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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dereliction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dereliction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rediscovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chester_Amphitheatre_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chester_Amphitheatre_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chester Amphitheatre Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chester_Amphitheatre_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphitheatre_mural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphitheatre_mural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Amphitheatre mural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphitheatre_mural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&params=53_11_21_N_2_53_13_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°11′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°53′13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.18917°N 2.88694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.18917; -2.88694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman amphitheatre in Cheshire, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Chester Roman Amphitheatre</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_amphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chester_amphitheatre.jpg/220px-Chester_amphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chester_amphitheatre.jpg/330px-Chester_amphitheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chester_amphitheatre.jpg/440px-Chester_amphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The amphitheatre seen from the <a href="/wiki/Chester_city_walls" title="Chester city walls">city walls</a>, with archaeological digs in progress (2006)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre is located in England"><img alt="Chester Roman Amphitheatre is located in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="991" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.973%;left:44.149%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre"><img alt="Chester Roman Amphitheatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within England</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, Cheshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Brittania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&params=53_11_21_N_2_53_13_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°11′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°53′13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.18917°N 2.88694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.18917; -2.88694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">Amphitheatre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">320 feet (98 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">286 feet (87 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">91,520 square feet (0.85 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">40 feet (12 m)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Late 70's</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">Around 350</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/chester-roman-amphitheatre/">Chester Roman Amphitheatre</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chester Amphitheatre</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>. The site is managed by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>; it is designated as a Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-images_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-images-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins currently exposed are those of a large stone amphitheatre, similar to those found in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, and although it was long believed that a smaller wooden amphitheatre existed on the site beforehand, excavations since 1999 have shown that the wooden grillage is the base of the seating. Today, only the northern half of the structure is exposed; the southern half is covered by buildings, some of which are themselves listed.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amphitheatre is the largest so far uncovered in Britain, and dates from the 1st century, when the <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman fort</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> was founded. It is a peculiarly English myth that the amphitheatre would have been primarily for military training and <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">drill</a>; all the evidence recovered from excavation shows that it was used for <a href="/wiki/Cock_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cock fighting">cock fighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bull_baiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull baiting">bull baiting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combat_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat sports">combat sports</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek Boxing">classical boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Wrestling">wrestling</a> and, probably most importantly, <a href="/wiki/Gladiatorial_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladiatorial combat">gladiatorial combat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Oppian" title="Oppian">Oppian</a> wrote that the Romans inherited the Greek passion for the cockfight, which was held "on anniversaries ... as a solemn rite", a <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a>, in effect a <a href="/wiki/Cockfight_(Sacred)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight (Sacred)">sacred cockfight</a>, to remind men that they should be "perpetual imitators of the cock".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In use through much of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman occupation of Britain</a>, the amphitheatre fell into disuse around the year 350. The amphitheatre was only rediscovered in 1929, when one of the pit walls was discovered during construction work. Between 2000 and 2006, excavation of the amphitheatre took place for Chester City Council and, after 2004, English Heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanamphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Romanamphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>The retaining wall surrounding the central pit</figcaption></figure> <p>The first amphitheatre is believed to have been a simple structure built by <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Adiutrix" title="Legio II Adiutrix">Legio II <i>Adiutrix</i></a> during their brief posting in Chester at some point in the late 70s, but was soon rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">Legio XX <i>Valeria Victrix</i></a> when Legio II <i>Adiutrix</i> were reposted to the Danube region in 86. This amphitheatre fell into disuse when Legio XX were assigned to the construction of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, and