat Ebola, but Not Boko Haram"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135605/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/why-nigeria-stopped-ebola-but-not-boko-haram/381442/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+Nigeria+Was+Able+to+Beat+Ebola%2C+but+Not+Boko+Haram&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft.aulast=Schiavenza&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2014%2F10%2Fwhy-nigeria-stopped-ebola-but-not-boko-haram%2F381442%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Punch-267"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Punch_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124719/http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/">"US sends experts to study Nigeria's anti-Ebola strategies"</a>. The Punch. 3 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/">the original</a> on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Punch&rft.atitle=US+sends+experts+to+study+Nigeria%27s+anti-Ebola+strategies&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punchng.com%2Fnews%2Fus-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanguard-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Vanguard_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdiogor2014" class="citation web cs1">Odiogor, Hugo (2 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/us-sends-medical-experts-study-nigeria-tamed-ebola/">"US sends medical experts to study how Nigeria tamed Ebola"</a>. Vanguard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035212/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/us-sends-medical-experts-study-nigeria-tamed-ebola/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=US+sends+medical+experts+to+study+how+Nigeria+tamed+Ebola&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.aulast=Odiogor&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fus-sends-medical-experts-study-nigeria-tamed-ebola%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnekwe2003" class="citation web cs1">Anekwe, Mike Chinedu (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527134510/http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/barticles/brain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm">"BRAIN DRAIN: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE (1)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta_Congress" title="Niger Delta Congress">Niger Delta Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/barticles/brain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BRAIN+DRAIN%3A+THE+NIGERIAN+EXPERIENCE+%281%29&rft.pub=Niger+Delta+Congress&rft.date=2003-04&rft.aulast=Anekwe&rft.aufirst=Mike+Chinedu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigerdeltacongress.com%2Fbarticles%2Fbrain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP2006-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP2006_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP2006_270-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf">"Country Profile – Nigeria"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Library of Congress">United States Library of Congress</a> – Federal Research Division. July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527194855/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile+%E2%80%93+Nigeria&rft.pub=United+States+Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FNigeria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/education">"Education | UNICEF Nigeria"</a>. www.unicef.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126083302/https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/education">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Education+%7C+UNICEF+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fnigeria%2Feducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. www.wipo.int. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_273-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_273-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noi-polls.com/post/7-in-10-nigerians-find-state-of-security-dreadful">"7 In 10 Nigerians find "state of security" dreadful"</a>. noi-polls.com. 27 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004023643/https://www.noi-polls.com/post/7-in-10-nigerians-find-state-of-security-dreadful">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=noi-polls.com&rft.atitle=7+In+10+Nigerians+find+%22state+of+security%22+dreadful&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noi-polls.com%2Fpost%2F7-in-10-nigerians-find-state-of-security-dreadful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483">"Nigeria Security Tracker"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115063510/https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Nigeria+Security+Tracker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fnigeria%2Fnigeria-security-tracker%2Fp29483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgwe2023" class="citation news cs1">Igwe, Uchenna (17 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/jan/17/nigeria-pirates-switch-targets-from-ships-to-shore">"Murder, kidnapping and arson: Nigerian pirates switch targets from ships to shore"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041232/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/jan/17/nigeria-pirates-switch-targets-from-ships-to-shore">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Murder%2C+kidnapping+and+arson%3A+Nigerian+pirates+switch+targets+from+ships+to+shore&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Igwe&rft.aufirst=Uchenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2023%2Fjan%2F17%2Fnigeria-pirates-switch-targets-from-ships-to-shore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.occ.gov/topics/consumers-and-communities/consumer-protection/fraud-resources/types-of-consumer-fraud.html#nigerian">"Types of Consumer Fraud"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a>. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+Consumer+Fraud&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Comptroller+of+the+Currency&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occ.gov%2Ftopics%2Fconsumers-and-communities%2Fconsumer-protection%2Ffraud-resources%2Ftypes-of-consumer-fraud.html%23nigerian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc/about-efcc/the-establishment-act">"The Establishment Act"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission" title="Economic and Financial Crimes Commission">Economic and Financial Crimes Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625141718/https://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc/about-efcc/the-establishment-act">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Financial+Crimes+Commission&rft.atitle=The+Establishment+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efccnigeria.org%2Fefcc%2Fabout-efcc%2Fthe-establishment-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanni2023" class="citation web cs1">Sanni, Kunle (4 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/574055-efcc-secures-3785-convictions-in-2022.html">"EFCC secures 3,785 convictions in 2022"</a>. Premium Times Nigeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005041037/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/574055-efcc-secures-3785-convictions-in-2022.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.atitle=EFCC+secures+3%2C785+convictions+in+2022&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft.aulast=Sanni&rft.aufirst=Kunle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Fmore-news%2F574055-efcc-secures-3785-convictions-in-2022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgbana2023" class="citation web cs1">Agbana, Rotimi (20 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchng.com/corrupt-politicians-planning-to-flee-before-may-29-efcc/">"Corrupt politicians planning to flee before May 29 - EFCC"</a>. Punch Newspapers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005041036/https://punchng.com/corrupt-politicians-planning-to-flee-before-may-29-efcc/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punch+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Corrupt+politicians+planning+to+flee+before+May+29+-+EFCC&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft.aulast=Agbana&rft.aufirst=Rotimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2Fcorrupt-politicians-planning-to-flee-before-may-29-efcc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/15/nigerias-president-tinubu-suspends-anti-corruption-agency-head">"Nigeria's President Tinubu suspends anti-corruption agency head"</a>. aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005041036/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/15/nigerias-president-tinubu-suspends-anti-corruption-agency-head">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+President+Tinubu+suspends+anti-corruption+agency+head&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F6%2F15%2Fnigerias-president-tinubu-suspends-anti-corruption-agency-head&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?end=2017&locations=NG&start=1985">"Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - Nigeria | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928132013/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?end=2017&locations=NG&start=1985">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%242.15+a+day+%282017+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+-+Nigeria+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.DDAY%3Fend%3D2017%26locations%3DNG%26start%3D1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlawoyin2022" class="citation web cs1">Olawoyin, Oladeinde (30 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html">"Number of poor people in Nigeria to reach 95 million in 2022 – World Bank"</a>. Premium Times Nigeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012074437/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Number+of+poor+people+in+Nigeria+to+reach+95+million+in+2022+%E2%80%93+World+Bank&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.aulast=Olawoyin&rft.aufirst=Oladeinde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Fheadlines%2F520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/21/afw-deep-structural-reforms-guided-by-evidence-are-urgently-needed-to-lift-millions-of-nigerians-out-of-poverty">"Nigeria Poverty Assessment"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011134326/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/21/afw-deep-structural-reforms-guided-by-evidence-are-urgently-needed-to-lift-millions-of-nigerians-out-of-poverty">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+Poverty+Assessment&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2022%2F03%2F21%2Fafw-deep-structural-reforms-guided-by-evidence-are-urgently-needed-to-lift-millions-of-nigerians-out-of-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/16/official-us-poverty-rate-is-based-hopelessly-out-of-date-metric/">"Perspective | The official U.S. poverty rate is based on a hopelessly out-of-date metric"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531021450/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/16/official-us-poverty-rate-is-based-hopelessly-out-of-date-metric/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Perspective+%7C+The+official+U.S.