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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Propagation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parsnip</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="جزر أبيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر أبيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fkin_c%C4%B1rhavucu" title="Əkin cırhavucu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əkin cırhavucu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA" title="পার্সনিপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পার্সনিপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пастернак үләне – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пастернак үләне" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пастарнак пасяўны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пастарнак пасяўны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Пастарнак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пастарнак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%89%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обикновен пащърнак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновен пащърнак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panez" title="Panez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Panez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xirivia" title="Xirivia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xirivia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastin%C3%A1k_set%C3%BD" title="Pastinák setý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pastinák setý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasen" title="Panasen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Panasen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_pastinak" title="Almindelig pastinak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig pastinak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinak" title="Pastinak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pastinak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aed-moorputk" title="Aed-moorputk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aed-moorputk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Παστινάκη η εδώδιμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παστινάκη η εδώδιμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinako" title="Pastinako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pastinako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txiribi" title="Txiribi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txiribi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84" title="شقاقل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شقاقل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panais" title="Panais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Panais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meacan_b%C3%A1n" title="Meacan bán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meacan bán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesmad" title="Pesmad – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pesmad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curran_geal" title="Curran geal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Curran geal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charouv%C3%ADa" title="Charouvía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charouvía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%99" title="파스닙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파스닙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitomi_pastrnak" title="Pitomi pastrnak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pitomi pastrnak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinako" title="Pastinako – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pastinako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinak" title="Pastinak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pastinak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B3%C3%A6_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Таугæ урсуидаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Таугæ урсуидаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADpa" title="Nípa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nípa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9F" title="גזר לבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גזר לבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಾರ್ಸ್ನಿಪ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾರ್ಸ್ನಿಪ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ძირთეთრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძირთეთრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zw%C3%ABczajny_pastern%C3%B4k" title="Zwëczajny pasternôk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zwëczajny pasternôk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaks" title="Pastinaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pastinaks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastasis_pastarnokas" title="Paprastasis pastarnokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastasis pastarnokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingstelnakel" title="Pingstelnakel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pingstelnakel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasztin%C3%A1k" title="Pasztinák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pasztinák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пашканат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пашканат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="جزر ابيض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزر ابيض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اسپه اجاره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسپه اجاره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekakul" title="Sekakul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sekakul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaak" title="Pastinaak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pastinaak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%97" title="パースニップ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パースニップ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinakk" title="Pastinakk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pastinakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinakk" title="Pastinakk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pastinakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasternache" title="Pasternache – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pasternache" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasternak_zwyczajny" title="Pasternak zwyczajny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasternak zwyczajny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83st%C3%A2rnac" title="Păstârnac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Păstârnac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Пастернак посевной – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пастернак посевной" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Parsnip" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaka" title="Pastinaka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pastinaka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parsnip" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84" title="شقاقل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شقاقل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinak" title="Pastinak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pastinak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пашканат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пашканат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1kanat" title="Paškanat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paškanat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palsternakka" title="Palsternakka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palsternakka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palsternacka" title="Palsternacka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palsternacka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabani_havu%C3%A7" title="Yabani havuç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yabani havuç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пастернак посівний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пастернак посівний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84" title="شقاقل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شقاقل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_c%E1%BA%A3i_v%C3%A0ng" title="Củ cải vàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Củ cải vàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastin%C3%A5ke" title="Pastinåke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pastinåke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" title="Pastinaca