upon their return around 275, the amphitheatre was once again rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newer structure consisted of a 40 feet (12 m) high stone <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">ellipse</a>, 320 feet (98 m) along the <a href="/wiki/Major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Major axis">major axis</a> by 286 feet (87 m) along the <a href="/wiki/Minor_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor axis">minor</a>. The major axis lines up approximately along the north-south line, and exits are placed at all four points of the compass; in keeping with most Roman forts of the era, the amphitheatre was placed at the south east corner of the fort. The amphitheatre could easily seat 8,000 people, and around it, a sprawling complex of dungeons, stables and <a href="/wiki/Food_booth" title="Food booth">food stands</a> were built to support the contests, while a shrine to <a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemesis (mythology)">Nemesis</a>, goddess of retribution, was built at the north entrance to the arena. The unusually large and developed amphitheatre complex has led historians to speculate that Chester might have become capital of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> had the Romans successfully captured Ireland (though no such attempt was ever made).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dereliction">Dereliction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dereliction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman departure from Britain</a>, the amphitheatre once again fell derelict, and the masonry was scavenged from the site leaving only a small depression at the centre of the site, which was used to stage bear fights and <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">public executions</a>, and was eventually completely filled in by <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and refuse dumping. A <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian</a> house complex known as "<a href="/wiki/Dee_House" title="Dee House">Dee House</a>" were built over the south end of the arena, while a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouse</a> called "St. John's House" was built over the north end. Although all records of the amphitheatre were lost, the unfavourable contours of the filled-in amphitheatre prevented roads from passing through the site, preserving the underground remains and allowing the site to later be excavated without the need for extensive demolition.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rediscovery">Rediscovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rediscovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChesterAmphitheatreAerialOutline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ChesterAmphitheatreAerialOutline.jpg/310px-ChesterAmphitheatreAerialOutline.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ChesterAmphitheatreAerialOutline.jpg/465px-ChesterAmphitheatreAerialOutline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ChesterAmphitheatreAerialOutline.jpg/620px-ChesterAmphitheatreAerialOutline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the amphitheatre, showing the outline of the buried half</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the existence of an amphitheatre in Chester had been speculated for years, the first evidence for it was discovered in 1929 when gardening works at Dee House revealed a long curved wall. Further works revealed that the structure was largely intact underneath the ground. However, the site of the amphitheatre was covered by buildings and lay in the way of a new planned road, designed to bypass the narrow curved lane that skirted the perimeter.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the Chester Archaeological Society agreed to raise enough money to divert the new road and excavate the arena. Progress was initially slow; the council refused to change the course of the road unless money was raised to fund the substantial demolition work that would be required, and it was not until 1933 that the route of the road was finally changed. In order to fund the excavations, Chester Archaeological Society purchased St. John's House and leased it to the council to fund the dig. The dig was initially scheduled for 1939, but was postponed indefinitely with the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BW_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BW-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work resumed in 1957, when the council vacated St. John's House and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Works</a> offered a substantial subsidy for excavation. As Dee House was still in use, only the northern half could be excavated. A small area was dug up, and the rest redeveloped as a short-lived park, which was quickly removed to allow further excavation. The badly pillaged and damaged supporting walls were removed and marked with concrete trim and the arena wall was propped up with concrete panels. </p> <table style="float:right;width:355px;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="float:{{{align}}}; border:1px; border-color:CCCCCC; margin:3px;"> <div style="position: relative;"><div style="position: absolute; font-size:{{{text_size}}}; left: 215px; top: 210px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_dot_dark_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Location_dot_dark_red.svg/10px-Location_dot_dark_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Location_dot_dark_red.svg/15px-Location_dot_dark_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Location_dot_dark_red.svg/20px-Location_dot_dark_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <small>Arena</small></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenStreetMapCentralChester.png" class="mw-file-description" title=" "><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/OpenStreetMapCentralChester.png/350px-OpenStreetMapCentralChester.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/OpenStreetMapCentralChester.png/525px-OpenStreetMapCentralChester.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/OpenStreetMapCentralChester.png/700px-OpenStreetMapCentralChester.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1145" /></a></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>The location of the amphitheatre within Chester, showing the curved road that surrounds the perimeter</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The amphitheatre remained in this state until 2000, when archaeological work was resumed on the site. Among the finds were the remains of the earlier amphitheatres and of an even older Roman building existing on the site. A number of cooked animal bones and cheaply-made Roman pots showing images of gladiator combat were also found, leading a number of historians to suggest that the site was one of the first places to develop <a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">souvenirs</a> for spectators to buy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amphitheatre's central, river-side location is very valuable. <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_County_Council" title="Cheshire County Council">Cheshire County Council</a> purchased an area to the south of the exposed area for Chester's new <a href="/wiki/County_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="County Court">County Court</a>, the northern wing and car park of which were built over the south-western corner of the arena. Despite the council's insistence that the court cover as little of the arena as possible, the work was widely unpopular with residents and the press, especially following the Council's previous support of excavation projects.