+poverty+rate+is+based+on+a+hopelessly+out-of-date+metric&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2019%2F09%2F16%2Fofficial-us-poverty-rate-is-based-hopelessly-out-of-date-metric%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.numerade.com/questions/why-is-it-difficult-to-determine-a-universal-poverty-threshold/">"SOLVED:Why is it difficult to determine a universal poverty threshold?"</a>. numerade.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012071029/https://www.numerade.com/questions/why-is-it-difficult-to-determine-a-universal-poverty-threshold/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=numerade.com&rft.atitle=SOLVED%3AWhy+is+it+difficult+to+determine+a+universal+poverty+threshold%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.numerade.com%2Fquestions%2Fwhy-is-it-difficult-to-determine-a-universal-poverty-threshold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchng.com/92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma/">"92% of Nigerian adult males own mobile device, says GSMA"</a>. Punch Newspapers. 26 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819153505/https://punchng.com/92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punch+Newspapers&rft.atitle=92%25+of+Nigerian+adult+males+own+mobile+device%2C+says+GSMA&rft.date=2022-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2F92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StateDeptHumanRights2-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StateDeptHumanRights2_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateDeptHumanRights2_287-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175315/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm">"2008 Human Rights Report: Nigeria"</a>. 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. United States, Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 25 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2008+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices&rft.atitle=2008+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Nigeria&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2008%2Faf%2F119018.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/cedaw/pages/cedawindex.aspx">"OHCHR | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women"</a>. ohchr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301183748/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CEDAW/Pages/CEDAWIndex.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%26%23124%3B+Committee+on+the+Elimination+of+Discrimination+against+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhrbodies%2Fcedaw%2Fpages%2Fcedawindex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilbert2017" class="citation news cs1">Guilbert, Kieran (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-women-lawmaking-idUSKCN0WJ2L4">"Failure to pass equality bill betrays Nigerian women, activists say"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025232111/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-women-lawmaking-idUSKCN0WJ2L4">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Failure+to+pass+equality+bill+betrays+Nigerian+women%2C+activists+say&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.aulast=Guilbert&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-nigeria-women-lawmaking-idUSKCN0WJ2L4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/50b4ab202.html">"Refworld – Nigeria: Prevalence of forced marriage, particularly in Muslim and Yoruba communities; information on legislation, including state protection; ability of women to refuse a forced marriage"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224191703/https://www.refworld.org/docid/50b4ab202.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refworld+%E2%80%93+Nigeria%3A+Prevalence+of+forced+marriage%2C+particularly+in+Muslim+and+Yoruba+communities%3B+information+on+legislation%2C+including+state+protection%3B+ability+of+women+to+refuse+a+forced+marriage&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F50b4ab202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2013" class="citation news cs1">Mark, Monica (2 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/sep/02/nigeria-child-brides-religion">"Nigeria's child brides: 'I thought being in labour would never end'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301091348/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/sep/02/nigeria-child-brides-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+child+brides%3A+%27I+thought+being+in+labour+would+never+end%27&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2013%2Fsep%2F02%2Fnigeria-child-brides-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2015" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Joe Sandler (11 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/11/the-tragedy-of-nigerias-child-brides">"Nigeria: Child brides facing death sentences a decade after child marriage prohibited"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225035118/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/11/the-tragedy-of-nigerias-child-brides">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+Child+brides+facing+death+sentences+a+decade+after+child+marriage+prohibited&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Joe+Sandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development-professionals-network%2F2015%2Fmar%2F11%2Fthe-tragedy-of-nigerias-child-brides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoneyin2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lola_Shoneyin" title="Lola Shoneyin">Shoneyin, Lola</a> (19 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/20/polygamy-nigeria-abuja-tradition">"Polygamy? No thanks"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909180216/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/20/polygamy-nigeria-abuja-tradition">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Polygamy%3F+No+thanks&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft.aulast=Shoneyin&rft.aufirst=Lola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fmar%2F20%2Fpolygamy-nigeria-abuja-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlukoAmidu2006" class="citation web cs1">Aluko, Bioye Tajudeen & Amidu, Abdul–Rasheed (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/accra/papers/ts09/ts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf">"Women and Land Rights Reforms in Nigeria"</a> (PDF). 5th FIG Regional Conference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126044618/https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/accra/papers/ts09/ts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+and+Land+Rights+Reforms+in+Nigeria&rft.pub=5th+FIG+Regional+Conference&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Aluko&rft.aufirst=Bioye+Tajudeen&rft.au=Amidu%2C+Abdul%E2%80%93Rasheed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fig.net%2Fresources%2Fproceedings%2Ffig_proceedings%2Faccra%2Fpapers%2Fts09%2Fts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT">"Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214211400/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Maternal+mortality+ratio+%28modeled+estimate%2C+per+100%2C000+live+births%29+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.STA.MMRT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopping2015" class="citation web cs1">Topping, Alexandra (29 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners">"Nigeria's female genital mutilation ban is important precedent, say campaigners"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205184606/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+female+genital+mutilation+ban+is+important+precedent%2C+say+campaigners&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft.aulast=Topping&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2015%2Fmay%2F29%2Foutlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOduah2015" class="citation web cs1">Oduah, Chika (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/11/in-nigeria-neglected-women-bear-the-shame-of-fistulas.html">"In Nigeria, neglected women bear the shame of fistulas"</a>. america.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224033157/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/11/in-nigeria-neglected-women-bear-the-shame-of-fistulas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=america.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=In+Nigeria%2C+neglected+women+bear+the+shame+of+fistulas&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.aulast=Oduah&rft.aufirst=Chika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F6%2F11%2Fin-nigeria-neglected-women-bear-the-shame-of-fistulas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-dutch-doctor-and-the-river-spirit/">"The Dutch doctor and the river spirit"</a>. Radio Netherlands Archives. 6 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224192825/http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-dutch-doctor-and-the-river-spirit/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Netherlands+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+doctor+and+the+river+spirit&rft.date=2002-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionetherlandsarchives.org%2Fthe-dutch-doctor-and-the-river-spirit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjayi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ajayi, Kunle (2007). "Gender Self-Endangering: The Sexist Issue in Nigerian Politics". The Social Science Journal. 