sativa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pastinaca sativa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%98%B2%E9%A3%8E" title="欧防风 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧防风" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E9%A2%A8%E8%8D%89" title="防風草 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="防風草" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastarnuoks" title="Pastarnuoks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pastarnuoks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Root vegetable in the flowering plant family Apiaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cow_parsnip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow parsnip">cow parsnip</a> or <a href="/wiki/Water_parsnip" title="Water parsnip">water parsnip</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Parsnip </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PastinakePflanzegeerntet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PastinakePflanzegeerntet.jpg/220px-PastinakePflanzegeerntet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PastinakePflanzegeerntet.jpg/330px-PastinakePflanzegeerntet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PastinakePflanzegeerntet.jpg/440px-PastinakePflanzegeerntet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="1191" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pastinaca" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pastinaca" title="Pastinaca"><i>Pastinaca</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. sativa</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Pastinaca sativa</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastinaca_sativa_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pastinaca_sativa_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg/220px-Pastinaca_sativa_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pastinaca_sativa_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg/330px-Pastinaca_sativa_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pastinaca_sativa_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg/440px-Pastinaca_sativa_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4757" data-file-height="3917" /></a><figcaption><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> fruits and seeds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parsnip_flowering_second_year,_June_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Parsnip_flowering_second_year%2C_June_2016.jpg/220px-Parsnip_flowering_second_year%2C_June_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Parsnip_flowering_second_year%2C_June_2016.jpg/330px-Parsnip_flowering_second_year%2C_June_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Parsnip_flowering_second_year%2C_June_2016.jpg/440px-Parsnip_flowering_second_year%2C_June_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Flowering parsnip, second year</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>parsnip</b> (<i><b>Pastinaca sativa</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Root_vegetable" title="Root vegetable">root vegetable</a> closely related to <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, all belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> family <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial plant</a> usually grown as an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a>. Its long <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproot</a> has cream-colored skin and flesh, and, left in the ground to mature, becomes sweeter in flavor after winter <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frosts</a>. In its first growing season, the plant has a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">rosette</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a>, mid-green leaves. If unharvested, it produces a flowering stem topped by an <a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">umbel</a> of small yellow flowers in its second growing season, later producing pale brown, flat, winged seeds. By this time, the stem has become woody, and the tap root inedible. Precautions should be taken when handling the stems and foliage, as parsnip sap can cause a <a href="/wiki/Skin_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin rash">skin rash</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a> if <a href="/wiki/Photosensitivity" title="Photosensitivity">exposed to sunlight</a> after handling.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parsnip is native to <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>; it has been used as a vegetable since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> and was cultivated by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">the Romans</a>, although some confusion exists between parsnips and carrots in the literature of the time. It was used as a sweetener before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Cane_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cane sugar">cane sugar</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Venema_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venema_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parsnips are usually cooked but can also be eaten raw. The flesh has a sweet flavor, even more so than carrots, with the author <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hartley" title="Dorothy Hartley">Dorothy Hartley</a> describing them as having, "the type of sweetness that mingles with honey and spice..." The food writer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Alan Davidson</a> remarks, "parsnip has a taste which, although not strong, is peculiar and not to everyone's liking."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is high in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">minerals</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>); and also contains both soluble and insoluble <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>. Parsnips are best cultivated in deep, stone-free soil. The plant is attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Carrot_fly" title="Carrot fly">carrot fly</a> and other insect pests, as well as viruses and fungal diseases, of which <a href="/wiki/Canker" title="Canker">canker</a> is the most serious.<sup id="cite_ref-Plantvillage_PSU_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantvillage_PSU-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parsnip is a <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial plant</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">rosette</a> of roughly hairy <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> that have a pungent odor when crushed. Parsnips are grown for their fleshy, edible, cream-colored <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproots</a>. The roots are generally smooth, although <a href="/wiki/Lateral_root" title="Lateral root">lateral roots</a> sometimes form. Most are narrowly conical, but some <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> have a more bulbous shape, which generally tends to be favored by <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processors</a> as it is more resistant to breakage. The plant's <a href="/wiki/Apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical meristem">apical meristem</a> produces a rosette of pinnate leaves, each with several pairs of leaflets with toothed margins. The lower leaves have short stems, the upper ones <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">are stemless</a>, and the terminal leaves have three lobes. The leaves are once- or twice-pinnate with broad, ovate, sometimes lobed leaflets with toothed margins; they grow up to 40 centimetres (16 inches) long. The <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a> are grooved and have sheathed bases. The floral <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> develops in the second year and can grow to more than 150 cm (60 in) tall. It is hairy, grooved, hollow (except at the nodes), and sparsely branched. It has a few stalkless, single-lobed leaves measuring 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) long that are arranged in opposite pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubatsky_et_al._1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubatsky_et_al._1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–31">: 30–31 </span></sup> </p><p>The yellow flowers are in a loose, compound <a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">umbel</a> measuring 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) in diameter. Six to 25 straight <a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">pedicels</a> are present, each measuring 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) that