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 the southern half of the amphitheatre remained covered by Dee House and the County Court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chester_Amphitheatre_Project">Chester Amphitheatre Project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chester Amphitheatre Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2004 a partnership between Chester City Council and <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> established the Chester Amphitheatre Project with the aims of undertaking a new survey of the site, opening a research centre and hosting an international amphitheatre conference in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeologyuk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeologyuk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2004-2006 the survey, co-directed by Dan Garner of the council and Tony Wilmott of English Heritage, addressed three areas of the site: </p> <ul><li>Area A: on the north-west quadrant of the amphitheatre's seating bank, partially excavated in the 1960s by Thompson;</li> <li>Area B: south of the eastern entrance in an unexcavated area of the southeastern quadrant of the seating bank;</li> <li>Area C: in the centre of the unexcavated area of the arena.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeologyuk_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeologyuk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The work was the subject of an episode of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Timewatch" title="Timewatch">Timewatch</a></i>. The survey indicated that, contrary to the conclusion drawn by Thompson in the 1960s that the original amphitheatre had been built of wood, two separate stone amphitheatres had been built.<sup id="cite_ref-timewatch_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timewatch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the decades around 200AD the amphitheatre appeared to have been largely rebuilt, doubling the seating capacity. A large new outer wall, with foundations 2.7m wide and 1.3m deep was built.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeologyuk_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeologyuk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavation finds included a <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">coin</a> from the time of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">Gladius</a> hilt and <a href="/wiki/Terra_sigillata" title="Terra sigillata">Samian ware</a> with hunting and battle scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-timewatch_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timewatch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following further discoveries at the site in 2010, some writers suggested that the amphitheatre was the prototype for <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but English Heritage, acting as consultants to a <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a> documentary in which the claim was made, declared that there was no archaeological basis to the story.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amphitheatre_mural">Amphitheatre mural</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Amphitheatre mural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_1.jpg/330px-Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_1.jpg/495px-Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_1.jpg/660px-Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1618" /></a><figcaption>Chester's <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a> Amphitheatre Mural by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Drostle" title="Gary Drostle">Gary Drostle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a> was commissioned in August 2010 by Chester Renaissance to enable visitors to experience the illusion of a complete amphitheatre as well as showing how the original structure may have looked. Archaeologists advised artist <a href="/wiki/Gary_Drostle" title="Gary Drostle">Gary Drostle</a> on the original construction and found artefacts from the site. </p><p>The artist designed an image that spanned the 50 metre walkway wall, starting with a continuation of the current amphitheatre edges that merged seamlessly into the recreation of the original walls and seating towards the centre. The painted ellipsis of the sand covered ground and depiction of the central tethering stone allow a viewer to experience a full immersion in the amphitheatre that was not possible with the previous, blank wall. Details such as the red, marble covered arena wall, position of the doorways and <a href="/wiki/Vomitorium" title="Vomitorium">vomitoriums</a> and outside walls were all carefully recreated as the evidence suggested. </p><p>Taking over 6 weeks to complete with two, six metre scaffolding towers and five painters, the public and tourist groups could watch the progression of the mural and interact with the artist and his assistants, the British weather dictating working hours. </p><p>The mural will be a permanent feature of the amphitheatre. The artist used Keim Mineral Paints, invented in 1878. The system is a liquid <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> paint comprising a <a href="/wiki/Potassium_silicate" title="Potassium silicate">potassium silicate</a> binder with inorganic fillers (<a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>) and natural earth oxide colour pigments. When applied onto a mineral substrate the binder is absorbed and forms a micro-crystalline silicate structure. This crystalline structure allows the substrate to breathe but prevents the ingress of driven rain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:center;max-width:1448px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪Chester's Amphitheatre Mural by Gary Drostle – panorama view‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_2.jpg/1440px-Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="1440" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_2.jpg/2160px-Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_2.jpg/2880px-Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_amphitheatre_mural_chester_2.jpg" title="File:Roman amphitheatre mural chester 2.jpg"> </a></div>Chester's Amphitheatre Mural by Gary Drostle – panorama