14: 137–147 – via Department of Political Science, University of Ado.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Social+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Gender+Self-Endangering%3A+The+Sexist+Issue+in+Nigerian+Politics&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=137-147&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ajayi&rft.aufirst=Kunle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Epiphany Azinge, "The Right to Vote in Nigeria: A Critical Commentary on the Open Ballot System," Journal of African Law, Vol. 38, No. 2 (1994), pp. 173–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723_301-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjayi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ajayi, Kunle (2007). "Gender Self-Endangering: The Sexist Issue in Nigerian Politics". The Social Science Journal. 14 (137–147 &#x2013) – via Department of Political Science, University of Ado.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Social+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Gender+Self-Endangering%3A+The+Sexist+Issue+in+Nigerian+Politics&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=137%E2%80%93147+%26%23x2013&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ajayi&rft.aufirst=Kunle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFapohunda2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fapohunda, Tinuke M (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258344067">"Women and the Informal Sector in Nigeria: Implications for Development"</a>. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences. 4 (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2046-9578">2046-9578</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804222517/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258344067">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Arts+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Informal+Sector+in+Nigeria%3A+Implications+for+Development&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.issn=2046-9578&rft.aulast=Fapohunda&rft.aufirst=Tinuke+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F258344067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearakCameron2016" class="citation news cs1">Bearak, Max; Cameron, Darla (16 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/">"Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623062213/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+10+countries+where+homosexuality+may+be+punished+by+death&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Darla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F06%2F13%2Fhere-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKtravel2-304"><a href="#cite_ref-UKtravel2_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524133652/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3">"Sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria"</a>. Travel advice by country. United Kingdom, Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 20 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3">the original</a> on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+advice+by+country&rft.atitle=Sub+Saharan+Africa%2C+Nigeria&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Ftravel-and-living-abroad%2Ftravel-advice-by-country%2Fsub-saharan-africa%2Fnigeria%3Fta%3DlawsCustoms%26pg%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewglobal.org2-305"><a href="#cite_ref-pewglobal.org2_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/">"The Global Divide on Homosexuality"</a>. pewglobal. 4 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034522/http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pewglobal&rft.atitle=The+Global+Divide+on+Homosexuality&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2013%2F06%2F04%2Fthe-global-divide-on-homosexuality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nigeria-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-or-expression-nigeria-february-2022-accessible-version#general-treatment-by-state-and-non-state-actors">"Country policy and information note: sexual orientation and gender identity or expression, Nigeria, February 2022 (accessible version)"</a>. Gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012014659/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nigeria-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-or-expression-nigeria-february-2022-accessible-version#general-treatment-by-state-and-non-state-actors">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Country+policy+and+information+note%3A+sexual+orientation+and+gender+identity+or+expression%2C+Nigeria%2C+February+2022+%28accessible+version%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fnigeria-country-policy-and-information-notes%2Fcountry-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-or-expression-nigeria-february-2022-accessible-version%23general-treatment-by-state-and-non-state-actors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansford2023" class="citation web cs1">Hansford, Amelia (5 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/09/05/nigeria-alleged-gay-wedding/">"More than 60 people remanded in jail for attending alleged gay wedding in Nigeria"</a>. PinkNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012014659/https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/09/05/nigeria-alleged-gay-wedding/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=More+than+60+people+remanded+in+jail+for+attending+alleged+gay+wedding+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=Hansford&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepinknews.com%2F2023%2F09%2F05%2Fnigeria-alleged-gay-wedding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoonerOluwagbile2022" class="citation web cs1">Spooner, Moina; Oluwagbile, Segun (18 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/nigerias-endless-lecturer-strikes-insights-from-some-essential-reads-190805">"Nigeria's endless lecturer strikes: insights from some essential reads"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930015733/https://theconversation.com/nigerias-endless-lecturer-strikes-insights-from-some-essential-reads-190805">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+endless+lecturer+strikes%3A+insights+from+some+essential+reads&rft.date=2022-09-18&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Moina&rft.au=Oluwagbile%2C+Segun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fnigerias-endless-lecturer-strikes-insights-from-some-essential-reads-190805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfricaNews2022" class="citation web cs1">AfricaNews (6 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/06/nigeria-students-abandoned-as-teachers-strike-drags-on/">"Nigeria: students abandoned as teachers' strike drags on"</a>. Africanews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929070943/https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/06/nigeria-students-abandoned-as-teachers-strike-drags-on/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+students+abandoned+as+teachers%27+strike+drags+on&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft.au=AfricaNews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2022%2F09%2F06%2Fnigeria-students-abandoned-as-teachers-strike-drags-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theconversation-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theconversation_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theconversation_310-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theconversation_310-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theconversation_310-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theconversation_310-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/100-years-of-pop-music-in-nigeria-what-shaped-four-eras-181298">"100 years of pop music in Nigeria: What shaped four eras"</a>. 14 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041348/https://theconversation.com/100-years-of-pop-music-in-nigeria-what-shaped-four-eras-181298">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+years+of+pop+music+in+Nigeria%3A+What+shaped+four+eras&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2F100-years-of-pop-music-in-nigeria-what-shaped-four-eras-181298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunng-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sunng_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunng_311-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunng_311-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunng_311-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnewsonline.com/nigerians-and-their-music-a-historical-perspective/?amp">"Nigerians and their music: A historical perspective"</a>. The Sun Nigeria. 10 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016042850/https://sunnewsonline.com/nigerians-and-their-music-a-historical-perspective/?amp">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Nigerians+and+their+music%3A+A+historical+perspective&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnewsonline.com%2Fnigerians-and-their-music-a-historical-perspective%2F%3Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/william-onyeabor-mn0000683943">"William Onyeabor Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031063653/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/william-onyeabor-mn0000683943">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=William+Onyeabor+Songs%2C+Albums%2C+Reviews%2C+Bio+%26+More&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fwilliam-onyeabor-mn0000683943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOluwafemi2023" class="citation web cs1">Oluwafemi, Taiwo (20 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tooxclusive.com/2face-dbanj-p-square-who-was-the-biggest-artiste-of-their-era/">"2face, D'banj, P-Square - Who Was The Biggest Artiste Of Their Era?"