support the umbellets (secondary umbels). The umbels and umbellets usually have no upper or lower <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a>. The flowers have tiny <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a> or lack them entirely, and measure about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3.5 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in). They consist of five yellow petals that are curled inward, five <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium#Pistils" title="Gynoecium">pistil</a>. The fruits, or <a href="/wiki/Schizocarp" title="Schizocarp">schizocarps</a>, are oval and flat, with narrow wings and short, spreading <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">styles</a>. They are colored <a href="/wiki/Straw_(colour)" title="Straw (colour)">straw</a> to light brown, and measure <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 to 8 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_et_al._2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_et_al._2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 218">: 218 </span></sup> </p><p>Despite the slight <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> differences between the two, wild parsnip is the same <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> as the cultivated version, and the two readily <a href="/wiki/Pollination#Mechanics" title="Pollination">cross-pollinate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_et_al._2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_et_al._2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 218">: 218 </span></sup> The parsnip has a <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">chromosome number</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ploidy#Diploid" title="Ploidy">2<i>n</i></a>=22.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalloo_1993_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalloo_1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastinaca_sativa_Sturm28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pastinaca_sativa_Sturm28.jpg/220px-Pastinaca_sativa_Sturm28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pastinaca_sativa_Sturm28.jpg/330px-Pastinaca_sativa_Sturm28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pastinaca_sativa_Sturm28.jpg/440px-Pastinaca_sativa_Sturm28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Sturm" title="Johann Georg Sturm">Johann Georg Sturm</a>'s 1796 <i>Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> was first officially <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> in his 1753 work <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus_1753_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus_1753-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has acquired several <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> history:<sup id="cite_ref-Kays_2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kays_2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Pastinaca fleischmannii</i> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hladnik" title="Franz Hladnik">Hladnik</a>, ex <a href="/wiki/David_Nathaniel_Friedrich_Dietrich" title="David Nathaniel Friedrich Dietrich">D.Dietr.</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca opaca</i> <a href="/wiki/Bernh." class="mw-redirect" title="Bernh.">Bernh.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Hornem." class="mw-redirect" title="Hornem.">Hornem.</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca pratensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pers." class="mw-redirect" title="Pers.">Pers.</a>) H.Mart.</li> <li><i>Pastinaca sylvestris</i> <a href="/wiki/Mill." class="mw-redirect" title="Mill.">Mill.</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca teretiuscula</i> <a href="/wiki/Boiss." class="mw-redirect" title="Boiss.">Boiss.</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca umbrosa</i> <a href="/wiki/Christian_von_Steven" title="Christian von Steven">Steven</a>, ex <a href="/wiki/DC." class="mw-redirect" title="DC.">DC.</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca urens</i> <a href="/wiki/Esprit_Requien" title="Esprit Requien">Req.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Godr." class="mw-redirect" title="Godr.">Godr.</a></li></ul> <p>Several species from other genera (<i><a href="/wiki/Anethum" title="Anethum">Anethum</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaphoboscum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaphoboscum (page does not exist)">Elaphoboscum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peucedanum" title="Peucedanum">Peucedanum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Selinum" title="Selinum">Selinum</a></i>) are likewise synonymous with the name <i>Pastinaca sativa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most plants of agricultural importance, several <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> of <i>P. sativa</i> have been described, but these are mostly no longer recognized as independent taxa,<sup id="cite_ref-Kays_2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kays_2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather, morphological variations of the same taxon.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_et_al._2010_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_et_al._2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 218">: 218 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> subsp. <i>divaricata</i> (<a href="/wiki/Desf." class="mw-redirect" title="Desf.">Desf.</a>) Rouy & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_(Jules)_Camus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio (Jules) Camus (page does not exist)">Camus</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> subsp. <i>pratensis</i> (Pers.) <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celak." class="mw-redirect" title="Čelak.">Čelak.</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> subsp. <i>sylvestris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mill." class="mw-redirect" title="Mill.">Mill.</a>) Rouy & Camus</li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> subsp. <i>umbrosa</i> (Steven, ex DC.) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg%C3%B3rio_Gregorievitch_Bondar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregório Gregorievitch Bondar (page does not exist)">Bondar.</a> ex <a href="/w/index.php?title=O.N.Korovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O.N.Korovina (page does not exist)">O.N.Korovina</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> subsp. <i>urens</i> (Req. ex Godr.) Čelak.</li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> var. <i>brevis</i> <a href="/wiki/Alef." class="mw-redirect" title="Alef.">Alef.</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> var. <i>edulis</i> DC.</li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> var. <i>hortensis</i> <a href="/wiki/Ehrh." class="mw-redirect" title="Ehrh.">Ehrh.</a> ex <a href="/wiki/Hoffm." class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffm.">Hoffm.</a></li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> var. <i>longa</i> Alef.</li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> var. <i>pratensis</i> Pers.</li> <li><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> var. <i>siamensis</i> <a href="/wiki/Roem." class="mw-redirect" title="Roem.">Roem.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Schult." class="mw-redirect" title="Schult.">Schult.</a> ex Alef.</li></ul> <p>In Eurasia, some authorities distinguish between cultivated and wild versions of parsnips by using subspecies <i>P. s.</i> <i>sylvestris</i> for the latter, or even elevating it to species status as <i>Pastinaca sylvestris</i>. In Europe, various subspecies have been named based on characteristics such as the hairiness of the leaves, the extent to which the stems are angled or rounded, and the size and shape of the terminal umbel.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_et_al._2010_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_et_al._2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 218">: 218 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the generic name <i>Pastinaca</i> is not known with certainty but is probably derived from either the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pastino</i></span>, meaning 'to prepare the ground for planting of the vine' or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pastus</i></span>, meaning 'food'. The <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">specific epithet</a> <i>sativa</i> means 'sown'.