view</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cheshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cheshire" title="Portal:Cheshire">Cheshire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Monuments_in_Cheshire_dated_to_before_1066" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire dated to before 1066">List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire dated to before 1066</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_amphitheatres" title="List of Roman amphitheatres">List of Roman amphitheatres</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-images-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-images_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1375863" class="citation web cs2"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1375863?section=official-list-entry">"Remains of Roman amphitheatre, Chester (1375863)"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Remains+of+Roman+amphitheatre%2C+Chester+%281375863%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1375863%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England69224" class="citation web cs2"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=69224&resourceID=19191">"Roman Amphitheatre (69224)"</a>, <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=Roman+Amphitheatre+%2869224%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D69224%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1004638" class="citation web cs2">Historic England, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1004638?section=official-list-entry">"Roman amphitheatre (southern part), Chester (1004638)"</a>, <i>National Heritage List for England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Roman+amphitheatre+%28southern+part%29%2C+Chester+%281004638%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1004638%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BW-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BW_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BW_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterwalls.info/amphitheatre.html"><i>The Chester Amphitheatre</i></a>, B&W Pics<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chester+Amphitheatre&rft.pub=B%26W+Pics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterwalls.info%2Famphitheatre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithDaniel2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Page; Daniel, Charles (27 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVtZrdAWOCUC&dq=the+agon+of+Paul,+%22the+'struggle'+cockfight&pg=PT85"><i>The Chicken Book</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820322131" title="Special:BookSources/9780820322131"><bdi>9780820322131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicken+Book&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2000-04-27&rft.isbn=9780820322131&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Page&rft.au=Daniel%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVtZrdAWOCUC%26dq%3Dthe%2Bagon%2Bof%2BPaul%2C%2B%2522the%2B%27struggle%27%2Bcockfight%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416000501/http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure%2C_parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/archaeology/chester_amphitheatre.aspx"><i>Amphitheatre project</i></a>, Chester.gov.uk, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/residents/leisure,_parks_and_events/history_and_heritage/archaeology/chester_amphitheatre.aspx">the original</a> on 16 April 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amphitheatre+project&rft.pub=Chester.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk%2Fresidents%2Fleisure%2C_parks_and_events%2Fhistory_and_heritage%2Farchaeology%2Fchester_amphitheatre.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 14 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicer2007" class="citation cs2">Spicer, Graham (9 January 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture24.org.uk/history+%2526+heritage/time/roman/art42592"><i>Revealed – new discoveries at Chester's Roman Amphitheatre</i></a>, Culture24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revealed+%E2%80%93+new+discoveries+at+Chester%27s+Roman+Amphitheatre&rft.pub=Culture24&rft.date=2007-01-09&rft.aulast=Spicer&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture24.org.uk%2Fhistory%2B%252526%2Bheritage%2Ftime%2Froman%2Fart42592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Britain's Lost Colosseum". <i><a href="/wiki/Timewatch" title="Timewatch">Timewatch</a></i>. 20 May 2005. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timewatch&rft.date=2005-05-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2005" class="citation news cs1">Fleming, Nic (18 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051227143144/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/18/nampi18.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/05/18/ixnewstop.html">"They came, they saw, they bought the souvenir"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/18/nampi18.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/05/18/ixnewstop.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=They+came%2C+they+saw%2C+they+bought+the+souvenir&rft.date=2005-03-18&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Nic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2005%2F05%2F18%2Fnampi18.xml%26sSheet%3D%2Fnews%2F2005%2F05%2F18%2Fixnewstop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterwalls.info/amphitheatre2.html"><i>The Chester Amphitheatre 2</i></a>, B&W Pics<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chester+Amphitheatre+2&rft.pub=B%26W+Pics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesterwalls.info%2Famphitheatre2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archaeologyuk-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archaeologyuk_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archaeologyuk_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archaeologyuk_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173751/http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba93/feat1.shtml">"Feature: British Archaeology 93, March/April 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba93/feat1.shtml">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feature%3A+British+Archaeology+93%2C+March%2FApril+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeologyuk.org%2Fba%2Fba93%2Ffeat1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timewatch-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timewatch_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timewatch_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0078wrs">"BBC Two - Timewatch, 2005-2006, Britain's Lost Colosseum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Two+-+Timewatch%2C+2005-2006%2C+Britain%27s+Lost+Colosseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb0078wrs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2010" class="citation cs2">Evans, Martin (11 July 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7883874/Historians-locate-King-Arthurs-Round-Table.html">"Historians locate King Arthur's Round Table"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Historians+locate+King+Arthur%27s+Round+Table&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F7883874%2FHistorians-locate-King-Arthurs-Round-Table.