</a>. tooXclusive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041349/https://tooxclusive.com/2face-dbanj-p-square-who-was-the-biggest-artiste-of-their-era/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tooXclusive&rft.atitle=2face%2C+D%27banj%2C+P-Square+-+Who+Was+The+Biggest+Artiste+Of+Their+Era%3F&rft.date=2023-02-20&rft.aulast=Oluwafemi&rft.aufirst=Taiwo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftooxclusive.com%2F2face-dbanj-p-square-who-was-the-biggest-artiste-of-their-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzeez2018" class="citation web cs1">Azeez, Makinde (8 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/2baba-dbanj-and-psquare-which-one-of-them-is-worth-calling-a-musical-legend">"2Baba, D'banj And Psquare - Which One Of Them Is Worth Calling A Musical Legend?"</a>. Naijaloaded. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041350/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/2baba-dbanj-and-psquare-which-one-of-them-is-worth-calling-a-musical-legend">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naijaloaded&rft.atitle=2Baba%2C+D%27banj+And+Psquare+-+Which+One+Of+Them+Is+Worth+Calling+A+Musical+Legend%3F&rft.date=2018-09-08&rft.aulast=Azeez&rft.aufirst=Makinde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naijaloaded.com.ng%2Fentertainment%2F2baba-dbanj-and-psquare-which-one-of-them-is-worth-calling-a-musical-legend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHOPKID2023" class="citation web cs1">HOPKID (25 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naijasureguys.com.ng/psquare-paved-the-way-for-afrobeat-not-dbanj-or-2face/">"PSquare Paved The Way For Afrobeat Not D'banj or 2face"</a>. THE NSG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041349/https://naijasureguys.com.ng/psquare-paved-the-way-for-afrobeat-not-dbanj-or-2face/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THE+NSG&rft.atitle=PSquare+Paved+The+Way+For+Afrobeat+Not+D%27banj+or+2face&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft.au=HOPKID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaijasureguys.com.ng%2Fpsquare-paved-the-way-for-afrobeat-not-dbanj-or-2face%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209102925/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html">"AP/CNN: MTV launches first-ever African music award show"</a>. CNN. 22 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html">the original</a> on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AP%2FCNN%3A+MTV+launches+first-ever+African+music+award+show&rft.date=2008-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F11%2F22%2FMTV.Africa.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top_20_films_9th_15th_April_2021_-_Cinema_Exhibitors_Association_of_Nigeria-317"><a href="#cite_ref-Top_20_films_9th_15th_April_2021_-_Cinema_Exhibitors_Association_of_Nigeria_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021">"Top 20 Films Report 9th-15th April 2021"</a>. Nigeria: CEAN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420090341/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+20+Films+Report+9th-15th+April+2021&rft.place=Nigeria&rft.pub=CEAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceanigeria.com%2Fbox-office%2F206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-premiumtimesng.com-318"><a href="#cite_ref-premiumtimesng.com_318-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugoye2020" class="citation web cs1">Augoye, Jayne (7 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/371619-wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade.html">"'Wedding Party 1' named highest-grossing Nollywood movie of the decade"</a>. Premium Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805142103/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/371619-wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times&rft.atitle=%27Wedding+Party+1%27+named+highest-grossing+Nollywood+movie+of+the+decade&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.aulast=Augoye&rft.aufirst=Jayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fentertainment%2Fnollywood%2F371619-wedding-party-1-named-highest-grossing-nollywood-movie-of-the-decade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/wedding-party-2-destination-dubai-costs-n300m-producer/">"'The Wedding Party 2 -Destination Dubai" costs N300m–Producer"</a>. 31 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184205/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/wedding-party-2-destination-dubai-costs-n300m-producer/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Wedding+Party+2+-Destination+Dubai%22+costs+N300m%E2%80%93Producer&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fwedding-party-2-destination-dubai-costs-n300m-producer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/120-top-20-films-27th-december-2019-2nd-january-2020">"Top 20 films 27th December 2019 2nd January 2020 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria"</a>. ceanigeria.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203124604/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/120-top-20-films-27th-december-2019-2nd-january-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ceanigeria.com&rft.atitle=Top+20+films+27th+December+2019+2nd+January+2020+-+Cinema+Exhibitors+Association+of+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceanigeria.com%2Fbox-office%2F120-top-20-films-27th-december-2019-2nd-january-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top_20_films_24th_26th_June_2022_-_Cinema_Exhibitors_Association_of_Nigeria-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Top_20_films_24th_26th_June_2022_-_Cinema_Exhibitors_Association_of_Nigeria_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/324-top-20-films-weekend-24th-26th-june">"Top 20 films 24th - 26th June 2022 - Cinema Exhibitors Association of Nigeria"</a>. ceanigeria.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112052704/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/324-top-20-films-weekend-24th-26th-june">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ceanigeria.com&rft.atitle=Top+20+films+24th+-+26th+June+2022+-+Cinema+Exhibitors+Association+of+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceanigeria.com%2Fbox-office%2F324-top-20-films-weekend-24th-26th-june&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2010/12/16/lights-camera-africa?story_id=17723124&CFID=153287426&CFTOKEN=59754693">"Lights, camera, Africa"</a>. The Economist. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031741/https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2010/12/16/lights-camera-africa?story_id=17723124&CFID=153287426&CFTOKEN=59754693">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Lights%2C+camera%2C+Africa&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchristmas-specials%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Flights-camera-africa%3Fstory_id%3D17723124%26CFID%3D153287426%26CFTOKEN%3D59754693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorburn,_Jane2-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Thorburn,_Jane2_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorburn,_Jane" class="citation web cs1">Thorburn, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janethorburn.co.uk/nollywood2DoingItRight.html#pixsmall48adfc">"NOLLYWOOD 2 Doing It Right"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311052908/http://www.janethorburn.co.uk/nollywood2DoingItRight.html#pixsmall48adfc">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOLLYWOOD+2+Doing+It+Right&rft.au=Thorburn%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janethorburn.co.uk%2Fnollywood2DoingItRight.html%23pixsmall48adfc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economist2-324"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist2_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/07/nigerian-films-try-move-upmarket">"Nigerian films try to move upmarket: Nollywood's new scoreboard"</a>. The Economist. 17 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209134216/https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/07/nigerian-films-try-move-upmarket">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Nigerian+films+try+to+move+upmarket%3A+Nollywood%27s+new+scoreboard&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbaobab%2F2014%2F07%2Fnigerian-films-try-move-upmarket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkande,_Victor2014" class="citation web cs1">Akande, Victor (14 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenationonlineng.net/new/toronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood/">"Toronto: Nigerians disagree over new Nollywood"</a>. The Nation Newspaper. The Nation Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922123311/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/toronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Toronto%3A+Nigerians+disagree+over+new+Nollywood&rft.date=2014-09-14&rft.au=Akande%2C+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenationonlineng.net%2Fnew%2Ftoronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListon,_Enjoli2014" class="citation web cs1">Liston, Enjoli (10 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/nigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood">"Hello Nollywood: how Nigeria became Africa's biggest economy overnight"</a>. The Guardian Newspaper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412020045/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/nigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Hello+Nollywood%3A+how+Nigeria+became+Africa%27s+biggest+economy+overnight&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.au=Liston%2C+Enjoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fapr%2F10%2Fnigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlewood,_Phil2014" class="citation web cs1">Hazlewood, Phil (7 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145853/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/world/2014/04/07/nollywood-helps-nigeria-kick-south-africa-s-economic-butt">"Nollywood helps Nigeria kick South Africa's economic butt"</a>. Sowetan Live. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/world/2014/04/07/nollywood-helps-nigeria-kick-south-africa-s-economic-butt">the original</a> on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nollywood+helps+Nigeria+kick+South+Africa%27s+economic+butt&rft.pub=Sowetan+Live&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.au=Hazlewood%2C+Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sowetanlive.co.za%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2014%2F04%2F07%2Fnollywood-helps-nigeria-kick-south-africa-s-economic-butt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManasa2010" class="citation news cs1">Manasa, Makweembo (11 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710080804/http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/">"TB Joshua – 21st Century Prophet in Our Midst?"</a>. Zambian Watchdog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/">the original</a> on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zambian+Watchdog&rft.atitle=TB+Joshua+%E2%80%93+21st+Century+Prophet+in+Our+Midst%3F&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.aulast=Manasa&rft.aufirst=Makweembo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambianwatchdog.com%2F2010%2F02%2F11%2Ftb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineNigeria2-329"><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineNigeria2_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlinenigeria.com/festivals/">"Festivals in Nigeria"</a>. Online Nigeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116020515/http://www.onlinenigeria.com/festivals/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Festivals+in+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinenigeria.com%2Ffestivals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford20102-330"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford20102_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VFONkYzHco8C&pg=PA243">"Patchwork of Celebration"</a>. The Report: Nigeria 2010. Oxford Business Group. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-14-9"><bdi>978-1-907065-14-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patchwork+of+Celebration&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Nigeria+2010&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-14-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVFONkYzHco8C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> Anthonio, H.O. and Isoun, M. (1982), Nigerian Cookbook, Macmillan, Lagos, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-32698-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-32698-9">0-333-32698-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNone2019" class="citation web cs1">None (11 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stearsng.com/article/the-state-of-nigerias-fashion-industry/">"The state of Nigeria's Fashion Industry"</a>. stearsng.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617020333/https://www.stearsng.com/article/the-state-of-nigerias-fashion-industry/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stearsng.com&rft.atitle=The+state+of+Nigeria%27s+Fashion+Industry&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft.au=None&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stearsng.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-state-of-nigerias-fashion-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826193254/http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp">"Nigerian Basketball"</a>. Africabasket.com. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp">the original</a> on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigerian+Basketball&rft.pub=Africabasket.com&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabasket.com%2FNigeria%2Fbasketball.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelbe2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Selbe, Nick (10 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/11/team-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics">"Nigeria Upsets Team USA in Pre-Olympics Exhibition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406070355/https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/11/team-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Nigeria+Upsets+Team+USA+in+Pre-Olympics+Exhibition&rft.date=2021-07-10&rft.aulast=Selbe&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.com%2Folympics%2F2021%2F07%2F11%2Fteam-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710072346/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/p/newsid/52642/arti.html">OQTM – Nigeria celebrates 'greatest' victory</a>, fiba.com, accessed 16 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNxumalo2020" class="citation news cs1">Nxumalo, Lee (20 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/">"Basketball's next frontier is Africa"</a>. New Frame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/">the original</a> on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Frame&rft.atitle=Basketball%27s+next+frontier+is+Africa&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft.aulast=Nxumalo&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newframe.com%2Fbasketballs-next-frontier-is-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdoh2017" class="citation news cs1">Udoh, Colin (17 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/21430137/nigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics">"Nigeria bobsled women qualify for Winter Olympics"</a>. ESPN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125155358/https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/21430137/nigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria+bobsled+women+qualify+for+Winter+Olympics&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.aulast=Udoh&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.co.uk%2Fespn%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F21430137%2Fnigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/30/why-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions?zid=319&ah=17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1">"Why Nigeria produces Scrabble champions"</a>. The Economist. 30 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203174451/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/30/why-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions?zid=319&ah=17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+Nigeria+produces+Scrabble+champions&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2017%2F11%2F30%2Fwhy-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions%3Fzid%3D319%26ah%3D17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607182418/https://worldcurling.org/2020/06/nigeria-rink/">"First African curling facility begins development in Nigeria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Curling_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Curling Federation">World Curling Federation</a>. 18 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcurling.org/2020/06/nigeria-rink/">the original</a> on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+African+curling+facility+begins+development+in+Nigeria&rft.pub=World+Curling+Federation&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldcurling.org%2F2020%2F06%2Fnigeria-rink%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414">"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIVB" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB">FIVB</a>. 22 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807141038/https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Continental+Cup+Finals+start+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivb.com%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-cup-finals-start-in-africa%3Fid%3D94414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunnewsonline.com/beach-volleyball-team-nigeria-lands-in-cape-verde/">"Beach Volleyball: Team Nigeria lands in Cape Verde"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(Nigeria)" title="The Sun (Nigeria)">The Sun (Nigeria)</a>. 25 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829153543/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/beach-volleyball-team-nigeria-lands-in-cape-verde/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+%28Nigeria%29&rft.atitle=Beach+Volleyball%3A+Team+Nigeria+lands+in+Cape+Verde&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnewsonline.com%2Fbeach-volleyball-team-nigeria-lands-in-cape-verde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topendsports.com/sport/new/loofball.htm">"About Loofball"</a>. topendsports.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531105739/https://www.topendsports.com/sport/new/loofball.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=topendsports.com&rft.atitle=About+Loofball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topendsports.com%2Fsport%2Fnew%2Floofball.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerfler2011" class="citation book cs1">Derfler, Leslie (2011). The Fall and Rise of Political Leaders: Olof Palme, Olusegun Obasanjo, and Indira Gandhi. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349290512" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349290512"><bdi>978-1349290512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Political+Leaders%3A+Olof+Palme%2C+Olusegun+Obasanjo%2C+and+Indira+Gandhi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1349290512&rft.aulast=Derfler&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Iliffe_(historian)" title="John Iliffe (historian)">Iliffe, John</a> (2011). Obasanjo, Nigeria and the World. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847010278" title="Special:BookSources/9781847010278"><bdi>9781847010278</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81pgm">10.7722/j.ctt81pgm</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/796383923">796383923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obasanjo%2C+Nigeria+and+the+World&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F796383923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7722%2Fj.ctt81pgm%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781847010278&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). History of Africa (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333599570" title="Special:BookSources/9780333599570"><bdi>9780333599570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Africa&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780333599570&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2020" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Sam (15 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/black-china-africas-first-superpower-is-coming-sooner-than-you-think/ar-BBYYOwW?ocid=spartanntp">"Black China: Africa's First Superpower Is Coming Sooner Than You Think"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115191214/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/black-china-africas-first-superpower-is-coming-sooner-than-you-think/ar-BBYYOwW%3Focid%3Dspartanntp">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Black+China%3A+Africa%27s+First+Superpower+Is+Coming+Sooner+Than+You+Think&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fblack-china-africas-first-superpower-is-coming-sooner-than-you-think%2Far-BBYYOwW%3Focid%3Dspartanntp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dibua, Jeremiah I. Modernization and the Crisis of Development in Africa: The Nigerian Experience (Routledge, 2017)</li> <li>Ekundare, Olufemi R. An Economic History of Nigeria 1860–1960 (Methuen & Co Ltd, 1973)</li> <li>Falola, Toyin; and Adam Paddock. Environment and Economics in Nigeria (2012)</li> <li>Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. Historical Dictionary of Nigeria (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shcas.shnu.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/de/94/931b0247425ba03333178c9595d2/de98fbe8-46c3-487e-b684-9d5ba3760418.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401062344/http://shcas.shnu.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/de/94/931b0247425ba03333178c9595d2/de98fbe8-46c3-487e-b684-9d5ba3760418.pdf">Archived</a> 1 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton. A History of Nigeria (2008)</li> <li>Shillington, Kevin. Encyclopedia of African History. (University of Michigan Press, 2005) p. 1401.</li> <li>Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. Nigeria: a country study (U.S. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/92009026/">online free</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105154039/https://www.loc.gov/item/92009026/">Archived</a> 5 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, comprehensive historical and current coverage; not copyright.</li> <li>Jones, Cunliffe-Peter. My Nigeria: Five Decades of Independence (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)</li> <li>Achebe, Chinua. The Trouble with Nigeria (Fourth Dimension, 1983)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Nigeria at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Nigeria">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="c:Nigeria">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Nigeria" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Nigeria">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="q:Nigeria">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Nigeria">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Nigeria">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Nigeria">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="voy:Nigeria">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigeria.gov.ng">Official website</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Nigeria" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Nigeria">Wikimedia Atlas of Nigeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192787">Nigeria</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theinfostride.com/forum/index.php?topic=257">Know More about Nigeria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009015753/https://www.theinfostride.com/forum/index.php?topic=257">Archived</a> 9 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/">Nigeria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nigeria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nigeria_topics" title="Template talk:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nigeria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="KingdomsEmpires" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Kingdoms</li><li>Empires</li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kano" title="Kingdom of Kano">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daura_Emirate" title="Daura Emirate">Daura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Katsina" title="History of Katsina">Katsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazzau" title="Zazzau">Zazzau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadejia" title="Hadejia">Biram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rano" title="Rano">Rano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwararafa" title="Kwararafa">Kwararafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nigerian_history" title="Timeline of Nigerian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Nigeria">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_before_1500" title="History of Nigeria before 1500">before 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Nigeria (1500–1800)">1500-1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Military dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic" title="Second Nigerian Republic">Second Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nigerian_Republic" title="Third Nigerian Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic" title="Fourth Nigerian Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Plateau" title="Adamawa Plateau">Adamawa Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Borders of Nigeria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Nigeria" title="List of populated places in Nigeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria" title="Climate change in Nigeria">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nigeria" title="List of ecoregions in Nigeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Environmental issues in the Niger Delta">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Islands of Nigeria">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Mountains of Nigeria">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Nigeria" title="List of national parks of Nigeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Rivers of Nigeria">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Benue" class="mw-redirect" title="River Benue">Benue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nigeria" title="Wildlife of Nigeria">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife conservation in Nigeria">Wildlife conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Nigeria" title="Subdivisions of Nigeria">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_villages_in_Nigeria" title="Lists of villages in Nigeria">Villages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nigeria" title="Elections in Nigeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Human trafficking in Nigeria">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Law enforcement in Nigeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria" title="List of political parties in Nigeria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">APC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Nigeria">Vice-President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nigeria" title="Agriculture in Nigeria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Drain_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Drain in Nigeria">Brain Drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria" title="Energy in Nigeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Nigeria" title="Mining industry of Nigeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Naira (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum in Nigeria">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nigeria" title="Tourism in Nigeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria" title="Transport in Nigeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Society of Nigeria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria" title="Censorship in Nigeria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria#Baby_factories" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Baby factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nigeria" title="Capital punishment in Nigeria">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nigeria" title="Child labour in Nigeria">Child labour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girl_child_labour_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl child labour in Nigeria">Girl child labour</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nigeria" title="Crime in Nigeria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nigeria">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People" title="Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People">MOSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria" title="Female genital mutilation in Nigeria">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria" title="Gender inequality in Nigeria">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nigeria" title="Health in Nigeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria" title="Polygamy in Nigeria">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Nigeria" title="Prostitution in Nigeria">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_in_Nigeria" title="List of protests in Nigeria">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of Nigeria">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Nigeria" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Nigeria" title="Youth in Nigeria">Youth</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conflicts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Conflicts in Nigeria">Conflicts</a></li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist insurgency in Nigeria">Islamist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria,_We_Hail_Thee" title="Nigeria, We Hail Thee">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerians" title="List of Nigerians">List of Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nigeria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nigeria" title="Public holidays in Nigeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Nigeria">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria" title="Outline of Nigeria">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigeria" title="Category:Nigeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups in Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afemai_people" title="Afemai people">Afemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_people" title="Anaang people">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afusari" class="mw-redirect" title="Afusari">Afusari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atyap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Atyap people">Atyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_people" title="Berom people">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_people" title="Buduma people">Buduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_people" title="Chamba people">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_people" title="Defaka people">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Djerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_people" title="Ebira people">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_people" title="Eleme people">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esan_people" title="Esan people">Esan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_people" title="Idoma people">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede" class="mw-redirect" title="Igede">Igede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etche" title="Etche">Etche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bille_tribe" title="Bille tribe">Bille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_people" title="Engenni people">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibani_tribe" title="Ibani tribe">Ibani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_tribe" title="Kalabari tribe">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_tribe_(Rivers_State)" title="Kula tribe (Rivers State)">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoro_tribe" title="Nkoro tribe">Nkoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_people" title="Nkoroo people">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_people" title="Obolo people">Obolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_people" title="Itsekiri people">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)" title="Jukun people (West Africa)">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuku_people" title="Kamuku people">Kamuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilba_people" title="Kilba people">Kilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirdi" title="Kirdi">Kirdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_people" title="Kofyar people">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotoko_people" title="Kotoko people">Kotoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuteb_people" title="Kuteb people">Kuteb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_people" title="Longuda people">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_people" title="Mafa people">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambila_people" title="Mambila people">Mambilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_people" title="Mandara people">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_people" title="Mumuye people">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_people" title="Ogba people">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_people" title="Tera people"> Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_people" title="Tangale people"> Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_people" title="Tarok people">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_people" title="Waja people"> Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak%C3%B6_people" title="Yakö people">Yakö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_people" title="Ijebu people">Ijebu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_Nigeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_Nigeria" title="Template:States of Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_Nigeria" title="Template talk:States of Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_Nigeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">States of Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Nigeria)" title="Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)">Federal Capital Territory</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_State" title="Ekiti State">Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsina_State" title="Katsina State">Katsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osun_State" title="Osun State">Osun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State" title="Oyo State">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamfara_State" title="Zamfara State">Zamfara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1033#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1033#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1033#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121578678">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130803976">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205229/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWvf9xXVHQKFTDpVGCQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042300-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056412">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868654f">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945159t">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868654f">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945159t">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568000">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130176&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452385">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266066205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1e23d84b-202e-3fc8-8c49-debc71e9eb16">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/8de0c099-0c62-4076-8741-7927d6327c7a">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/NM2HZNFn">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026439131">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003460">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035781">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nijerya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nigeria&params=8_N_10_E_region:NI_type:country_source:dewiki">8°N 10°E / 8°N 10°E / 8; 10</a> </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&oldid=1259475687">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&oldid=1259475687</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigeria" title="Category:Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Developing_8_Countries_member_states" title="Category:Developing 8 Countries member states">Developing 8 Countries member states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Category:Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language">Countries and territories where English is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federal_republics" title="Category:Federal republics">Federal republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G15_nations" title="Category:G15 nations">G15 nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_OPEC" title="Category:Member states of OPEC">Member states of OPEC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Category:Member states of the African Union">Member states of the African Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1960" title="Category:States and territories established in 1960">States and territories established in 1960</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_African_countries" title="Category:West African countries">West African countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Nigeria" title="Category:1960 establishments in Nigeria">1960 establishments in Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa" title="Category:Countries in Africa">Countries in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Africa" title="Category:1960 establishments in Africa">1960 establishments in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies_and_protectorates_in_Africa" title="Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa">Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hausa-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hausa-language text">Articles containing Hausa-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hausa_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hausa IPA">Pages with Hausa IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Igbo-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Igbo-language text">Articles containing Igbo-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Yoruba-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Yoruba-language text">Articles containing Yoruba-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nigerian_Pidgin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nigerian Pidgin-language text">Articles containing Nigerian Pidgin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Nigerian_Pidgin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Nigerian Pidgin IPA">Pages with Nigerian Pidgin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Fula-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Fula-language text">Articles containing Fula-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tyap-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tyap-language text">Articles containing Tyap-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2023">Articles with dead external links from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2023">Articles with dead external links from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2024">Articles with dead external links from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2023">Articles with dead external links from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Nigerian_English_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use Nigerian English from April 2022">Use Nigerian English from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Nigerian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Nigerian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Nigerian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2018">Articles