<sup id="cite_ref-Averill_2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Averill_2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> sometimes assumes the name is a mix of <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnip</a>, it actually comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">pasnepe</i></span>, alteration (influenced by <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">nep</i></span>, 'turnip') of <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">pasnaie</i></span> (now <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panais" class="extiw" title="fr:Panais"><i>panais</i></a>) from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pastinum" class="extiw" title="wikt:pastinum">pastinum</a>,</i> a kind of fork. The word's ending was changed to <i>-nip</i> by analogy with turnip because it was mistakenly assumed to be a kind of turnip.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like carrots, parsnips are native to Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_2000_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary_2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasivity">Invasivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invasivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PastinacaSativa_Mosbo6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PastinacaSativa_Mosbo6.jpg/220px-PastinacaSativa_Mosbo6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PastinacaSativa_Mosbo6.jpg/330px-PastinacaSativa_Mosbo6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/PastinacaSativa_Mosbo6.jpg/440px-PastinacaSativa_Mosbo6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Previous-year growth of wild parsnip as seen in the spring. Invasive specimen photographed in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario.</figcaption></figure> <p>The parsnip's popularity as a cultivated plant has led to its spread beyond its native range, and wild populations have become established in other parts of the world. A scattered population can be found throughout North America.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plant can form dense stands which outcompete <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">native species</a> and is especially common in abandoned yards, farmland, and along roadsides and other disturbed environments. The increasing abundance of this plant is a concern, particularly due to the plant's toxicity and increasing abundance in populated areas such as parks. Control is often carried out via chemical means, with <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicides">herbicides</a> considered effective.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zohary and Hopf note that the archaeological evidence for the ancient cultivation of the parsnip is "still rather limited" and that Greek and Roman literary sources are a major source about its early use.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_2000_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary_2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They warn that "there are some difficulties in distinguishing between parsnip and carrot (which, in Roman times, were white or purple) in classical writings since both vegetables seem to have been called <i>pastinaca</i> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, yet each vegetable appears to be well under cultivation in Roman times".<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary_2000_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary_2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This plant was introduced to North America simultaneously by the <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">French colonists in Canada</a> and the British in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> for use as a root vegetable, but in the mid-19th century, it was replaced as the main source of starch by the <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> and consequently was less widely cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cain_et_al._2010_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_et_al._2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 224">: 224 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1859, a new cultivar called 'Student' was developed by <a href="/wiki/James_Buckman" title="James Buckman">James Buckman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_University" title="Royal Agricultural University">Royal Agricultural College</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. He back-crossed cultivated plants to wild stock, aiming to demonstrate how native plants could be improved by selective breeding. This experiment was so successful 'Student' became the major variety in cultivation in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocks_2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocks_2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagation">Propagation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Propagation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wild parsnip from which the modern cultivated varieties were derived is a plant of dry, rough grassland and waste places, particularly on <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> soils.<sup id="cite_ref-McKlintock_1956_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKlintock_1956-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parsnips are biennials, but are normally grown as <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a>. Sandy and loamy soils are preferable to silt, clay, and stony ground; the latter produces short, forked roots. Parsnip seed significantly deteriorates in viability if stored for long. Seeds are usually planted in early spring, as soon as the ground can be worked to a fine <a href="/wiki/Tilth" title="Tilth">tilth</a>, in the position where the plants are to grow. The growing plants are thinned and kept weed-free. Harvesting begins in late fall after the first <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> and continues through winter. The rows can be covered with straw to enable the crop to be lifted during frosty weather.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low soil temperatures cause some of the starches stored in the roots to be converted into sugars, giving them a sweeter taste.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubatsky_et_al._1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubatsky_et_al._1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225">: 225 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems">Problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parsnip leaves are sometimes tunnelled by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Euleia_heraclei" title="Euleia heraclei">celery fly</a> (<i>Euleia heraclei</i>). Irregular, pale brown passages can be seen between the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. The effects are most serious on young plants, as whole leaves may shrivel and die. Treatment is by removing affected leaflets, whole leaves, or by chemical means.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crop can be attacked by larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Carrot_fly" title="Carrot fly">carrot fly</a> (<i>Chamaepsila rosae</i>). This pest feeds on the outer layers of the root, burrowing its way inside later in the season. Seedlings may be killed while larger roots are spoiled. The damage done provides a point of entry for fungal rots and canker. The smell of bruised tissue attracts the fly.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parsnip is used as a food plant by the larvae of some <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">lepidopteran</a> species, including the <a href="/wiki/Papilio_polyxenes" title="Papilio polyxenes">parsnip swallowtail</a> (<i>Papilio polyxenes</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Common_swift_(moth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common swift (moth)">common swift moth</a> (<i>Korscheltellus lupulina</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Garden_Dart" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden Dart">garden dart moth</a> (<i>Euxoa nigricans</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_moth" title="Ghost moth">ghost moth</a> (<i>Hepialus humuli</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-NHM_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Depressaria_radiella" title="Depressaria radiella">parsnip moth</a> (<i>Depressaria radiella</i>), native to Europe and accidentally <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> to North America in the mid-1800s, construct their webs on the umbels, feeding on flowers and partially developed seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_et_al._2010_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_et_al._2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 232">: 232 </span></sup> </p><p>Parsnip