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitts2010" class="citation cs2">Pitts, Mike (November 2010), "Britain in Archaeology", <i>British Archaeology</i> (115), York, England: Council for British Archaeology: 8, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-4442">1357-4442</a>, <q>The claims...have no basis whatever in the archaeological evidence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Britain+in+Archaeology&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2010-11&rft.issn=1357-4442&rft.aulast=Pitts&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104094745/http://www.keimpaints.co.uk/about/"><i>About Us</i></a>, Keim Mineral Paints, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keimpaints.co.uk/about/">the original</a> on 4 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Keim+Mineral+Paints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keimpaints.co.uk%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChester+Roman+Amphitheatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_amphitheatre,_Chester" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roman amphitheatre, Chester">Roman amphitheatre, Chester</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/chester-roman-amphitheatre/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheshirenow.co.uk/ampitheatre.htm">The Roman amphitheatre at Chester</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesterwalls.info/amphitheatre.html">The amphitheatre on 'Chester: a Virtual Stroll Around the Walls'</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignor_Roman_Villa" title="Bignor Roman Villa">Bignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brading_Roman_Villa" title="Brading Roman Villa">Brading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedworth_Roman_Villa" title="Chedworth Roman Villa">Chedworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofton_Roman_Villa" title="Crofton Roman Villa">Crofton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubris#Roman_Painted_House" title="Dubris">Dover Painted House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Fishbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Witcombe_Roman_Villa" title="Great Witcombe Roman Villa">Great Witcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlecote_Roman_Villa" title="Littlecote Roman Villa">Littlecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa" title="Lullingstone Roman Villa">Lullingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Roman_Villa" title="Newport Roman Villa">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Leigh_Roman_Villa" title="North Leigh Roman Villa">North Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piddington_Roman_Villa" title="Piddington Roman Villa">Piddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockbourne_Roman_Villa" title="Rockbourne Roman Villa">Rockbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparsholt_Roman_Villa" title="Sparsholt Roman Villa">Sparsholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum#Reconstructed_villa" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/100px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/150px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/200px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1166" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Forts & military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambleside_Roman_Fort" title="Ambleside Roman Fort">Ambleside Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia">Arbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_52" title="Milecastle 52">Banks East Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinovia" title="Vinovia">Binchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Birdoswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Castle_(Roman_fortification)" title="Burgh Castle (Roman fortification)">Burgh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Chesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derventio_Brigantum" title="Derventio Brigantum">Derventio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardknott_Roman_Fort" title="Hardknott Roman Fort">Hardknott Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Housesteads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Roman_Fort" title="Lancaster Roman Fort">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunt_Roman_Fort" title="Lunt Roman Fort">Lunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_Burrow_Roman_Fort" title="Over Burrow Roman Fort">Over Burrow (Lancaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderitum" title="Anderitum">Pevensey Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portchester_Castle" title="Portchester Castle">Portchester Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richborough_Castle" title="Richborough Castle">Richborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Aldborough Roman Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Silchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Roman_Museum" title="Canterbury Roman Museum">Canterbury Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnae_Carvetiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnae Carvetiorum">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon_Roman_Fortress_and_Baths" title="Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths">Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">Colchester Castle Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Museum" title="Corinium Museum">Corinium Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall_Museum" title="Jewry Wall Museum">Jewry Wall Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum" title="National Roman Legion Museum">National Roman Legion Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Senhouse Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)#Museums" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium Trust (Melrose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums#Verulamium_Museum" title="St Albans Museums">Verulamium Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Other sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Bath Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum#Other_buildings" title="Condercum">Benwell Roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Baths Museum">Caerleon Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chester Roman Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall" title="Jewry Wall">Jewry Wall, Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Roman_Baths" title="Welwyn Roman Baths">Welwyn Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum#Archaeological_remains" title="Eboracum">York Roman Baths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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