needing additional references from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_November_2023" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from November 2023">Accuracy disputes from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 10:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&diff=1259475687&oldid=1256699584&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-lvqkm","wgBackendResponseTime":283,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.438","walltime":"5.052","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27369,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":880872,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":89505,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":106,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1230332,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4283.615 1 -total"," 45.38% 1943.965 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.84% 1064.181 200 Template:Cite_web"," 12.65% 541.810 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 4.65% 199.308 4 Template:Sfnm"," 4.55% 194.864 38 Template:Cite_news"," 3.91% 167.551 30 Template:Cite_book"," 3.77% 161.433 1 Template:Smalldiv"," 3.77% 161.323 3 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 3.46% 148.416 3 Template:Native_name"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.791","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25866275,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFACN2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchebe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdegbija2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfricaNews2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfricaNews2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgbana2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgency_Report2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAjayi2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAkande,_Victor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAke1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkinbode,_Ayomide2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkinlade2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlukoAmidu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnagor2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnekwe2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahGates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArchibong2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugoye2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzeez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabangida2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBankole2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBashirUmar-TsafeGetsoKaita2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBearakCameron2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlench2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCadoni2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeRouen,_Karl_R.Bellamy,_Paul2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerfler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamant2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonatus2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunne2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbihardSimonsFennig2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEggert2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEjiogu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkene2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkpo1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmanuel_Akinwotu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEze–Uzomaka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalolaGenova2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalolaHeaton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalolaPaddock2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFapohunda2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFashae2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGbola_Subair-Abuja2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGbolagade2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilbert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHOPKID2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansford2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazlewood,_Phil2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoll2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHrbek1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbirogba2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgwe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIliffe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrede2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoliba2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuang2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKentHaub2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinerMamiya2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKperogi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaitin1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasisi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFListon,_Enjoli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonaldParenShillingtonStacey2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManasa2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonaldMcMillen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeil2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNnodim2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNone2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNossiter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwozorOlanrewajuAke2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNxumalo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdiogor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOduah2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgbonnaEkweozorIgwe2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkerekeEmodiDiemuodeke2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkonji,_Emma2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkotie2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlawoyin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlurounbi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOluwafemi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnuah2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnuah2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnukwue2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnyesi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPasquiniAlexander2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereltsvaig2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolitzer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolycarp2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPricewaterhouseCoopers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProjectSolutionz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRefugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReport2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanni2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiavenza2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelbe2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShillington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoneyin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuaibu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiliquini-CinelliHutchison2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiollun2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoonerOluwagbile2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuberu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies_(IISS)2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorburn,_Jane\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimothy,_Shaw1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopping2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdofia,_O.E.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdoh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmoh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUzukwu1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYager2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYahaya2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFeribake2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 16,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 198,\n [\"Commonwealth of Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Community of Sahel–Saharan States\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 2,\n [\"Disputed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Nigeria\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"G15 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"Increase\"] = 2,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 38,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multi image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Nigeria topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Smalldiv\"] = 1,\n [\"States of Nigeria\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 3,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Nigerian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","20.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","280","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","9.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","5.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","4.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","120","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","2.8"],["[others]","960","33.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-74d78f4769-kthrx","timestamp":"20241127201254","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nigeria","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nigeria","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1033","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1033","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-25T08:27:54Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T10:53:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg","headline":"sovereign state in West Africa"}</script> </body> </html>