canker is a serious disease of this crop. Black or orange-brown patches occur around the root's crown and shoulders, accompanied by cracking and hardening of the flesh. It is more likely to occur when the seed is sown into cold, wet soil, the <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">pH</a> of the soil is too low, or the roots have already been damaged by <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrot</a> fly larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several fungi are associated with canker, including <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoma_complanata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoma complanata (page does not exist)">Phoma complanata</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyonectria_radicicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilyonectria radicicola (page does not exist)">Ilyonectria radicicola</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itersonilia_pastinaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itersonilia pastinaceae (page does not exist)">Itersonilia pastinaceae</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itersonilia_perplexans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itersonilia perplexans (page does not exist)">I. perplexans</a></i>. In Europe, <i><a href="/wiki/Mycocentrospora_acerina" title="Mycocentrospora acerina">Mycocentrospora acerina</a></i> has been found to cause a black rot that kills the plant early.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_et_al._2010_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_et_al._2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 232–233">: 232–233 </span></sup> Watery soft rot, caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Sclerotinia_minor" title="Sclerotinia minor">Sclerotinia minor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sclerotinia_sclerotiorum" title="Sclerotinia sclerotiorum">S. sclerotiorum</a></i>, causes the taproot to become soft and watery. A white or <a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">buff</a>-coloured mould grows on the surface. The pathogen is most common in temperate and subtropical regions with a cool, wet season.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowdon_2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowdon_2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violet root rot caused by the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobasidium_purpureum" title="Helicobasidium purpureum">Helicobasidium purpureum</a></i> sometimes affects the roots, covering them with a purplish mat to which soil particles adhere. The leaves become distorted and discoloured, and the <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a> can spread through the soil between plants. Some weeds can harbour this fungus, and it is more prevalent in wet, acid conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Erysiphe_heraclei" title="Erysiphe heraclei">Erysiphe heraclei</a></i> causes a <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> that can cause significant crop loss. Infestation by this causes results in the yellowing of the leaf and loss of foliage. Moderate temperatures and high humidity favor the development of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Koike_2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koike_2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Plant_virus" title="Plant virus">viruses</a> are known to infect the plant, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seed-borne_strawberry_latent_ringspot_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seed-borne strawberry latent ringspot virus (page does not exist)">seed-borne strawberry latent ringspot virus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip_yellow_fleck_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parsnip yellow fleck virus (page does not exist)">parsnip yellow fleck virus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip_leaf_curl_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parsnip leaf curl virus (page does not exist)">parsnip leaf curl virus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip_mosaic_potyvirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parsnip mosaic potyvirus (page does not exist)">parsnip mosaic potyvirus</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potyvirus_celery_mosaic_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potyvirus celery mosaic virus (page does not exist)">potyvirus celery mosaic virus</a>. The latter causes clearing or yellowing of the areas of the leaf immediately beside the veins, the appearance of ochre mosaic spots, and the crinkling of the leaves in infected plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_et_al._2010_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_et_al._2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 233">: 233 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shoots and leaves of parsnip must be handled with care, as its sap contains <a href="/wiki/Furanocoumarin" title="Furanocoumarin">furanocoumarins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phototoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototoxic">phototoxic</a> chemicals that cause blisters on the skin when it is exposed to sunlight, a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Phytophotodermatitis" title="Phytophotodermatitis">phytophotodermatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Minnesota_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnesota-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shares this property with many of its relatives in the <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">carrot family</a>. Symptoms include redness, burning, and blisters; afflicted areas can remain sensitive and discolored for up to two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenneman_2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenneman_2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports of gardeners experiencing toxic symptoms after coming into contact with foliage have been made, but these have been small compared to the number of people who grow the crop. The problem is most likely to occur on a sunny day when gathering foliage or pulling up old plants that have gone to seed. The symptoms have mostly been mild to moderate.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk can be reduced by wearing long pants and sleeves to avoid exposure, and avoiding sunlight after any suspected exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If eyes are exposed to the sap it can cause blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The toxic properties of parsnip extracts are resistant to heating and periods of storage lasting several months. Toxic symptoms can also affect livestock and poultry in parts of their bodies where their skin is exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_et_al._2010_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain_et_al._2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 221–222">: 221–222 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Polyynes</a> can be found in Apiaceae vegetables such as parsnip, and they show <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxic</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Zidorn_2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zidorn_2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parsnip_with_honey_and_mustard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parsnip_with_honey_and_mustard.JPG/220px-Parsnip_with_honey_and_mustard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parsnip_with_honey_and_mustard.JPG/330px-Parsnip_with_honey_and_mustard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Parsnip_with_honey_and_mustard.JPG/440px-Parsnip_with_honey_and_mustard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Parsnip prepared with honey and mustard</figcaption></figure> <p>Parsnips resemble carrots and can be used in similar ways, but they have a sweeter taste, especially when cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be baked, boiled, pureed, roasted, fried, grilled, or steamed. When used in <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Casserole" title="Casserole">casseroles</a>, they give a rich flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-Montana_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montana-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, parsnips are boiled, and the solid portions are removed from the soup or stew, leaving behind a more subtle flavour than the whole root and <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> to thicken the dish. Roast parsnip is considered an essential part of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Christmas dinner</a> in some parts of the English-speaking world and frequently features in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parsnips can also be fried or thinly sliced and made into <a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">crisps</a>. They can be made into a wine with a taste similar to <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_2012_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_2012-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times, parsnips were believed to be an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_1831_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_1831-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, parsnips do not typically feature in modern Italian cooking. Instead, they are fed to pigs, particularly those bred to make <a href="/wiki/Prosciutto" title="Prosciutto">Parma ham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Parsnip, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">314 kJ (75 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">18 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.9 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.2 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.2 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.09 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.05 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 0.6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.09 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 67 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 17 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 1.49 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 22.5 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 36 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.59 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 0.56 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 71 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 375 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 10 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.59 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">79.53 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170417/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A typical 100 g serving of parsnip provides 314 kilojoules (75 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>. Most parsnip cultivars consist of about 80% water, 5% <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, and 5% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>. The parsnip is rich in vitamins and minerals and is particularly rich in potassium with 375 mg per 100 g.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the B-group vitamins are present, but levels of vitamin C are reduced in cooking. Since most of the vitamins and minerals are found close to the skin, many will be lost unless the root is finely peeled or cooked whole. During frosty weather, part of the starch is converted to sugar, and the root tastes sweeter.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consumption of parsnips has potential health benefits. They contain <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Falcarinol" title="Falcarinol">falcarinol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcarindiol" title="Falcarindiol">falcarindiol</a>, panaxydiol, and methyl-falcarindiol, which may potentially have anticancer, <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungistatics" title="Fungistatics">antifungal</a> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dietary fiber in parsnips is partly of the soluble and partly the insoluble type and comprises <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>. The high fiber content of parsnips may help prevent <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> and reduce <a href="/wiki/Blood_lipids" title="Blood lipids">blood cholesterol</a> levels.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parsnip was much esteemed in Rome, and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> accepted part of the <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> payable to Rome by Germania in the form of parsnips. In Europe, the vegetable was used as a source of sugar before <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">cane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">beet</a> sugars were available.<sup id="cite_ref-Montana_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montana-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <i>pastinache comuni</i>, the "common" <i>pastinaca</i> figures in the long list of comestibles enjoyed by the <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milanese</a> given by <a href="/wiki/Bonvesin_da_la_Riva" title="Bonvesin da la Riva">Bonvesin da la Riva</a> in his "Marvels of Milan" (1288).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Root_parsley" class="mw-redirect" title="Root parsley">Root parsley</a>, a similar-looking vegetable</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=27018">"<i>Pastinaca sativa</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Pastinaca+sativa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D27018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauzia2021" class="citation web cs1">Fauzia, Miriam (23 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/06/23/fact-check-contact-wild-parsnip-danger-humans-and-animals/5303603001/">"Fact check: Contact with wild parsnip harmful to humans and animals"</a>. USA Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+check%3A+Contact+with+wild+parsnip+harmful+to+humans+and+animals&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft.aulast=Fauzia&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Ffactcheck%2F2021%2F06%2F23%2Ffact-check-contact-wild-parsnip-danger-humans-and-animals%2F5303603001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venema_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venema_2015_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenema,_Christine2015" class="citation web cs1">Venema, Christine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/parsnips_a_vegetable_from_antiquity">"Parsnips: A vegetable from antiquity"</a>. Michigan State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parsnips%3A+A+vegetable+from+antiquity&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Venema%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canr.msu.edu%2Fnews%2Fparsnips_a_vegetable_from_antiquity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson, Alan</a> (2006). Jaine, Tom; Davidson, Jane (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000davi_s2r1/page/580"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a> (Second ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 579–580. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280681-9"><bdi>978-0-19-280681-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.place=Oxford+%3B+New+York&rft.pages=579-580&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280681-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000davi_s2r1%2Fpage%2F580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plantvillage_PSU-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plantvillage_PSU_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn_State_University" class="citation web cs1">Penn State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/parsnip/infos">"Parsnip"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parsnip&rft.au=Penn+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplantvillage.psu.edu%2Ftopics%2Fparsnip%2Finfos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubatsky_et_al._1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubatsky_et_al._1999_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubatsky_et_al._1999_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubatskyQuirosSiman1999" class="citation book cs1">Rubatsky, V. 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Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373675-8"><bdi>978-0-12-373675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetable+Diseases%3A+A+Color+Handbook&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373675-8&rft.au=Koike%2C+Steven+T.&rft.au=Gladders%2C+Peter&rft.au=Paulus%2C+Albert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPgTGhaGRl4C%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minnesota-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/terrestrialplants/herbaceous/wildparsnip.html">"Wild Parsnip (<i>Pastinaca sativa</i>)"</a>. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+Parsnip+%28Pastinaca+sativa%29&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.mn.us%2Finvasives%2Fterrestrialplants%2Fherbaceous%2Fwildparsnip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brenneman_2010-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brenneman_2010_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenneman,_William_L.2010" class="citation book cs1">Brenneman, William L. 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AuthorHouse. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4520-4637-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4520-4637-2"><bdi>978-1-4520-4637-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Wild+Plants+Everyone+Should+Know&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4520-4637-2&rft.au=Brenneman%2C+William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkZKj51TBLsC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson,_John" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/atoz/pastinaca_sativa.htm">"<i>Pastinaca sativa</i>, parsnip"</a>. 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"Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>53</b> (7): 2518–2523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf048041s">10.1021/jf048041s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15796588">15796588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Polyacetylenes+from+the+Apiaceae+vegetables+carrot%2C+celery%2C+fennel%2C+parsley%2C+and+parsnip+and+their+cytotoxic+activities&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2518-2523&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf048041s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15796588&rft.au=Zidorn%2C+Christian&rft.au=J%C3%B6hrer%2C+Karin&rft.au=Ganzera%2C+Markus&rft.au=Schubert%2C+Birthe&rft.au=Sigmund%2C+Elisabeth+Maria&rft.au=Mader%2C+Judith&rft.au=Greil%2C+Richard&rft.au=Ellmerer%2C+Ernst+P.&rft.au=Stuppner%2C+Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllemanWebb,_DeniseSmith,_Susan_Male2006" class="citation web cs1">Alleman, Gayle Povis; Webb, Denise; Smith, Susan Male (2006-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/food-nutrition/natural-foods/natural-weight-loss-food-parsnips-ga.htm">"Parsnips: Natural Weight-Loss Foods"</a>. <i>Discovery Health</i>. Publications International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovery+Health&rft.atitle=Parsnips%3A+Natural+Weight-Loss+Foods&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft.aulast=Alleman&rft.aufirst=Gayle+Povis&rft.au=Webb%2C+Denise&rft.au=Smith%2C+Susan+Male&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.howstuffworks.com%2Fwellness%2Ffood-nutrition%2Fnatural-foods%2Fnatural-weight-loss-food-parsnips-ga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montana-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montana_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montana_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://townesharvest.montana.edu/documents/Parsnips.pdf">"The Parsnip"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Towne's Harvest Garden</i>. Montana State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Towne%27s+Harvest+Garden&rft.atitle=The+Parsnip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftownesharvest.montana.edu%2Fdocuments%2FParsnips.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver,Jamie" class="citation web cs1">Oliver,Jamie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305162025/http://www.cookstr.com/recipes/christmas-vegetables">"Christmas vegetables"</a>. JamieOliver.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cookstr.com/recipes/christmas-vegetables">the original</a> on 2013-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+vegetables&rft.pub=JamieOliver.com&rft.au=Oliver%2CJamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cookstr.com%2Frecipes%2Fchristmas-vegetables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins_2012-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_2012_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins,_Len2012" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Len (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuP0NUfeENwC&pg=PA162"><i>Making Wine with Fruits, Roots & Flowers: Recipes for Distinctive & Delicious Wild Wines</i></a>. Krause Publications. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4403-2034-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4403-2034-7"><bdi>978-1-4403-2034-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Wine+with+Fruits%2C+Roots+%26+Flowers%3A+Recipes+for+Distinctive+%26+Delicious+Wild+Wines&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4403-2034-7&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Len&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuP0NUfeENwC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips_1831-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_1831_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips,_Henry1831" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Henry (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVgZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA42"><i>The Companion for the Kitchen Garden</i></a>. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p. 42. <q>Dioches, Cleophantus, Philistio, and Orpheus, as well as Pliny, all wrote on the aphrodisiac quality of the parsnip.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+for+the+Kitchen+Garden&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=H.+Colburn+and+R.+Bentley&rft.date=1831&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVgZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEat_the_seasons" class="citation web cs1">Eat the seasons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eattheseasons.com/Archive/parsnips.htm">"Eat parsnips"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eat+parsnips&rft.au=Eat+the+seasons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eattheseasons.com%2FArchive%2Fparsnips.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/"><i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i></a>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509063633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538102%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDA_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104032/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3031?fg=&man=&lfacet=&format=&count=&max=25&offset=&sort=&qlookup=parsnip">"Nutrient data for 11298, Parsnips, raw"</a>. <i>Nutrient Data Laboratory</i>. USDA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3031?fg=&man=&lfacet=&format=&count=&max=25&offset=&sort=&qlookup=parsnip">the original</a> on March 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nutrient+Data+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Nutrient+data+for+11298%2C+Parsnips%2C+raw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndb.nal.usda.gov%2Fndb%2Ffoods%2Fshow%2F3031%3Ffg%3D%26man%3D%26lfacet%3D%26format%3D%26count%3D%26max%3D25%26offset%3D%26sort%3D%26qlookup%3Dparsnip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton,_DaveHamilton,_Andy" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Dave; Hamilton, Andy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.selfsufficientish.com/parsnip.htm">"Parsnips <i>Pastinaca sativa</i>"</a>. <i>Selfsufficientish</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Selfsufficientish&rft.atitle=Parsnips+Pastinaca+sativa&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Dave&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selfsufficientish.com%2Fparsnip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Christensen, LP (2011). "Aliphatic C(17)-polyacetylenes of the falcarinol type as potential health-promoting compounds in food plants of the Apiaceae family". <i>Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 64–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F2212798411103010064">10.2174/2212798411103010064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21114468">21114468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recent+Patents+on+Food%2C+Nutrition+%26+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Aliphatic+C%2817%29-polyacetylenes+of+the+falcarinol+type+as+potential+health-promoting+compounds+in+food+plants+of+the+Apiaceae+family&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-77&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F2212798411103010064&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21114468&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=LP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui,_I._R.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Siddiqui, I. R. (1989). "Studies on vegetables: fiber content and chemical composition of ethanol-insoluble and -soluble residues". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 647–650. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf00087a015">10.1021/jf00087a015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Studies+on+vegetables%3A+fiber+content+and+chemical+composition+of+ethanol-insoluble+and+-soluble+residues&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=647-650&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf00087a015&rft.au=Siddiqui%2C+I.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted by John Dickie, <i>Delizia! The Epic History of Italians and Their Food</i> (New York, 2008), p. 38 (where they are identified as parsnips).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parsnip" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:parsnip">parsnip</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405104028/http://missouriplants.com/Yellowalt/Pastinaca_sativa_page.html"><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> profile</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouriplants.com">missouriplants.com</a> Retrieved 2015-10-25.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041110035158/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=702"><i>Pastinaca sativa</i> List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)</a> Retrieved 2015-10-25.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobanis.org/ias-photo-bank/pastinaca-sativa/">"Photo bank: Pastinaca sativa"</a>. <i>Alien Species photo bank</i>. NOBANIS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alien+Species+photo+bank&rft.atitle=Photo+bank%3A+Pastinaca+sativa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobanis.org%2Fias-photo-bank%2Fpastinaca-sativa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParsnip" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica archangelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthriscus_sylvestris" title="Anthriscus sylvestris">Anthriscus sylvestris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apium_prostratum" title="Apium prostratum">Apium prostratum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arracacia_xanthorrhiza" title="Arracacia xanthorrhiza">Arracacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">Carrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeriac" title="Celeriac">Celeriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centella_asiatica" title="Centella asiatica">Centella asiatica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaerophyllum_bulbosum" title="Chaerophyllum bulbosum">Chaerophyllum bulbosum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_celery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese celery">Chinese celery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crithmum" title="Crithmum">Crithmum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia" title="Cryptotaenia">Cryptotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daucus_pusillus" title="Daucus pusillus">Daucus pusillus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinophora_sibthorpiana" title="Echinophora sibthorpiana">Echinophora sibthorpiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elwendia_persica" title="Elwendia persica">Elwendia persica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erigenia" title="Erigenia">Erigenia bulbosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Eryngium foetidum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Heracleum persicum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_celery" title="Leaf celery">Leaf celery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligusticum_scoticum" title="Ligusticum scoticum">Ligusticum scoticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomatium" title="Lomatium">Lomatium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomatium_parryi" title="Lomatium parryi">Lomatium parryi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oenanthe_javanica" title="Oenanthe javanica">Oenanthe javanica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osmorhiza" title="Osmorhiza">Osmorhiza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parsnip</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perideridia" title="Perideridia">Perideridia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peucedanum_ostruthium" title="Peucedanum ostruthium">Peucedanum ostruthium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Psammogeton involucratus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ridolfia_segetum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridolfia segetum">Ridolfia segetum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sium_sisarum" title="Sium sisarum">Sium sisarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pastinaca sativa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188614" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q188614">Q188614</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pastinaca_sativa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pastinaca sativa">Pastinaca sativa</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/27116">27116</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/59300">59300</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APSA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://apsa.anu.edu.au/sample/232-11-1b">232-11-1b</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id40333">40333</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6087">6087</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/764GT">764GT</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1642">1642</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Pastinaca_sativa">Pastinaca_sativa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/581528">581528</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PAVSA">PAVSA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/151183">151183</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/6244">6244</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200015712">200015712</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015712">200015712</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8262702">8262702</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=27018">27018</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/59778">59778</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=6147">6147</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/845768-1">845768-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10594545">10594545</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/39028">39028</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=29795">29795</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=134">134</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.149999/">2.149999</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000003709">NBNSYS0000003709</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4041">4041</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Pastinaca~sativa">Pastinaca~sativa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/985f0fe4-5f91-4104-8b0b-6fe51923c2fa">985f0fe4-5f91-4104-8b0b-6fe51923c2fa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2997">2997</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/142524/">142524</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2480">2480</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pastinaca+sativa">Pastinaca sativa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=3636">3636</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2403590">kew-2403590</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PASA2">PASA2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A845768-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:845768-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/24473/wd/Details">24473</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=2136-1">2136-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/1700175">1700175</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/2626">2626</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/445bc04f-66c9-45b1-8345-a7eabac2919e">445bc04f-66c9-45b1-8345-a7eabac2919e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WiO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/document/weed-identification-guide-ontario-crops/wild-parsnip">wild-parsnip</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=4441">4441</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000391752">wfo-0000391752</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188614#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4173507-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Parsnip"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098316">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pastinák setý"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph361974&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565499905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&oldid=1258214366">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsnip&oldid=1258214366</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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